United States Constitution yakatanga gadziriro yehurumende yakavakirwa panheyo yokuparadzana kwamasimba, ichikamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana: chigaro, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana nemitoro zvakagadzirirwa kwete bedzi kugonesa kudzora zvinobudirira asiwo kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi chokusaunganidza zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro, yakanatswa pamazana maviri amakore, inoramba iri nzvimbo yedivi rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana ebazu rimwe nerimwe zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoshandiswa sei, uye kuti idudzira sei gadziriro ipi neipi yokunzvera nechiyero inochengetedza rusununguko. Nyaya inonzvera bazu rimwe nerimwe mukudzikama, kunzvera masimba avo, mabasa, uye kushanda nesimba izvo zvinorondedzera hurumende yeU.

Mapazi Ane Mitemo: Kugadzira Mitemo Yorudzi

Bazu remitemo, rine mutoro zvikurukuru wokuita mitemo, rakapinzwa muCongress yeUnited States. Dare idare rebhimeral rinoumbwa namakamuri maviri akasiyana: Dare neImba yaVamiririri. Ichi chivako chakanga chiri kubvumirana pakati pefariro dzehurumende huru neduku paConvention yeMitemo ye1787. Nepo makamuri ose ari maviri achigoverana basa guru remitemo, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba nemabasa zvakasiana ayo anoratidzira basa raro rakaro.

Dare: Dare Rapamusoro

Dare rinoumbwa nemitezo 100, navasanderi vaviri vanosarudza pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Vasata vanoshandisa mipimo yegore ritanhatu, netatu yezvigaro zvinoiswa pasarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Iyi nguva refu nepurogiramu yesarudzo yakachinjika yakarongedzerwa kugovera dzikamo ndokubvumira vasaruri kutora jambwa rakawanda, refufu. Dare rine masimba aro anoverengeka anoriita kuti rive rinopesvedzera zvikuru munhau dzorudzi.

Advice neKonsosa ndimamwe amasimba makurusa eDare. Purezidhendi anoisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vanokosha .Kubatanidza mitezo yeKhabhinet, vatongi vehurumende, vatongi, uye vatongi veDare Gurusa vanoda kusimbiswa kweDare nevoruzhinji vakapfava. Uyu muitiro unova nechokwadi chokuti bazu guru rinorangarira rutongeso rwebazu remitemo pakuzadza nzvimbo dzakakwirira. Mukuwedzera, Dare rine simba rimwe rokubatanidza zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvakabatanidzwa naPrezidhendi, richida kuvhota ruzhinji ruviri. Uku kunzvera pamusoro pomuitiro wokumwe wemiitiro yehurumende yedzimwe nyika kusimbisa bvumirano pamusoro pezvinhu zvehurumende.

Rimwe simba reDare rakakomba ndiro kuitisa mhaka. Pashure peimba yaVamiririri (pomero dzakachinjika) mukuru mukuru wehurumende (akadai saPurezidhendi, Mutongi, kana kuti mutongi) Secure rinoshanda sedare rokusaidziridza. Vhoti yezvitatu zviviri iri madikanwa kutongera nokubvisa mukuru mukuru mukuru pahofisi. Muitiro uyu wakashandiswa zvishoma asi une migumisiro mikuru, sezvinoonekwa mumiedzo yaPrezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump.

Dare rinewo simba pakugadza kwapadare kwapamberi penzvimbo dzapurezidhendi kupfuura yapaKabhini, kubatanidza vatongi voruwa nedare redunhu. Mukuwirirana neCongregational Research Service, Dare rakasimbisa vatongi vehurumende vanopfuura 100 muDare rimwe mukati moutariri hweTrump, rinosimbisa ukoshi hunopfuurira hweiri basa ([ Garferal Research Service). Kupfuurirazve, Dare rine basa rakasiyana mukurangarira mutemo kupfurikidza negadziriro yaro yedare, iro rinobatanidza marusaitiro ane simba akadai seDare reSangano reSangano reSangano reNyika neDare reMaruwa.

