Ukuchaza Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni: Isiseko Senkululeko Yobuqu

Amalungelo amakhaya lukhuseleko namalungelo urhulumente aqinisekisa ukuba abemi bawo banokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. La malungelo awasozizipho ezivela kurhulumente; angokwemvelo anelungelo eliphuma kwimigaqo yebulungisa, esesikweni, nesidima sobuntu. Kwinkqubo yemithetho ye-pulment, amalungelo asebenza njengezixhobo zokukhusela izenzo zolawulo ezizimeleyo kunye namakrele abantu abanokuwasebenzisa ukunyanzela ukuba bafumane amathuba alinganayo. Agubungela ububanzi bemida yenkululeko, ukusuka ku [[FLT:] [FLT:] inkululeko yomlomo [[[FLT: 1]] kunye [FLT:] ne[FFLT:] [FFFF] [FLT] [5] phambi komthetho wokhuseleko]

Ummiselo osemthethweni wamalungelo abantu kumazwe amaninzi usoloko usekelwe kumgaqo-siseko okanye kumthetho wamalungelo. Umzekelo, IsiHlanzi soMgaqo-siseko sokuqala kwi-U.S. umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo, intetho, ukucofa, indibano, kunye nesicelo, ngelixa umgaqo-mendo-siseko unikela ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko wesiseko udala imigaqo-siseko esisiseko yokuba izinyuko zendlu zowiso namaphepha ekufuneka zihlonele. Amalungelo oluntu aquka izikhuseli, njengoMthetho we-Spoluni, kunye neenkqubo ze-Romatika karhulumente, kunye nenkqubo ye-Romatikalkn, kunye ne-omatiko, kunye ne-R.

Umlinganiselo Wamalungelo Abemi Kulo Mbutho Wanamhlanje

Namhlanje, ingcamango yamalungelo abantu ikhule kakhulu ngaphaya kwemida yayo engokwesithethe. Ngoku iquka ukhuseleko kubantu abaneziphene, iLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, namanye amaqela akwimbali embali. iMelika enamalungelo angakhubazekiyo (ADA) ka1990, umzekelo, ithintela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene kuwo onke amacandelo obomi babantu, kuquka imisebenzi, izikolo, izikolo, izithuthi, kunye nendawo yasekuhlaleni evulekileyo kuwonke wonke. Ngokufanayo, [[FTLT:] Soundme] kwisigqibo seNkundla e-Obergfell. Hodrom (2011) [FLD] iyaziwa ngokwanjalo, i-equartsssss, kunye ne-equaders provicessssss, i-LGroumesss, i-Groupt) kunye neziNumerity.

Ezweni lonke, uSindululo esiManyano sobuNdoda bamalungelo abantu , esamkelwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo-1948, sinikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo abantu, ezobupolitika, ezoqoqosho, entlalo, kunye nenkcubeko abanelungelo lokuya kuyo bonke abantu. Nangona iUDHR ingagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni, iye yakhuthaza umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, njengoMvumelwano wezizwe zonke wamalungelo amakhaya nawamapolitiki (CPHLT). Ezi zizixhobo zibalaselisa ukuba amalungelo abantu akangomalungelo nje asekuhlaleni kodwa awangowabantu bonke.

Imbali: Umlo Owexesha Elide Wamalungelo Alinganayo

Ingxelo yamalungelo abantu iyahluka kwimbali yemibutho yasekuhlaleni namadabi asemthethweni aye andisa isangqa sabo banelungelo lonyango olulinganayo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo wase-United States wakhusela amalungelo athile, kwakhona wagunyazisa ubukhoboka kwanamalungelo okuvota alinganiselweyo kumadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla. Isiqingatha eside sembali yaseMelika siye saba sisifo esithe ngcembe-kancinci, kwaye ngokufuthi siye sabangela ubuhlungu //ukukhutshwa kwamalungelo abo bantu bonke abemi.

