Murangariro wokumirirwa nokuvhota zvakanaka mugadziriro dzokuvhota ibwe rekona rokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende. Iro rinovimbisa kuti manzwi ose anonzwiwa uye kuti gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inoratidzira mhatsa yechiverengero chavagari vemo. Pasina kumirira kwakarurama, ngozi yokusarudza inopfuudzira kusaenzana uye kuderedza nzanga dzose. Munyaya ino, tichanzvera ukoshi hwemireza inoruramisira, tapurofiti yayo panzanga, uye gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzinovavarira kuiwana. Tichanzverawo nzvero dzenhau dzenyika chaiyoiyo dzinopfuurira, uye kutanga migariro inoumba nguva yemberi yegadziriro yechisarudzo.

Kunzwisisa Mufananidzo Wakanaka

Mumiriro wakarurama wegadziriro yevhota unoreva kuti mapoka ose ari mukati mechiverengero chavagari vemo anobvumira kuva nebanza risina muganhu rokupesvedzera muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Uyu murangariro unovakirwa mupfungwa yokuti vhoti yevagari vemo vose inofanira kuva nouremu hwakaenzana uye kuti mapoka maduku anorondedzerwa nedzinza, dzinza, mugariro wenzanga, kana kuti mugariro wezvemari (kugara nhaka) kusati kuchifanira kuiswa panzvimbo yakarongeka. Muitiro, mufananidzo wakarurama unopfuurenderwa kupfuura kungoisa mubato; kunobatanidza kuti vhotera inoshandurwa sei muzvigaro uye kuti vaiti vemitemo vanorangarirwa sei kuvavo vakazvisarudzo.

Kukosha Kwokumiririra Zvakanaka

Kumiririra zvakanaka kunoita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira kusasarura uye kururamisira mune zvematongerwe enyika.

  • Kuvimbisana kwakawedzera: Vanhu vane bviro huru yokutora rutivi musarudzo apo vanonzwa fariro dzavo dzichimirirwa. Nzvero inoratidza kuti masangano anowirirana kazhinji kazhinji akakwirira kupfuura mumarongedzero ose anowana. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT:] IDEA yeInternational IDS[ inoratidzira kuti nyika dzinoshandisa miraunzi yemipimo inowirirana nguva dzose dzinoshuma muvhotera weavhareji.
  • Miuyo iri nani zvikuru: Mirangariro yakapesana inotungamirira kumiitiro yakakwana neinobudirira. Apo vagadziri vemitemo vanoratidzira chiverengero chavagari vemo, vanounza ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwapasi nounyanzvi hunovandudza mutemo. Kufunda 2020 kwakabudiswa mu Joral of Politics[ yakawana kuti matare emitemo ane mipimo mikuru inoumbwa zvikuru anoita mitemo inobetsera zvikuru inobetsera kupedza zvinodikanwa zvamapoka anopinzwa pasi.
  • Kubatana kwenzanga: Mumiririri wefashoni unowedzera pfungwa yokuva pakati peboka rakasiana - siana nenzanga. Apo vagari vomunyika vanozvirangarira vamene vari muhurumende, kuvimba mumasangano kunowedzera, kuderedza kuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuparadzana kwenzanga.

Uyezve, kumirira zvakanaka kunobetsera kudzivirira udzvinyiriri hwavazhinji.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzokubudisa Mazambiringa

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunokosha pakuongorora zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja zvinhu.

1. Kutanga-Past-The Post (FPTP)

Gadziriro yePristu-The Post ndeimwe yemiitiro inozivikanwa zvikurusa yezvisarudzo, inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye India. Mutsika ino, nyika inokamurwa kuva maruwa ane mitezo mimwe, uye muvhoti mukurusa anokunda, kunyange kana isingasviki chiverengero chakakwana. Nepo iyo yakananga uye inowanzobudisa hurumende imwe yakatsiga, inouya nemiuyo inokosha:

  • Kumirira kwapareve: Mapati maduku angaparapatika kuwana zvigaro, kunyange apo anogamuchira mugove une revo wevhoti yenyika. Somuenzaniso, muna 2019 vhoti rehurumende yeCanada, Green Party yakawina 6.5% yevhoti rakakurumbira asi 3 muzvigaro 338 (0.9%).
  • Mavhoti akarongerwa: Mavoka avarasikirwi haapi muuyo muruwa rwavo. Muzvigaro zvakakotsekana, mavhoti akawanda anoraswa nenzira inobudirira. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi 2020 yeU.S. yakaona mamirioni evoti munyika dzisina tapuro pamuuyo weElectoral College.
  • Kuvhota: Vaongorori vanowanzonzwa vachigombedzerwa kuvhota nokuda kwomudavirirwi muduku kuti vadzivise asingadiwi zvikuru, vachishatisa zvido zvechokwadi.

