Ingcamango yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko lisiseko solawulo-mgaqo-siseko, elungiselelwe ukukhusela abantu kwisenzo solawulo lwedemokhrasi soburhulumente esizimeleyo nokugcina ukuzilawula. Kodwa la malungelo anqabile ukuphelela kwinkxalabo enyanzelekileyo nezilangazelelo ezimanyeneyo ezifana nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lohlanga, kunye nolungelelwano lwentlalo-ntle. Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko afumana igunya lawo kuxwebhu oluphezulu olusemthethweni, kodwa umgangatho wawo kunye nokusebenza kwawo kumilisekile ngokuqhubekayo ngotoliko lwezomthetho, izenzo zowisomthetho, nendaleko lwendaleko. Ukuqonda la malungelo aloo malungelo abekwe phezu kwawo, abasebenzi bemithetho, abasebenzi bemiqatha, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abahlali bemi, abasebenzi bemi, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zehlabathi.

Isiseko samalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko abekwe kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe kwaye asebenza njengesiqinisekiso esinyanzelekileyo nxamnye norhulumente ophakanyiswayo. Ngoxa okuqulethweyo kwahluka kwiimfuno zolawulo, la malungelo ngokuqhelekileyo ajolise ekukhuseleni izilangazelelo ezingundoqo zabantu, njengenkululeko yokubonakalisa, uqheliselo lonqulo, indibano, kunye nokungagwebi ngokomthetho. Ukubekwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kuxhomekeke kumthetho ophakamileyo obophelela onke amasebe karhulumente, odala isakhelo apho imimiselo eqhelekileyo imele isebenze khona.

Umthombo wamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asuka kudityaniso lwamaxwebhu embali, ukulwa kweenguqu, kunye neengcamango zentanda-bulumko. Umzekelo, iBhili yamaLungelo yaseUnited States (1791) yafumana ngamandla kumthetho oqhelekileyo kunye neenkcubeko zoluNqabela-lwazi njengoJohn Locke. Ngokufanayo, Isindululo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu nowamaLuntu [[FLT:]] [[FLT]1] [789] [iiiisiseko sendalo yonke imigaqo yenkululeko, impahla, kunye nokuchasana nengcinezelo. Kumaxesha anamhlanje, imimiselo emininzi ibandakanya imigaqo elungileyo yamalungelo abantu, njengaleyo ekuSindululo samaLungelo oluntu [FLT]] [5], yenza umgaqo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko se-siseko sesizwe [i-yonke]

Ibhalwe ii vs. UmGaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko angafakwa kuxwebhu olunye olubhaliweyo (njengase-United States, eJamani, okanye eIndiya) okanye athatyathwe kudityaniso lwemimiselo, imizekelo egwebayo, kunye neendibano (njengakuManyano noMgaqo-siseko obhalwe phantsi). Imimiselo ebhaliweyo isoloko inikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo ngokwenza izilungiso zibe nzima, ngoxa izithethe ezingabhalwanga zivumela ukuba zikwazi ukutshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha kodwa zishiye amalungelo ebuthathaka ngakumbi ekungeneleni kwemithetho.

Iindidi zamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bawahlulahlulahlula ngokwamaqela amaninzi ahlukahlukeneyo amalungelo omGaqo-siseko:

  • Amalungelo angundoqo: Ezi zibalulekile kwisidima somntu nakwinkqubela-phambili yobuqu, efana nelungelo lobomi, inkululeko ekuthuthunjisweni, nenkululeko yokucinga. Basoloko befumana umgangatho ophezulu wokhuseleko lomthetho.
  • Amalungelo eCivil:[ Amalungelo akhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni naqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho, kuquka amalungelo okuvota, ukufumana indawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kwimicimbi yamakhaya neyolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Amalungelo acacileyo: amalungelo avumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kulawulo lwelizwe labo, njengamalungelo okuvota, ukubalekela isikhundla, nokuyila unxulumano lwezopolitiko.
  • Economic kunye namalungelo abantu: ezifunyenwe kwezinye imigaqo-siseko (umz., uMzantsi Afrika, iIndiya), ezi ziqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwezindlu, unyango, imfundo, kunye neemeko zomsebenzi ezisesikweni.

Udidi ngalunye lusebenzisana nezinye kwaye luxhomekeke kwimida eyahlukileyo yoorhulumente. Umzekelo, amalungelo ezobupolitika anokuthintelwa ekuqhatheni kwemiba, ngoxa amalungelo ezoqoqosho esenokuba alinganiselwe ngemiqathango.

Imigaqo Elawulayo Imilinganiselo Elinganiselweyo Kumalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yokuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko anokulinganiselwa ayiyonto entsha okanye ayiyongxaki ngokwemvelo. Lento ibalulekileyo kukuthethelela nobungakanani bomda. Iinkqubo zomthetho ziveze iseti yemigaqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango ihlala ilungelelaniswa, iyimfuneko, kwaye iyavisisana nomthetho.

Ukulungelelanisa Uvavanyo Nobunzima

Iinkundla zidla ngokusebenzisa uphando oluthe gqaba-gqaba ukuvavanya ukuba umlinganiselo welungelo lomgaqo-siseko uvumelekile kusini na. Umgangatho wokuhlolwa osetyenziswayo uxhomekeke kuhlobo lomntu onelungelo nomntu onomdla kurhulumente.