INkqutyana Yokuzikhusela Nenkqubo Yokwakha

Ucelomngeni lokuqala olungundoqo ekumiselweni kobukhoboka lwavela kumbutho wokuphelisa ulawulo kwinkulungwane ye-19. I-Emancation Proclaturation kunye ne-[FLT:] uLawulo lwe-Tritententh [1865] [[FLT]] ukuphelisa ubukhoboka, kodwa abazange baqinisekise ukuba ngummi opheleleyo okanye amalungelo alinganayo. [[FLTLT:4] Umthetho wokwamkisa [[[FLT]] Izamplaye-13:], 14th, kunye no-15" babecelwe ukunika abakhe bangamakhoboka ubumi, inkqubo elinganayo, kunye nokuvota ekunene. Noko ke, isithembiso sokuncitshiswa kwemithetho ye-CLT, kunye nemithetho echasana yemithetho-Blalk, kunye nemithetho ekhoyo ye-Amerian kufuphi ne-20.

IMbutho yaMalungelo aMagunya aBantwana yaNgoku (1950s-1960)

IKhavinity Rights Movement yale mihla yayilixesha elichithwayo ekulweni ulingana ngokobuhlanga. Yaphawulwa yimibhiyozo engaphazanyiswanga, imingeni esemthethweni, kunye nocwangco lotyani. Iziganeko ezingundoqo ziquka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) [isigqibo esiPhakamileyo] seNkundla, emisela imithetho yorhulumente emisela izikolo zoluntu ezimnyama nezimhlophe ukuba zingabikho kwi-'liqumrhu. Esi sigqibo sarhoxa “imfundiso elinganayo kodwa emiselweyo'''''''. Plafksev.[FLT][FLT] [18696]] [FLT:] kwaye simisela isigaba sedecurease-ose.

Amanye amaxesha engqalelo aquka iMontromy Bus Boycott (555-1956), endululwe kukwaliwa kukaRosa Park ukunikezela esihlalweni sakhe, okwakhokelela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuba ukuhlalisana kweBhasi kawonke-wonke kwakungagunyaziswanga. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] eWashington (1963)[FLT] [FLT]], apho uMartin Luther Jr. wanikela khona “Ndinentetho yephulo, i-luvo lukawonke-wonke, yaye unyanzelo lukawonke lomthetho wokungavumelani ulawulo lwe-Romatika [FFFT] [4] [5].[4] Umthetho oqwalaselweyo oluninzi kumthetho woluntu, ukususela ekuthinteleni kweendawo zomsebenzi, [5] [iR.]

Intsebenziswano yomhlaba wonke ukwenzela amalungelo asekuhlaleni

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu awupheleli eUnited States kuphela. Ehlabathini lonke, abantu baye balwela amalungelo alinganayo nenkululeko. Umbutho we-Indiyan , okhokelwa ngamanani afana noNelson Mandela noDesmond Tutu, ngokunempumelelo basusa inkqubo yesizwe-solu luluvo nocalulo. [[[FLT:]] ] Umbutho wenkululeko ye-Indian [, phantsi kolawulo lukaMahma Gandhi, wasebenzisa ukungachani okunophele kweBrithi ye-British kunye nokuqinisekisa amalungelo esizwe onke. Ngokukunye, [[FLD] [12] [2010] abemi abaninzi bafumana ulawulo lwezopolitiko kumazwe aphakathi kunye nolawulo olungoophucukunga, nangona okokuba neziphumo zezo zezo zezobuzwe.

Ukuqonda Iimbopheleleko Zamakhaya: Iimbopheleleko Zobumi

Iimbopheleleko zoburhulumente ziimbopheleleko nezibopho abantu ngabanye abafanele bazenze kuluntu lwabo, kurhulumente, nakwibutho labantu ngokubanzi. Ezi mbopheleleko ziqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenzisa amalungelo akunciphiseli kwisiphithiphithi okanye kwenzakalisa ukulunga okuqhelekileyo. Kwibutho ledemokhrasi, amalungelo neembopheleleko ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye; omnye akanakho ngaphandle kwenye.

