Zvinorehwa Nezviratidzo Zvenyika Nerevo Yazvo

Zviratidzo zvenyika zveAustralian Capital Territory (Act) zvine revo huru yavagari vemo, zvinobatira sezvibatiso zvezviono zvezivikanwo yenzanga, zvakagoverana nhau, uye zvinokosha zvakabatana. Izvi zviratidzo (8) mureza, chifukidzo chezvombo, maruva, uye chiratidzo chenyika (zvinopfuura kushongedza zvivako zvehurumende kana kuti mabhii. Zvinoshanda sezvikamu zvinobatanidza zvisaririra zvinokudziridza rudado, kusimudzira, uye kuyeuchidza vagari navashanyi zvakafanana vetsikanorumwe rutivi rukuru rwenyika. Kunzwisisa izvi zviratidzo nezvirevo zvinosimbisa kurava nokunyora nokunyora mashoko kwazvinoitwa pakati pevagari vemo nenharaunda yavo.

Zviratidzo zveCore of the Cityern Australian Territory

Zviratidzo zvapamutemo zveActS zvakasanosarudzwa kuratidzira chiratidzo chenharaunda chamativi maviri: inharaunda inozviita ine chimiro chayo imene yakasiyana nenzvimbo yeCommonwealth yeAustralia. Chiratidzo chimwe nechimwe chine mibatanidzwa yerevo yakabva mumhoteredzo yomusikirwo, nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvishuvo zvetsika zvenzanga. Pamwe chete, zvinoumba mutauro wemifungo unowirirana unotaura nhau yeCanberra nenharaunda yayo yakapoteredza.

FOFISI: Nzvimbo Yakabatana

Mureza weAustralian Capital Territory wakagamuchirwa pamutemo pana 25 March 1993, uchitevera makwikwi avose akadhirowa manyuko anopfuura 400. Rongedzero, yakagadzirwa naVaIvo Ostyn, ine mubatanidzwa unoshamisa wezvinhu zvinotorwa muzvose zviri zviviri Australia nemonegraphy. Chivako chemureza chinokamuraniswa kumusoro kumativi maviri: puratifomu yebhuruu kuruboshwe uye girafu yendarama kurudyi.

Boka rebhuruu rekuruboshwe rinotakura nyeredzi yeSouthern Cross, inomirirwa nenyeredzi chena. Ichi chiratidzo inongedzero yakananga kumureza weAustralia uye inoisa PICS zvakasimba mukati menhau yenyika yakafara. Southern Cross yave iri boka rinotungamirira nokuda kwavafambisi vengarava navapanguri kumaodzanyemba kwemazana amazana amazana, uye kuvapo kwayo pamureza weAct shouchano yenzvimbo yavo mukati menyika nematenga okumaodzanyemba.

Chikamu chegoridhe chegoridhe yegoridhe chine Commonwealth Star, nyeredzi ine mativi manomwe iyo pakuvamba yaimirira nyika nhanhatu nenharaunda dzeCommonwealth yeAustralia. Pamureza weAct, Commonwealth Star inooneka muchimiro chapamusoro pechivako cheGastive Assembly. Iyi mufananidzo unobatanidza ndima yacho zvakananga nechigaro choutongi hwehurumende nepo ichitaurawo kuti chizivikanwo cheAct'Act sechinhu chinozvimiririra. Mureza nokudaro unoshanda sechiratidzo chokuzvimiririra kune zvimwe zviviri: kurudzi uye kunzanga yomunzvimbomo.

Mumhemberero dzehurumende, mureza weAct unobhururuka parutivi pomureza weAustralia nomureza weAborigine, unoratidzira musengwa wenyika wokuyananisa nokuremekedza vanhu veMarudzi Okutanga. Uyu muitiro unosimbisa rudzi rusingasanozivikanwa rwenyika yacho uye unobvuma kuti DAMBUDZIKO riri paNgunnawal neNgombri Country.