Imba Yevamiririri: Imba Yavanhu

Imba yavamiriri ine mitezo 435 yokuvhota, imwe neimwe inomirira ruwa rweboka rwechiverengero chavagari vemo chakaenzana (vanhu vanenge 761 000 paruwa rumwe chete somukuverengwa kwavanhu kwa2020). Mitezo inobatira mashoko amakore maviri, ichivaita kuti vagamuchire zvikuru vavhoti. Ukuru hweImba namashoko mapfupi zvakanga zvichiitirwa kuchengeta iri pedyo navanhu, uye masimba ayo anoratidzira ngwariro iyoyo yedemocracy.

Imba ine simba rakasiyana nere inovimbisa mari yose yemari [. Mukuwirirana neChikamu I, Chikamu 7 cheBumbiro reMitemo, “MaBhiya ose okusimudzira mari achabva muImba yeVamiririri.” Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvokubhadhara zvinoitwa nekamuri repedyo zvikuru kuvanhu, savamiriri vanotarisana nokukwidziridza makore maviri ari ose. Nepo Dare ringakarakadza kugadziriswa kwemitero yemitero, zvinofanira kuvamba muImba.

Rimwe simba rakakwana reImba ndiro mano ku vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Kupa mhaka inoitwa mumutemo yechakaipa; hakubvisi mukuru asi kunomutsa kutonga muDare. Imba yatanga kuranga kurwisana naMapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump (tice), pamwe chete nevanotonga vazhinji navakuru vakuru vekabhineti. Muitiro wacho unovamba muHome yeJudiary Dare uye, kana ukatenderwa nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo, unoenda kuImba yakazara nokuda kwevhoti.

Mukuwedzera, Imba ine mutoro wokusarudza Purezidhendi kana pasina muvhoti mukurusa. uyu mugariro, unozivikanwa sesarudzo yemaganda, wakaitika kaviri munhau yeU.S. (mu1800 ne1824.) Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, nhume imwe neimwe yehurumende muImba inovhota imwe, uye mugamuchiri anogamuchira nhume zhinjisa dzehurumende anova Mutungamiriri wenyika.

Gadziriro yedare reImba yacho ndeyeunyanzvi zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji inoparadzanisa zvikuru kupfuura yeDare. Matare akatanhamara anobatanidza Nzira ne Rwiyo (mutero), Appropriation (kutsigira), uye Mitemo (inoisa mashoko ekurukurirano youriri). Aya matare injini yebasa remitemo, kuisa tendero, kuisa zvikwereti, uye kuumba muitiro. Imba inewo simba rokudzinga mitezo yayo imene nevhota, chiito chisingawanzowaniki asi chinobetsera.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Kuchengeta uye Kuteerera Mitemo

Bazu ravakuru rinopomerwa kusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Pamusoro paro pane Purezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Bazu rinobatanidzawo Vice Prezidenti, madhipatimendi makuru (15), masangano akazvimirira, uye chinzvimbo chikuru chehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Purezidhendi masimba anokosha, asi iwaya anoongororwa neCongresssion nematare.

Masimba aPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi ane rudungwe rwakawanda rwamasimba ebumbiro remitemo neremitemo. Chokutanga pakati pawo i chipfuro chamasimba. Apo Congress inopfuura mutezo, Purezidhendi anogona kusaina mutemo, anoubvumira kuva mutemo usina sigini (pashure pamazuva gumi), kana kuti girati. Aveto inogona kunyungurwa bedzi nembiri-tatu mudzimba dzose, idzo dzakaoma kusvitsa. Mapurezidhendi anogona kushandisa mavhesiti anopfuura 2 500 muU.S. nhau, naPrezidhente Franklin D. Rovelt akabata chinyorwa na635353 (kubatanidza zvikwereti).