2. Kumirira (PR)

Proportisal Imirations dzinoda kugovera zvigaro mudare remitemo zvichiwirirana nezvivhoti zvinogamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe. Tsika ino inogona kuita zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana, zvakadai se:

  • Ndaza PR: Mapati anopa ndaza yavada kubhapatidzwa, uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa pahwaro hwechiverengero chavavhoti vagamuchirwa. Voters angasarudza pakati pendaza dzakavharwa (panoronga nhevedzano) kana kuti ndaza dzakazaruka (panogona kuratidzira vavhoti pakati pavadai). Ndaza PR inoshandiswa muIsrael, Brazil, uye nyika zhinji dzeEurope.
  • Vote inopfuudzwa imwe yoga (STV): vazvinafundo mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Mavote anoparadzirwa kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazara, kuva nechokwadi chetengi nepo zvichibvumirawo vavhoti kusarudza pakati pavadaviri vebato rimwe chetero. STV inoshandiswa muIreland, Malta, uye zvimwe zvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo muScotland neNew Zealand.

Miitiro yePR inowanzobudisa maparamende akawanda anomirira. Somuenzaniso, musarudzo 2022 yeSweden, mativi 10 akawana zvigaro, achiratidzira mhatsa yakafara yemirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, PR inogona kutungamirira kudzimba dzomutemo dzakakamukana nehurumende dzakabatana, idzo dzingava dzisingatsigiki mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti PR inogonawo kupa pesvedzero isakafanira kumapoka maduku anonyanyisa kana zvikumbaridzo zvakaderera zvikuru.

3. Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akasiyana - siyana

Gadziriro dzemasanhe akabatanidzwa dzinobatanidza masero e FPTP nePR. Voters kazhinji kazhinji dzine mavhoti maviri: imwe nokuda kwomutsigiri muruwa rwadzo rwomunzvimbomo uye imwe nokuda kwebato. Iyi gadziriro inotsvaka kudzikamisa kumirira kwomunzvimbomo neyakaenzana. Kune marudzi makuru maviri:

  • .MMEber Proportonal (MMP): Inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, uye Scotland (nokuda kweparamende yayo), MMP inotsiva zvakananga kutsiva kushatisa nokuwedzera zvigaro zvemazita kuti zvigadziridze hwerengedzo dzebato. Ikoku kunounza mubatanidzwa wapedyo pakati pegoverano negoverano yechigaro.
  • [[NHAU] ] Parallel (kana kuti Mivhesi yakavhengana) inoshandiswa muJapan neSouth Korea, gadziriro dzinowirirana dzinoshandisa FPTP nePR zvakazvimirira, pasina muripo.

Gadziriro dzakavhengana dzinogona kugovera zvakanakisisa zvenyika dzose dziri mbiri, asi dzakaomawo zvikuru nokuda kwavavhoti uye dzinoda kusanorongwa kudzivisa mabudiro akarongwa.

4. Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) neChisaririra chekubudisa

Kupfuura mapoka matatu akafara, dzimwe gadziriro dzinovavarira kuvandudza kumirira. Kuvhota kunopfuudzira kusvikira mumwe mutengi ava mukuru. RCV anoshandiswa muAustralia (kuitira kuti Imba yavamiririri) uye mumaguta akawanda eU.S. akadai seSan Francisco neNew York City. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti RCV inoderedza miuyo inopambwa, vanokurudzira masangano akanaka (kutsvaka kuva wechipiri).

Matambudziko Okumiririra Zvakakodzera

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwokuratidzirwa zvakanaka, zvinetso zvinoverengeka zvinopfuurira kukuwana. Zvimwe zveizvi zvinetso zvakanyura zvikuru mugadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo zvimwe zvichimuka mukusaenzana kwenzanga nokwemari.