Mabhande Ezvombo Zvebasa: Kutonga Nokuona Nyika

Chivako chezvombo zveAustralian Capital Territory chakabvumirwa naMambokadzi Elizabeth II pana 7 November 1928, kuchiiita chimwe chezvipfeko zvenyika zvekaresa zvezvombo muAustralia. Purogiramu yakagadzirwa neCommonwealth Department of Works uye inonangidzira zvikuru panzvimbo yevhu nemifananidzo yezvamatongerwe enyika yeCanberra. Nhoo yepakati yezvombo ine mufananidzo weMount Ainslie neParameter House, neSouthern Cross Cross inooneka pamusoro pechivako chePalameter Home.

Nhoo yacho inotsigirwa nembiru mbiri dzevatema, rudzi rwezvizvarwa zvenharaunda yacho uye rwakakurumbira kuwanikwa paLake Burley Griffin. Madhaka ebhuraka akasarudzwa nokuda kwerevo yawo yomunzvimbomo uye musiyano wawo unoshamisa, zvinoaita kuti arambe achiyeukwa mukushandiswa. Pamusoro penhoo yacho panogara Royal Cord, ichimirira ukama hwendima nehurumende yeBritain, nepo jira racho rine ruseka rwakanamira pabazi rebhurauni, zvichiratidzira nyika yakapoteredza Canberra.

Chiratidzo chinooneka pajinga resimba ndiro " nokuda kwaMambo, Mutemo, uye Vanhu" (pakutanga muchiLatin: " Profig, Let Grege" ). Chirevo ichi chinobatanidza shongwe nhatu dzoupenyu hwehurumende muSC: kuvimbika kuHurumende, kuremekedza mutemo, uye basa kunzanga. Chinobatira sechiyeuchidzo chisingaperi chenheyo apo kudzora kwenyika inovakwa uye chinopfuurira kutungamirira upenyu mundima.

Mucheka unoshandiswa pazvinyorwa zvapamutemo, zvinyorwa zvemitemo, zvivako zvehurumende, uye zvivako zvavose mundima yose. Kuvapo kwazvo paizvi zvinhu kunosimbisa chiremera nokupfuudzira kwamasangano eAct uye kunogovera batano inooneka kunhau yebumbiro remitemo renharaunda.

Bluebell yoUmambo: Chiratidzo Chinooneka Chorunako Rweendemu

Maruva anoratidzira Royal Bluebell yeAustralia. Maruva aya akaziviswa pamutemo sechiratidzo chemichero yenharaunda pa 26 May 1982, achitevera nhimbe yavose inotungamirirwa neFOLT:1, minda inobereka michero inobereka michero mirefu, maruva akagadzirwa nenyeredzi. Maruva aya akagadzirwa semichero yemichero yemaruva paruwa musi wa26 May 1982, achitevera mushandira mukuru mukuru weFUALNALC Plans Society. Royal Bluell yakasarudzwa nokuda kworunako rwawo, nzvimbo yaro yakakura, uye mano awo okubudirira muvhu romunharaunda uye magariro enzvimbo.

Royal Bluebell inowanwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo munharaunda dzamakomo dzeAustralia yokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, kubatanidza Brindabella Range neNamadgi National Park mukati meACT. Inokura kazhinji kazhinji mumhoteredzo dzemipata nenhurikidzwa dzemipata, kazhinji kazhinji pakati pemagwara uye muvhu rakatsvinda. Maruva emiti pakati paNovember naMarch, achibereka maruva ebhuruu anoyeresa anofukidza uriri hwesango namazasi akakwirira zvikuru.

Kusarudza Royal Bluebell sechiratidzo chemiti chakanga chiri chiito chamaune chokuziva kuchengetedza. Mhando hadzizivikanwi zvikuru kunze kwenharaunda, uye kugamuchirwa kwayo sechiratidzo kwakabetsera kukwevera ngwariro kuzvirimwa zvakasiana zveAct uye ukoshi hwokuchengeta nzvimbo dzomusikirwo. Chiratidzo chinokurudzira vagari kuonga mhando dzenzvimbo yavo nokutsigira nhamburiko dzokuchengetedza dzinodzivirira marudzi akaberekerwamo.

Royal Bluebell inooneka mumativi akasiyana- siyana ehurumende, kubatanidza zvinyorwa zvehurumende, zvinhu zvedzidzo yemhoteredzo, uye siginicha yavagari vemo. Mufananidzo waro unoshandiswa kusimudzira nhaka yomusikirwo yenharaunda uye kukurudzira kufambira nzvimbo munharaunda. Chiratidzo chacho chinewo zvinhu pamusoro peshavo neyekuyeuka zvinotengeswa kupfurikidza nemikoto yehurumende yeAct State, zvichibetsera kuzivisa chizivikanwo chakasiana chemichina yenharaunda.