Kupfuura, Purezidhendi anogona kupa miraidzo inodzorwa kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Nepo zvirango zvavakuru vakuru zvisati zviri mutemo, zvinotakura simba romutemo nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende. Zvave zvichishandiswa kutaura chinhu chiri chose kubva kumiitiro yokupinda munyika (g., Defered Action for Childhostles, kana kuti DACA) kuchengeteko yenyika. Zvisinei, zvirairo zvavakuru vakuru vanogona kudenhwa mudare uye kudzorwa naMapurezidhendi anotevera.

Purezidhendi anewo chiremera pamusoro pa pamutemo wokunze uye nhau dzehondo. SoMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, Purezidhendi anogona kupinza mauto pasina ziviso yepamutemo yehondo, kunyange zvazvo Simba reHondo ra 1973 richida kuziviswa nokuganhurirwa kwenhambo yechiito chehondo. Purezidhendi anotaurirana nezvibvumirano namamwe marudzi, zvinozviisa kurumbidzwa kwedare, uye anogona kupinda muzvibvumirano zvapamutemo pasina tendero. Kuwedzera, Purezidhendi ane simba rokubvumira kukanganwira uye kupara mhosva dzomubatanidzwa, kunze kwokusaita zvechiito chehondo.

Rimwe simba rinotsoropodza ndiro Chibvumirano. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotonga vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, pamwe chete nenhume, vanyori veKhabhineti, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanoisa mumaoko. Idzi tsinhiro dzinoda kusimbiswa kweDare, asi Purezidhendi anogonawo kuita kuronga kwokurangana apo Dare rinenge risipo murusando, kunyange zvazvo ivava vanopera pamugumo perusando inotevera.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende neDare

Mutungamiriri weSangano rePurezidhendi anobatira somukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wechipiri, nebasa guru rebumbiro remitemo rokutungamirira Dare nokuvhota zvisungo. Nokufamba kwenguva, basa racho rakakura kubatanidza mitoro yokuronga uye migove chaiyo inobva kuna Purezidhendi. Mutungamiriri weBazi ndiye wokutangawo mumutsara woupurezidhendi.

Dare rinoumbwa navakuru vemadhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira, vakadai seDhipatimendi reHurumende, Treasure, Defense, Justice (rakatungamirirwa naAthorney General), uye vamwe. Ava vanyori vanogadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa naDare, uye vanobatira pamufaro waPrezidhendi. Comptainment inopa zano Purezidhendi pamusoro penhau mukati menzvimbo dzavo dzinotevedzerwa uye ine mutoro wokushandisa mutezo wehurumende kupfurikidza namasangano avo. Mukuwedzera, kune masangano akawanda anozvimirira namasangano, akadai seNhungamiraniso yeNzvikwaronzevedzo (EPA) neFederal Reserve, zvinoshanda namadhigiriki eHMFrivi yezvigamendero mukati mezi yebazu mukati mebazi.

Hurumende, inowanzonzi “bazu rechina,” inoshandisa mamirioni avashandi vehurumende vanoita utarisiri hwezuva nezuva. Apo Purezidhendi anogadza nhungamiro yemiitiro, kuvamba kunowanzobatanidza zviito zvakaoma zvokugadza nokudzikamisa. Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, bazi guru rakabudisa mirairo mizhinji yevakuru vakuru ine chokuita noutano hwevoruzhinji neyamuro yemari, inoratidzira ukuru hwechiremera chapurezidhendi munguva dzenjodzi (USA.A.gov).

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo neBumbiro Remitemo

Bazu redare rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa nguva dzose uye nenzira isina kusarura. Rinoumbwa neDare Repamusorosoro, matare ehurumende epasi (kubatanidza matare oruwa nematare edunhu okukwirira), uye matare chaiwo akadai seDare reMarudzi Ose. Basa guru rejaji nderokupedza nharo, kududzira Bumbiro remitemo, uye kuhwirudzura kuoma kwemitemo uye mabasa evakuru vakuru vanozivikanwa sehwirudzuro.