Ezinye zeembopheleleko ezisisiseko zezoburhulumente ziquka ezi:

  • Imithetho ingumthetho osesikweni wexabiso nemida yebutho labantu. Abami banembopheleleko yokulandela umthetho, kwanaxa bengavumelani, nokufuna utshintsho ngeendlela ezisemthethweni ezinjengokuvota, ukucenga, okanye ukulingwa.
  • Ukuhlawula irhafu: irhafu yerhafu efunekayo kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezifana neendlela, izikolo, amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuhlawula irhafu ngumsebenzi osemthethweni oxhasa ukusebenza kweli zwe.
  • Ukusebenza kwiqela labachopheli-tyala: Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala liseko lobulungisa. Ngokulandelayo, abemi banembopheleleko yokusebenza kumaqumrhu agqibileyo xa bebizwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokusesikweni ihlala ilungile kwaye ingummeli.
  • Ukuncedisa kwinkqubo yonyulo: ukujija kulungile kwaye kungumsebenzi. Ngokufaka ibhola yokufaka ibhola, abemi banceda ukukhetha iinkokeli zabo kunye nobume benkqubo kawonke-wonke. Idemokhrasi ephilileyo ixhomekeke ekuthatheleni inxaxheba ngokubanzi, eyazi kakuhle.
  • Ukuhlonela amalungelo abanye: Amalungelo omntu aphelela apho omnye aqala khona. Lo mgaqo ufuna ukunyamezela, ubunewunewu, nokukulungela ukuhlonela ixabiso elilinganayo labo bonke abantu.
  • Ukukhusela uhlanga: Kumazwe amaninzi, abemi banembopheleleko yokusebenza emkhosini ngexesha lemfazwe okanye ngexesha likaxakeka wesizwe, nangona le mbopheleleko izalisekiswa ngokukhulayo ngamandla amatsha.

Unxulumano lwamalungelo neembopheleleko

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo neembopheleleko lunzima kwaye lubalulekile. Ngaphandle kweembopheleleko, amalungelo anokuba yimvume yokuzingca okanye yokuxhaphaza. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kufuneka lisetyenziswe ngembopheleleko yokuphepha ukunyeliswa, ukuphenjelelwa kugonyamelo, okanye intetho yentiyo. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo lithwala imbopheleleko yokugcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo nokusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni.

Isithandi sobulumko esisemthethweni uRonald Dworkin waphikisa ngelithi amalungelo “amaqela” akwizinto ezikhethwa ngabalawuli, kodwa kwakhona wagxininisa ukuba lonke ilungelo lithetha umsebenzi olinganayo kurhulumente nakwibutho labantu wokuhlonela nokukhusela loo nto ilungile. Ngoko ke, iimbopheleleko zabemi aziyompawu zobuqu kodwa zimisebenzi esemthethweni neyasekuhlaleni encedayo ukugcina iziko lebutho elikhululekileyo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekufumaneni Ukufunda

Imfundo yeyona nto iphambili ekudluliseleni ulwazi, ubuchule nemilinganiselo efunekayo ukuze ube ngummi onembopheleleko. Ngaphandle kokuqonda nzulu amalungelo neembopheleleko zasekuhlaleni, abantu basenokungazi ukuba banikwe ilungelo elingakanani okanye bangakwazi ukuzalisekisa iimbopheleleko zabo. Izikolo, iikholeji, nemibutho yoluntu idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ulwazi lwezezentlalo.

Ukufundisa Imbali Yamalungelo Abemi

Imbali yezifundo zesikolo kufuneka idlule ngaphaya kokwazi imihla namagama. Abafundi kufuneka baqonde amandla aqhubela phambili umbutho wamalungelo abantu, iindlela ezisemthethweni ezisetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ukwahlukana, kunye nemilo eqhubekayo yokulingana. Ngokufunda iimeko zophawu olufana [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ kunye [[FLT:]] ne [FLT]] v. Virginia[[FLT:]] [FLT]] [5], [FLT]] [BBK]], abafundi bafunda indlela iimfazwe ezilwayo ezilwayo ezithintela umtshato othenjiweyo [BFT], [5],[5]