Chitima Chinotyisa Nebasa Racho Rokubereka

Nepo jasi rezvombo rine chiratidzo chapamutemo, Act inewo kutaura kwapamutemo kusingatsamiri kunooneka mumativi akasiyana- siyana ehurumende: " The National’s City". Chitsama ichi, nepo chisina kurongwa nemitemo, chazova chiziviso chinoratidzira basa guru renharaunda nezivikanwo. Chinooneka pamasaini, muzvishandiso zvokushambadza, uye mukurukurirano dzehurumende, chinosimbisa basa rehurumende yehurumende nenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro mbiri dzenziyo dzokuzivisa nechiratidzo chemagamuchidzanwa chamasanga neaunyiri chinoratidzira rudzi rwechakavanzika cheAct. Vagari voruwa vose vari vaviri iCanberra neAustralia, uye zviratidzo zvavo zvinofanira kutaura kuzvose zviri zviviri panguva imwe cheteyo. Chiziviso chinozivisa chinoisa nharaunda mugamuchidzanwa rebumbiro remitemo, nepo chirevo chehurumende chinobatanidza nhau yorudzi rwakafara.

Revo Yechibayiro Inosimbiswa Muizvi Zviratidzo

Zviratidzo zveACT hazvisi kungoshongedza kana kuti kuita mhemberero; zvine revo huru yavagari vemo inoumba kunzwisisa kwavanoita munda wavo nenzvimbo yavo mukati mawo.Idzi revo dzinokurukurwa kupfurikidza nemhemberero dzavose, mapurogiramu edzidzo, uye kufambidzana kwezuva riri rose nezviratidzo mumhoteredzo yakavakwa. Kunzwisisa iyi mifananidzo kunosimbisa kuvimbisana kwenzanga uye kusimudzira pfungwa yemutoro nokuda kwenguva yemberi renyika.

Kuzivikanwa uye Kuva Mundima Yaikudzwa

Rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa ezviratidzo zvenzvimbo nderokusimudzira pfungwa yokuzivikanwa uye kuva pakati pavagari vemo. ACT, sendima duku zvikuru yakaitwa muna 1911 ndokuwana hurumende muna 1989(hwunotofanira kukudziridza nokuziva chizivikanwo chayo imene yakasiyana. Zviratidzo zvinogovera chitsigiso chemaziso nendangariro nokuda kweichi chiratidzo, zvichibetsera vagari vanonzwa vakavakirwa munzvimbo iyo inowanzorangarirwa zvikurukuru sechigaro chehurumende panzvimbo panzvimbo yenzanga ine tsika dzayo imene nenhau.

Mureza, mabhomba ezvombo, uye maruva zvinooneka muzvikoro, mitambo, mitambo yenzanga, uye nzvimbo dzavose, zvichibatira sezviyeuchidzo zvenguva dzose kuti SAN inova chinhu chakasiyana nezvimwe chine nhau yazvo. Nokuda kwavanhu vaduku vanokurira mundima, izvi zviratidzo zvinogovera gadziriro yokunzwisisa kuzivikanwa kwavo kwenzanga yavo uye manyuko enzanga yavo. Zvinobatsirawo vatsva munzanga yetsika, kuvaka nokusimudzira pfungwa yokugamuchirwa.

Nhaka Nokupfuurira Munharaunda Inochinja

Zviratidzo zveAct zvinobatanidzawo nhaka yenyika nemhiko yayo yokupfuurira. Chidzitiro chezvombo, neRoyal Corn naro raro ramagariro, zvinobatanidza nzvimbo yazvino uno inozviisa kunguva yayo yehurumende nebumbiro remitemo. Kuvapo kweSouthern Cross pazvose zviri zviviri mureza uye chidzitiro chezvombo zvinobatanidza ACT nenhau yakafara yeAustralia, nepo kuvakwa kwemativi omunzvimbomo echisiko akadai seMount Ainslie nenfish nenfishssss kunobva muchimiro chezviratidzo muruwa.