Dare Rehurumende

Simba redare reUnited States rinoiswa muDare rimwe guru uye mumatare akaderera akadaro seCongress angatanga. Kune maruwa 94 edare rehurumende (matare edare), matare 13 ezvikumbiro (rimwe nokuda kwedunhu rimwe), uye Dare Gurusa. Vatongi veFederal vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu “kuchengeta Mufambiro wakanaka,” kureva kuti vanogona bedzi kubviswa kupfurikidza nokusatevedzerwa. Upenyu huno hunopa vatongi mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvichivabvumira kusarudza mhaka dzakavakirwa pamutemo neBumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pomufungo wavose.

Matare eruwa ipfundo rokupinda kwemhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende. Anobata nhau dzose dziri mbiri dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, gakava pakati pamapati anobva munyika dzakasiana - siana (kudzora kwehurumende kwehurumende), uye nhau dzinobatanidza hurumende. Zvisarudzo zvinobva kumatare oruwa zvinogona kukwidzwa kudare redunhu rekwidza, iro rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutongwa nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvomutemo. matare edunhu kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anotanga muenzaniso unobatira mukati momugariro wawo wenyika.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Chiremera Chikurusa

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rine vatongi vapfumbamwe: Mutongi mumwe Mukuru naVatongi vasere Vakabatana. Dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba mumarudzi mashomanene enhau (mutoo, gakava pakati pehurumende) uye muganhu wehurumende pamatare makurusa ehurumende nematare ehurumende apo nhau yehurumende inobatanidzwa. Dare rinosarudza kuti imhakai yokuteerera kupfurikidza nemhesano yecertiorari; muzviuru zvemikumbiro gore rimwe nerimwe, vanenge 80-100 bedzi vanobvumirwa.

Simba reDare Gurusa rinodenha zvikurusa ndiro hwirudzuro ]. Iri simba rakatangwa munhau yechiratidzo [[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison [183], apo Mutongi John Marshall akanyora: “Ine simba reruwa nebasa rebato redare kutaura chiri mutemo. Kubvira ipapo, Dare rarova mazana ehurumende nehurumende. Zviinobatanidza [[FLT]] Brow v [FFLT] [55], (1954), iro rakaguma muboka ravose.[3] [FOF]

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinodudzirawo Bumbiro reMitemo mumhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende nekakavadzano pakati pehurumende. zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosungirwa uye zvinogona bedzi kuchinjwa nechisarudzo chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chisarudzo chapashure cheDare Gurusa. Chisarudzo cheDare chakaumba zvikuru upenyu hweAmerica, zvichiita kuti basa reDare racho rive rinokosha zvikuru. Basa mukusimbisa ruramisiro kazhinji kazhinji rinonyandura gakava guru rezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvinoonwa mukutonga kunokakavadzana kweRumbiso Brett Kavanugh naAmy Coney Barrett.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kunzwisisa bazi rinotonga kunoda kunzvera nhau dzinooneka uye kududzira kunenge kwaita nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Manyuko anobva panzvimbo ye U.S. Dare [ anogovera zvinhu zvedzidzo pamusoro penzira iyo mabasa ejudiary yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nenzvimbo yematare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Makepi Nedzikamo: Muitiro Unochengetedza Rusununguko

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba oga hakuna kukwana kudzivisa udzvinyiriri; bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nemidziyo yokuganhurira mimwe.Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo izvo zvinobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kudzivisa kupindira kunoitwa nedzimwe. Iyi rondedzero ine simba inokosha kukushanda kwehurumende yeAmerica.