  • Kudzorwa kwemiganhu yeruwa yevhota kunogona kuderedza simba rokuvhota ramapoka akati. MuUnited States, mapoka makuru ose ari maviri akashandisa kudzorwa kubetsera, kazhinji kazhinji vachiisa vavhoti vashomanene mumaruwa mashomanene kana kuti kuvaparadzanisa mumaruwa akawanda kuti vaderedze pesvedzero yavo. Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti gerrymandering inhau yezvamatongerwe enyika inopfuura matare enyika, achisiya vavhoti vashomanene vachiwana migariro inogadziridzwa.
  • Kudzvinyirirwa kwevoti: Tractic dzinoparadza zviverengero zvakati kuti zvemitemo inoganhurira yakadai semitemo yemivhoti inoganhurira, yakaderedza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kubviswa kwemiromo yamavhoti (mireza yapakarepo). Iyi miitiro inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi, kuva yakaderera, uye inovhotera vaduku.
  • Miganhu yenzanga yezvemari:[[FLT: 1] Kusaenzana kwezvemari kunogona kutapura muvhoti nokuvimbisana. Vanhu vane mari yakaderera kazhinji kazhinji vanochinjika zvishoma kuti vatore nguva yokushanda, kushaiwa zvokufambisa, kana kuti miganhu yomutauro. Kuwedzera, kusawirirana kwemari yebhizimisi kunogona kupa pesvedzero yakakwirira pavadaviri negadziriro.
  • Zvikumbaridzo zvinotemwa: Mune mimwe miitiro yePR, mabato anofanira kuwana chiverengero chidukusa chevhoti kuti awane zvigaro. Nepo zvikumbaridzo zvinodzivisa kukamukana, anogonawo kubvisa mapati maduku apamutemo. Somuenzaniso, chikumbaridzo che10% cheTurkey chakashorwa nokuda kwokushorwa kwemifananidzo yeKurdish.
  • Magadziriro anoshanda-pamhindi: anoshandisa mitezo imwe zvamazvirokwazvo maruwa anomirira boka gurusa muruwa rumwe norumwe, kazhinji kazhinji achiguma ne "voruzhinji vakazvishandira" apo boka rinowana chiverengero chikuru chezvigaro nezvisingasviki hafu yevhoti yakakurumbira.

Fundo Dzemhosva Mumufananidzo Wakanaka

Kunzvera nhau kunogona kugovera nzwisiso yokuti gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinochinja sei muuyo wakasiana wokuratidza zvakarurama.Heino mienzaniso mina inokosha inobva munyika yose:

. . . . . . .

Muna 1993, pashure pekurukurirano yavose refu namaheleta maviri, New Zealand yakagamuchira gadziriro yeMixmed Corten Proportional (MMP) yokutsiva FPPP. Chinjo yakaguma neparamende yakawanda inomirira. Mapati maduku akadai seGreens neNew Zealand Kutanga akawanwa, achimanikidzira mapoka makuru kukurukura mawirirano. Somuuyo, muitiro wakava wemiuyo inowirirana zvikuru, uye hurumende zvino inoratidzira nhevedzano yakafara zvikuru yemirangariro. Dare rezvokugadzira zvinhu reNew Zealand rinogovera kupfupikisa kwamashoko kwenhau.

2. Muitiro weGermany wakavhengana

Germany inoshandisa gadziriro yemibatanidzwa yakavhengana yeBoundag yayo. Voters dzinovhota mbiri: imwe nokuda kwomutsigiri womunzvimbomo (FPTP) uye imwe nokuda kweruvara rwebato (PR). Vhoti yePR inosarudza kuumbwa kwose kweparamende, nezvigaro zvinobatanidza kusiana kupi nokupi kwemifungo kubva pavhoti yokutanga. Iyi gadziriro yakapfavidza gadziriro yamativi akawanda inobatanidza Democrats, Social Demorats, Greenrats, Free Democrates, uye Rept Party, ichivimbisa kuti mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakasiana-mativi yakamite yeGermany yakatongwa nedenho dzinoverengeka, kusimbisa kuzvipira kwayo.