Nhaka iyi haigari; inochinja sezvo nzanga inokura uye ichichinja. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Hurumende yeAct Government yakatora nhano kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviratidzo zvayo zvinobatanidza uye zvinomirira vagari vose, kubatanidza vaAborigine naTorres Strait Islander vanhu. Somuenzaniso, kubhururuka kwomureza weAborigine parutivi pezvivako zvehurumende uye kubatanidzwa kwemifungo yeMarudzi okutanga mukududzirwa kwezviratidzo inhamburiko dzinopfuurira kukudza nhau yenhaka nokukudza nhau yenharaunda yeIvorigine.

Kudada Kwakanaka Nokubatanidzwa

Zviratidzo zvinoda kuzivikanwa zvinobatsira chaizvo mukukurudzira vanhu kuti vadade uye kuitawo chimwe chinhu. Vagari vemo pavanoona mureza wavo uchibhururuka pazviitiko zvenzanga, kana kuti pavanosangana nepfuti yezvombo pazvinyorwa zvehurumende, vanoyeuchidzwa kuti ndevenzanga inozvishandisa nemasangano ayo uye masangano ehurumende. Uku kunzwa kwokuva muridzi wehurumende inotonga nyika kunokurudzira vagari vemo kuti vabatane musarudzo, vapinde kurukurirano dzavose, uye kuti vaite nhau dzomunharaunda.

Zviratidzo zvinobatirawo senzvimbo dzokuungana mukati menguva dzekupemberera kana kuti njodzi. PaZuva reAct, somuenzaniso, mureza unonyanya kuiswa pachena, uye zvinoitika zvomunzanga zvinorangarirwa kuti zvinosimbisa zviitwa nebudiriro nezvishuvo zvenharaunda. Nenzira yakafanana, mukati mengwavaira dzomusikirwo kana kuti migariro inotambudza yavose, zviratidzo zvinogovera pfungwa yokupfuurira nokubatana, zvichiyeuchidza vagari vemo kuti ivo rutivi rwenzanga inogona kuva pamwe chete munguva dzakaoma.

Dzidzo Nechizvarwa Chinotevera

Zvikoro zvose zvinobatanidza kudzidza nezvezviratidzo izvi nezvinoitirwa pachikoro, kudzidzisa vadzidzi zvinorehwa nomureza, zvombo, uye nemaruva.

Royal Bluebell, zvikurukuru, inoshanda sechishandiso chedzidzo chine simba kuzivisa mhoteredzo. Kuva kwayo serudzi rwomunzvimbomo kunoiita nhau yakakodzera nokuda kwezvidzidzo pamusoro pezvinhu zvipenyu zvipenyu, kuchengetedzwa, uye ukoshi hwokudzivirira nzvimbo dzinogara dzomusikirwo. Zvirongwa zvakadai seAct State’s Government [[FL:0] Blubell Watch Sayenzi inokurudzira vagari vemo kushuma kuonekwa kweRoyal Bluebelbeltes musango, zvichiparira kunzvera nokunzvera kupfuurira.

Basa Rezviratidzo Mumireza Yechibage uye Muzviitiko

Mitambo yemapikicha uye zvinoitika zvavose inzvimbo huru umo zviratidzo zvenharaunda zvinoratidzirwa nokuchengetwa.Idzi nhambo dzinogovera mikana yokuti nzanga ive pamwe chete, kusimbisazve kuzivikanwa kwayo, uye kurangarira mipimo iyo zviratidzo zvinomirira. Hurumende yeAct, madare omunzvimbomo, uye masangano enzanga anobatanidza nguva dzose zviratidzo mumapurogiramu azvo avose.

Kuchengeta Zuva Rebasa Nendima

DAMBUDZIKO, rinochengetwa gore negore paMuvhuro wokutanga waMarch, rinoratidzira musi wegore negore wekuzvitonga kwehurumende muna 1989. Zuva inzvimbo inoitirwa mhemberero dzehurumende, nezvinoitika zvinoitirwa mhiri kwendima ine ECT, jasi rezvombo, uye kuchengetwa kweshavo. Zuva rinobatira kuyeuchidza vagari vamo nezvezvigaro zvavo zvakaoma uye mitoro inouya nokuzvichengeta. Ibasawo kukudza zviitwa zvendima uye kutarira mberi.