Coreg anonzvera mukuru mukuru munzira dzinoverengeka. Inogona kukunda mutungamiriri wehurumende nevhoti yezvikamu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Ine simba rechikwama: hapana mari inogona kupedzwa pasina kudzorwa neDare. Congress inogonawo kubvisa Purezidhenti kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru. Mukuwedzera, Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye zvibvumirano. Dare reCongregation rinoitisa mirangariro nokuongorora zviito zvavakuru vakuru, zvakadai sokunzwa kweMagedhoni kwe 1970 neJanuat 6th Dare Rinosarudza.

Mutungamiriri anonzvera Congress kupfurikidza nesimba reveto uye kupfurikidza nokurumbidza mutemo muHurumende yeAuthority. Purezidhendi anogonawo kudana Congress kuti ipinde murusando chairwo uye ane chiremera chokumanikidzira (kana kuti kuramba kumanikidzira) mitemo, iyo inogona kuumba nenzira inobudirira. Simba raPurezidhendi kugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanotonga rinomubvumira kupesvedzera kududzira nokutarisirwa kwemitemo.

Bazu rinonzvera zvose zviri zviviri Congress nemukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kurongwa, sezvaakaita mu United States v. Lopez[FLT] [1995], iyo yakarova mutemo weruwa weruwa wezvokupfura pfuti nokuda kwesimba reChurcher. judiary inogonawo kuhwirudzura mirairo yehurumende nezviito, somu Proguet Comment & Tube. v. Sawer[FLD] [FFFD] [5] [5], (1952]), apo Dare guru rePreence Truendium) rehondo rehondo rehondo rehondo rehondo reKorea reKorea reKorea, rinobatirazve, rinobva muvaratina.

Gadziriro haisati iri yakarerekera; inoshanduka kupfurikidza nokushandisa nemuenzaniso. Somuenzaniso, War Powers Resolution ya 1973 yakaedza kuganhurira chiito chehondo yapurezidhendi pasina bvumirano, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwayo kwakakurukurwa. Nenzira yakafanana, mutsetse wechinhu vhato wakaitwa muna 1996 asi wakaparadzwa neDare gurusa serisiri repamutemo mu Clinton v. New York

Zviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvinobva kumasangano akadai se Bhill of Rights Institute[ zvinogovera zvifundo zvenhau pamacheki nedzinodzikama zviri kushanda, zvichibetsera vadzidzi kuona kuti idzi nheyo dzisiri dzechokwadi dzinoshanda sei murwisano chaidzoidzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa aya mashandiro anokosha kuti vadzidzi vanzwisise kuti mapazu anobata sei uye kuti kodzero dzavo vamene dzinodzivirirwa sei.

Mupeto: Kukosha Kwezivo Yakagadzirwa

Mapazu matatu ehurumende yeU.S.(_gsidentia, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi) ane masimba akasiyana nemitoro izvo, pamwe chete, zvinotanga gadziriro yakadzikama yokutonga. Bazu remitemo rinoita mitemo, bazi rinotungamirira rinoaita kuti aenderere mberi, uye bazi rinoadudzira. Asi kupfuura aya mabasa makuru, bazi rimwe nerimwe rine cheki dzakasiana padzimwe, richivimbisa kuti simba rinoramba richiparadzirwa uye richizvidavirira.

Vadzidzi nevadzidzisi vanonzwisisa kuti izvi ndizvo zvinovakirwa pakudzidza kunyoresa. Sezvo vagari vemo vakazvigadzira zviri nani kuti vatore rutivi muhurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, vanotungamirira vatungamiriri kuti vazvidavirire, uye vatsigiri kuti vachinje. Nokudzidza Bumbiro remitemo, nyaya dzedare, uye mienzaniso yenhau yemacheki nedzinoyera, vadzidzi vanogona kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei. Sezvo nyika inotarisana nedenho itsva, gadziriro inoramba ichitungamirira kuedza kweAmerica muhurumende. Vadzidzi vanogona kuwana zvimwe zvirongwa uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakudzidza nezvemasangano