Ubandakanyeko Olukhuthazayo Lwemibimbi

Imfundo ephambili . "njengezilingo zobuxoki, urhulumente wabafundi, imisebenzi yokufunda, nokutyelela iinkundla okanye izikhululo zendlu yowiso-mthetho" inceda abafundi ukuba bafumane imbono yokuba bangenza umahluko. Iinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukubhaliswa kwevoti, ukuthetha esidlangalaleni, kunye nengxoxo ekhuthaza ubuchule obufunekayo ukuze bathathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Oothisha nabo kufuneka bavelise iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zokuxubusha iziganeko zangoku, eziquka iimbambano ezinxulumene namalungelo abantu, ezifana notshintsho lwamapolisa, inkqubo yokufuduka, kunye nokungena kovota."

Indima Yezobugcisa Nemfundo Yamanani

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, amaqonga amanani aye aba ziindawo zokudlala ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu, kwaye ukuze asasazwe. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde indlela yokuvavanya imithombo, yokuqonda ikhethe, nokuzibandakanya kwintetho ye-intanethi. Ngoku ukufunda i-apply kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfundo yezentlalo, ukunceda ulutsha lukwazi ukuchaza iindidi ezingekho mthethweni kwihlabathi elinxulumeneyo ngoxa luqonda iimbopheleleko ezihambisana nayo.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kumalungelo Neembopheleleko Zamakhaya

Nakubeni inkqubela yenkulungwane edluleyo, amalungelo abantu ajongene neengxaki ezizingisileyo nezingalawulekiyo. Ukuzazi ezi ngxaki kubaluleke kakhulu kubaxhasi, abafundisi nabenzi bemigaqo abafuna ukukhusela nokunyusa impumelelo efunyenweyo.

Ucalucalulo kunye nokungalingani

Ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, nobuni nolwamabala lusaqhubeka kumaziko amaninzi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ama-Black America asengozini yokumiswa ngamapolisa, ukugwetywa ngookrakra, kunye nokucalucalulwa kwizindlu nakumsebenzi. Umbindi-Mouls Live Confect, ofumana ingqalelo yomhlaba wonke emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngowama-2020, uzise ukuncitshiswa ngokutsha kwemiqathango yendlela yobuhlanga emiselwe umthetho kunye nenkqubo yokugweba. Ngokufanayo, ukrusa omdederhumo wemiba [[FLT:]] kunye nemiqobo yokuqhubekela umsebenzi wamabhinqa ukuze aqhubeke ukuncitshiswa kwezoqoqosho.

Ucinezelo Nenkcitho

EUnited States kunye nezinye idemokhrasi ezininzi, imithetho yokuvota intsha ikwenze kwaba nzima ngamaqela athile ukulahla ii-vota. La manyathelo aquka iimfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID zovota, unciphiso lweeyure zovota zangethuba, ukukhutshwa kweeroli, nokuvalwa kweendawo zokuvota kwimimandla encinane. Isigqibo seNkundla yokuvota se-Syupme eShelby County v. I-Hanger (2013) yawalula ummiselo wemiqathango engundoqo yoMthetho wamalungelo ovota ka-19656, nto leyo ikhokelela ekunyukeni kwemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqathango yephondo kunye nommiselo wokuvota kusongelo kukonakalisa ukungenelela ekunene kwento ephambili kuvoti.

Amanani obuqu kunye nobuninzi

Unyuko lobugcisa bemichiza luye lwadala imida emitsha yamalungelo abantu. Oorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu angaqokelela ubuninzi obukhulu bogcino-lwazi lobuqu, anyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuba wedwa kunye nokuhlola. IsiHlaliseko se-FLT [ sikhusela ukuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwala, kodwa isicelo salo sogcino-lwazi lwezintlukwano sihlala sixhatshazwa. Iimeko ezifana [[FLT] [2014] [FLT]] [iright Countsl] [iright Coography] sigwesa ifuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana indawo yecell phone yokhuseleko nolwendawo yoluntu. I-oglovelksiaselksiasessss kufuneka zilumke amalungelo abo bawanele kulawulo lwemintyezo zobugcisa.