Mukati mekuchengeta Zuva reAct, mureza unosimudzwa pamitambo yapamutemo, chivhariso chezvombo chinoratidzirwa pamireza nezviratidzo, uye Royal Bluebell inowanzoratidzirwa mugadziriro dzemaruva neshongedzo. izvi zvinhu zvinooneka zvinoita mhoteredzo yakabatana neyakafanana inosimbisa pfungwa yorudado rwenzanga.

Mibato yeNational Ceremonies Nebasa Rebasa Rebasa

Nemhaka yokuti Act ndiyo dzimbahwe renyika, zviratidzo zvayo zvinoonekawo mumhemberero nezvinoitika zvenyika. Muzuva reAustralia, somuenzaniso, mureza weAct unosimudzirwa parutivi pomureza worudzi pamitambo muCanberra, uye chipfeko chamaoko chinoratidzirwa pazvinoitika zvapamutemo. Iri basa raviri (hwunomirira zvose zviri zviviri nharaunda norudzi) zvinopa zviratidzo zveActtic nzvimbo yakasiana muupenyu hwehurumende yeAustralia.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, zviratidzo zveTC zvinobetsera kuchengeta kuzivikanwa kwenharaunda mugadziriro huru yenyika. Zvinoyeuchidza vatori rutivi navacherekedzi kuti Canberra haisi nzvimbo yehurumende asi nzanga ine nhau yayo, tsika, uye zvishuvo. Uku kudzikama pakati perudzi nenzvimbo ndirimwe remabasa anokosha zvikurusa ezviratidzo uye rimwe ramativi anojekeswa zvikurusa rerevo yazvo yenzanga.

Zviitiko Zvenzanga Nemidzi Yezviratidzo

Kupfuura mhemberero dzehurumende, zviratidzo zvenzvimbo zvinoshandiswa zvikuru namapoka enzanga, zvikoro, uye makirabhu. zvikwata zvemitambo zvinobatanidza mureza kana kuti mabhachi ezvombo mumayunifomu azvo, mitambo yenzanga inoisa Royal Bluebell muzvisimudziro, uye mabhizimisi omunzvimbomo anoratidza mureza sechiratidzo chokubatana kwawo nendima. Uku kushandisa zviratidzo zveuswa kunovimbisa kuti vanoramba vari vapenyu uye vakakodzera, vakabatana noupenyu hwezuva riri rose hwevagari vemo.

Hurumende yeACT inokurudzira nokushingaira iyi nzanga kushandiswa kupfurikidza nezviratidzo zvayo zvepurogiramu inodzosa, iyo inobvumira vanhu namasangano kushandisa zviratidzo zvenharaunda nokuda kwamadonzo asiri emari asingabhadhari. Uyu muitiro unovimbisa kuti zviratidzo zvinowanika zvakafara uye kuti betsero dzazvo dzinogoveranwa munzanga yose.

Kuchengeta Nokusimudzira Nhaka Yokufananidzira Yenharaunda

Kuchengetedzwa nokusimudzirwa kwezviratidzo zvenharaunda mutoro unopfuurira nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri hurumende navagari vemo. Sezvo Act inowedzera nokuchinja, kunokosha kuti revo nokushandiswa kweizvi zviratidzo zvigadzirirwe kuramba zviri madikanwa uye zvichibatanidza. Nhano dzinoverengeka dziri kuitwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti nhaka yokufananidzira yenharaunda yacho yakachengeterwa zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

Dziviriro Yenhaka uye Musimboti

Hurumende yeECT inochengeta zvinyorwa zvapamutemo nenhungamiro nokuda kwokushandiswa kwezviratidzo zvenharaunda, ichivimbisa kuti zvinoshandiswa nenzira isingachinjiki uye inoremekedza. Chidzitiro chezvombo, somuenzaniso, chinodzorwa nenhungamiro dzakasimba dzinochidzivisa kushandiswa nokuda kwamadonzo ezvokutengeserana pasina kunyoreswa. Mureza unodzivirirwa zvakafanana, nezvitsama zvemipimo yawo, mavara, uye kuratidzira mitemo inobudiswa muhurumende.