3. Chikamu chimwe chinopfuudzwa chimwe cheIreland (STV)

Ireland yakashandisa STV chifo chokutangwa kwehurumende muna 1922. Vapindi vezvikamu zviduku mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji (zvikurukuru 3 kusvikira kuzvigaro 5). Ikoku kunobvumira nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kuva pakati naitraparty makwikwi. Sarudzo dzeIreland dzinozivikanwa nokuda kwemwero yakakwirira yemibato yeuswa hunokwirira uye basa rakasimba. STV yakaita hurumende dzakatsiga uye yakarumbidzwa nokuda kwokuratidzira zvisarudzo zvevota zvakarurama. [[FLT: 0] The ACE Project inogovera mijekezo yakaenzana pakati penzira pamusoro pokuti inoenzana nayo nedzimwe gadziriro.

4. Kuedza kweCanada Kushandisa Michina Yokufambisa Zvinotsiva

Canada yakaita marekodhi akawanda eruwa pamusoro pekuchinja kwevhoti, zvikurukuru muBritish Columbia (2005, 2009) neOntario (2007). MUBC, kukwidziridzwa kugadziriro inopfuudzwa yoga yoga yeVote yakawana 57,7% muna 2005 asi yakakundikana kusvika pa 60% yedanho. Kukakavadzana kwakasimbisa chido chavose chokuchinja asi kuomawo kuwana kubvumirana pane chimwe chinhu. Canada ichiri muenzaniso wakatanhamara wenyika umo FPTPP inopfuurira kupfuurira pasinei zvapo nokuwanda kwezvikumbiro zvokuchinja.

Nguva Yemberi Yokumirira Zvakanaka

Kubatanidza ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye kuchinja kwenhamba dzevagari vemo zvingachinja mavhota munguva yemberi. Kufunga nezveramangwana kunosanganisira:

  • Fambiro mberi dzemibato yebhizimisi: Mubatanidzwa wokuvhota uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvingagona kuvandudza kuwanikwa nokuchengeteka. Zvisinei, zvinomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvomuvhoti, kudzorwa, uye kukamukana kwemichina. Programu dzedhiropu munyika dzakafanana neEstonia dzakaratidza chipikirwa, asi kurera mwana wavabereki vakasiyana kunoramba kuri nharo.
  • Kuziva kwakawedzerwa: nzwisiso yavose yegadziriro dzevhota ingaparira kudikanwa kwokuvandudza. Nhimbe dzedzidzo yenzanga nedzenzanga dziri kubetsera vagari vemo kudzidza pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvakadai sokuvhota uye kumirira kwakaenzana.
  • Mirangariro yeBlobal: Kudzidza mumienzaniso yamarudzi ose kunogona kuzivisa miitiro yomumba. Masangano akafanana ne .Crectoral Society Reformation Society[ muUK ne Fairvote muS vatsigiri vemiitiro inotsigira ruramisiro negamutsikiso.
  • Maderedzero eDEmographic: Nhamba dzevakwegura, kukura kwemaguta, uye kutama zviri kuchinja zvinenge zvagadzirwa nezvisarudzo. Mamiitiro anoparira majana iwaya (zvakadai semifanikiso yeminda mizhinji yediaspora) iri kuongororwa.
  • Kuisa chivimbo: Kujekeswa nokusarurwa kunotyisidzira kuva pamutemo kwesarudzo. Chinjo dzinovaka chivimbo, zvakadai semibatanidzwa yokuzvimirira yokuzvishandura nokujeka munhimbe, zvinokosha nenzira inowedzera.

Pakupedzisira, nguva yemberi yokumirira zvakarurama iri mukudzikamisa kubatana nokudzora.

mhedziso

Kumirira kwakanaka mugadziriro dzokuvhota kunokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ine utano. Nokuva nechokwadi chokuti manzwi ose anonzwiwa nokukosheswa, nzanga dzinogona kusimudzira kusawirirana nokusasarura. Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzevota dzakasiana - siana(FPTP, PR, gadziriro dzakavhengana, uye zvimwe zvinotsiva zvakafanana zvakadai RCV, uye pesvedzero yazvo pakuratidza kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo zvakafanana. Nepo zvinetso zvakadai segergermaning uye kuvhotera zvinosara, kana fundo dzinobva kuNew Zealand, Germany, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoratidzira kuti chinjo dzinobvira uye dzinobetsera. Nzira yokupfuurira mberi inoda kuvimbisa kwapachena, kurongedzero yokuronga kwokungwarira, uye kuzvipira kunheyo kutsika yose inofanira kuva yakaenzana. Vagari vemo vemo vemo vemone vehurumende havasitongori basa rokutsigira kudzora nokurevedzero.