Ukungaqiniseki Nokuncipha Kokholo

Iindawo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo-ntle zinokulwandisa ulwazi oluphosakeleyo, olukhokelela ekudidekeni nasekuphathweni. Ebudeni bonyulo, iinkqubo zokuvota okanye abatshayeli banokucinezela ukurhoxa nokuphelisa ukuthembana kwimibutho yedemokhrasi. Uxanduva lwabemi luquka ukunyanzela ukwabelana ngenkcazelo echanileyo nokuxhathisa isilingo sokusasaza amarhe. Ubuchule bokwenza amarhe. Uqhankqalano lunembopheleleko yamapolisa eyingozi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuthetha ngokukhululekile .

Ukucombulula Iingxaki Zanamhlanje Ngomthetho Nobuqhetseba

Imibutho yamalungelo abemi, enjenge ye-American Liberties Union (ACLU), i- i-NAACP Ethegical Defense and Educational Fund, kunye ne-Electronic Foundation Foundation [[[FLLT:5]], ukusebenza ngokungakhathali ukukhusela amalungelo amakhaya ngokunikezelwa, uku-ligada, uku-ayina, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke. Bavavanya imithetho engavumelani nocalucalucalucalucalucalu, kwaye bakhusela imigaqo ekwi-Bill yamaLungelo.

Imbono yehlabathi Ngamalungelo oluntu neembopheleleko

Ingcamango yamalungelo abemi iyahluka kwiinkqubo zomthetho kunye neemeko zenkcubeko. Ngelixesha imodeli igxininisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, amanye amazwe angabeka ingxubevange yentlalo okanye amalungelo ahlangeneyo. Umzekelo, iConvention ye- yamalungelo abantu yase-Yunipane eNgamalungelo abantu [ inikezela ngesiseko samalungelo abantu, enyanzeliswe yiNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu. Kumazwe anjengeKhanada noMzantsi Afrika, imiqathango yemithetho yesiseko ikhusela ngokucacileyo umgangatho nesidima.

Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi asasilela kwimilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe. Kumanye ulawulo lobuzwilakhe, amalungelo abantu anjengenkululeko yokubonakalisa, indibano, kunye nonqulo ancitshiswa kakhulu. IBhunga lamaLungu aManyeneyo Amalungelo Abantu liqwalaselwa lizibonelelo ezihambisana nezivumelwano neengxelo zezizwe ngemiba engokwaphulwa. Ukuqonda ezi mbono zamazwe ngamazwe zibalulekile nakwesiphi na isifundo esibanzi somthetho wamakhaya.

Isiphelo: Ukuxhasa Isiseko Somthetho Wamakhaya

Amalungelo oluntu neembopheleleko aziyomfundiso ezidityanisiweyo; ziyimigaqo ephilayo eguqukayo ngenxa yokulwa, yomthetho, kunye nokutolikwa kwemithetho. Isiseko somthetho wamakhaya sisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba wonke umntu unesidima sofuzo kunye nokubaluleka okulinganayo, kwaye ibutho labantu kufuneka likhusele la maxabiso ngamalungelo anyanzelekileyo kunye nemisebenzi efanayo. Njengabemi, sinamandla okufumana amalungelo ethu kunye nembopheleleko yokufeza iimbopheleleko zethu. Imfundo, ukuphatha inxaxheba ngokuphandle zingundoqo ekulondolozeni esi siseko sesizukulwana sexesha elizayo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, qwalasela ukuqulunqwa U.S. kuMnqongo woMazwe wogcino-lwazi lwelizwe , [[FLT:]] uMthetho oNgahambelaniyo wamaLungelo oluntu [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] ku [FLT]] [[FLT]]] [7], [[FLT]], ] Amalungelo oMgaqo womthetho womthetho [[FLT]]] kumbhalo [[FLT:] EC [FFFF:10]] [FFLT]]. Ezi zinto zinika isiseko sesiseko senkqubo yolwazi olusemthethweni loluntu.