Royal Bluebell inodzivirirwa muNative Species Conservation Act yeAct, inokuita kuve kusiri kwapamutemo kuunganidza kana kuti kukuvadza muti musango pasina mvumo. Iyi dziviriro yapamutemo inovimbisa kuti chiratidzo chemaruva chinoramba chiri chiratidzo chipenyu chenhaka yomusikirwo yenyika yacho uye kuti zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvichakwanisa kuuona munzvimbo yawo yomusikirwo.

Kuwanika Kwemadhigirii uye Kududzira Kwemazuva Ano

Hurumende yeSANT yakaisawo mari yemichina inoita kuti mashoko pamusoro pezviratidzo zvenharaunda awanike zvikuru. Makombiyuta eIndaneti, mavhidhiyo edzidzo, uye zvishandiso zvokushandisa zvinobvumira vagari navashanyi kunzvera nhau nerevo yezviratidzo panguva yavo vamene. Zvinhu izvi zvemichina zvinokosha zvikuru muzvikoro, zvichigonesa vadzidzi kupinda nezviratidzo mumaoko uye nenzira yokuzvidzora.

Kududzirwa kwezviratidzo zvemazuva ano kunosanganisirawo kuedza kuzvibatanidza nenyaya dzemazuva ano. Somuenzaniso, Royal Bluebell yave ichishandiswa sechiratidzo chokuchinja mamiriro okunze, ichisimbisa kukanganisa kwemararamiro enzvimbo dzemakomo kuti dzidziye. Kududzirwa uku kunoratidza kuti zviratidzo zvegamuchidzanwa zvinogona kuramba zvakakosha sei munyika inochinja uye kupfuurira kukurukura mipimo inokosha yevagari vemo.

Kubatanidzwa Muchiratidzo Chokuchengetedza

Vagari vamene vanoita basa rinokosha mukuchengetedza nhaka yokufananidzira yenharaunda. Mapoka enzanga akadai seActive Heritage Library, Canberra Historical Society, uye Australian Native Plants Society anosimudzira nokushingaira kuziva zviratidzo nezvirevo zvazvo. Zvirongwa zvokuzvipira zvinobvumira vagari kutora rutivi mukuchengetedza nhamburiko dzeRoyal Bluebell, dzakadai sedzoreso nokuunganidzwa kwembeu.

Kubatanidzwa kwevagari vomunyika mukuchengetedza chiratidzo kunosimbisa batano yenzanga nenhaka yayo uye kuvimbisa kuti zviratidzo zvinoramba zviri zvipenyu uye zvine revo panzvimbo pemabhukwana enhau asingazivikanwi. Zvinokurudzirawo pfungwa yokuva voga panzvimbo pezvinokosha zvenharaunda.

Kupedzisa: Zviratidzo Zvinobatanidza Vanhu

Zviratidzo zvenyika zveAustralian Capital Territory hazvisi zviratidzo zvokushongedza. Zvishandiso zvine simba zvokuzivisa, kuchengetedza nhaka, uye kubatana kwenzanga. Mureza, chidzitiro chezvombo, Royal Bluebell, uye shoko renyika rimwe nerimwe rinotaura rutivi rwenhau yeAct: runako rwayo rwomuzvarirwo, basa rayo sedzimbahwe renyika, nhau yaro yokuzvidzora, uye zvishuvo zvaro nokuda kwenguva yemberi.

Kunzwisisa revo yavagari vemo yeizvi zviratidzo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anogara kana kuti anoitira hanya pamusoro peAC. Ndiko kupfurikidza neizvi zviratidzo izvo vagari vemo vanogona kudzidza nhau yavo, kuchengeta zviitwa zvavo, uye kuzvipira kunguva yavo yemberi. Sezvo ndima inopfuurira kukura nokuchinja, zviratidzo zvayo zvicharamba zviripo. Zviratidzo zvinoyeuchidza vagari vomunyika kuti ndivanaani, uko vanobva, uye chavanogona kuita pamwe chete. Nokuda kwemashoko akawanda pamusoro pezviratidzo zveAct's project, shanyira Hurumende yehurumende ye Zvomubatanidzwa [[FLT: FF] .[5]