  • Scrity Scrutiny: Isebenzisa amalungelo asisiseko (umz., ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukuzilolonga konqulo, ukuzimela) kunye nokukrokreleka kohlelo (umz., uhlanga). Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umlinganiselo usebenza inzala yemeko enyanzelisayo kwaye ulungiselwe ukufikelela loo mdla.
  • Isininzi soMqokelelo: esisetyenziselwa amalungelo afana nokulingana kwelungu okanye umlomo wentengiso. Lo mqathango kufuneka unxulumene ngokunzulu nenjongo ebalulekileyo karhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impinda yesiseko seRondation: Isetyenziswa kwimimiselo yezoqoqosho nentlalo. Umlinganiselo kufuneka unxulumene kuphela nengqondo nenjongo esemthethweni karhulumente.

Olu vavanyo lwenza uhlolo loqwalaselo lomthetho, luqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akalulanga. Umzekelo, ku .[FLT]New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2022], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba imithetho yolawulo lwemipu mayihambisane nesithethe sembali somthetho wemipu, isebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo uhlobo lokuhlola ngokungqongqo kwiSibini isiHlo seminxeba.

Uhlalutyo lobuchule bokuhambisa

Kwinkqubo yomthetho emininzi engaphandle kwe-United States, ingakumbi eKhanada, eJamani, naseNkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu, ukulungelelana kuyindlela ephambili yokuhlola imiqathango yamalungelo. Phantsi kolu cwangciso, inkundla ibuza imibuzo emine:

  1. Ngaba umthetho uyasilela?
  2. Ngaba lusukele injongo efanelekileyo nenyanzelisayo?
  3. Ngaba inxulumene ngokusengqiqweni naloo njongo?
  4. Ngaba iyimfuneko, ithetha ukuba kukho enye indlela engqongqo?
  5. Ngaba kuwenza alungelelene ngokufanelekileyo amalungelo omntu neenjongo zoluntu?

Olu hlalutyo lucwangcisiweyo luvumela imigwebo ecacileyo ehlonela amalungelo kunye nentlalo-ntle yengingqi. Umzekelo, ku R. v. Oakes (1986), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase Canada yamisa uvavanyo lolungelelwaniso phantsi kweCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, efuna urhulumente athethelele nawuphi na umda wamalungelo omTshado.

Ulungelelaniso Oluqhelekileyo Kumda

Oorhulumente bawabeka rhoqo imiqathango amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ngenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:

  • Ukhuseleko noLuyalelo lwePublic:[[FT:1] intetho evuselela ugonyamelo ingasohlwaywa; iindibano ezithintela iinkonzo zongxamiseko zisenokusasazwa.
  • [[Ukhuseleko lohlanga: 0] Ukhuseleko lohlanga: ulwazi oludityanisiweyo lunganqandwa ukuba lungatyhilwa nguwonke-wonke; iinkqubo zokhangelo zinokugunyaziswa.
  • Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ekhoyo: imithetho engekho mthethweni ithintela izinto ezicacileyo ngokwesondo; ukungcakaza nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kusoloko kuthintelwa.
  • Imithetho yokuthintela ityala ikhusela igama; ukuvalwa kwentetho yentiyo kuthintela umonakalo wocalulo.
  • Impilo entle ye-[FULT: 0] Igunya le-Public: imiyalelo ye-Vaccine kunye nemiyalelo yokuhlalisa umntu ngokwahlukana ingophula ulawulo lomzimba kunye nokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, kusenokubonakala ngathi ukuvalwa komthetho wezopolitiko kuyinto engenakukhangelwa, ngoxa kusenokuxhaswa ingxolo evalwe ngenyameko kufuphi nezibhedlele.

Indaleko Yamalungelo OmGaqo-siseko Nemilinganiselo Yawo

Indlela esiwaqonda ngayo amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ibangelwa ziinkulungwane zemfazwe yezobupolitika, impikiswano yentanda - bulumko nenkqubela engokomthetho.

Ukusuka KwiMagna Carta Ukuya Ekukhanyiselweni

Imvelaphi yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko ingalandelelwa kuMagna Carta (1215), eyaseka ukuba ukumkani uphantsi komthetho kwaye wamkeleka ngokufanelekileyo kumalungelo abantu abakhululekileyo. Ezi ngcamango ziphenjelelwa ngqo kumaLungu amalungelo obukumkani kunye nokukhuselwa kwentetho nesicelo sepalamente. Ngethuba leNkcazelo, izithandi zobulumko njengoJohn Locle zathi abantu banelungelo lendalo lobomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla urhulumente angenakuwachasa ngeliphazamiso. Ezi ngcamango zaphembelela ngqo imvukelo yaseMelika namaFrentshi kunye nokudalwa kwezimvo zomGaqo-siseko.

Uphuhliso lwamashumi amabini anesibini

Izenzo zenkohlakalo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II zabangela ukuzinikela okutsha kumalungelo abantu. ISindululo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu (1948) samisela umgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, ngoxa amazwe amaninzi afaka amalungelo amaninzi kwimiqathango yawo. UMthetho oMsikeleyo waseJamani (1949) wabeka isidima somntu esisesisekoni sawo kwaye waseka iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko enamandla ukunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu. IConvention on Human Rights (1950) yaseka inkundla yesizwe evumela abantu ukuba bavavanye inyathelo likarhulumente.

Iingxaki Zangoku

Namhlanje, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ajamelana neengcinezelo ezintsha ezivela kutshintsho lobugcisa, ubugrogrisi, kunye neengxaki zempilo yomhlaba wonke. Ukuhlola kwamanani, ukwenza izigqibo zemithetho-mthetho, kunye nomgaqo wezentlalo wezonxibelelwano kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nomlinganiselo weziqu zobuqu kunye nokubonakaliswa kwamalungelo akhululekileyo. Iinkundla zicelwa ngokwandayo ukuba zivavanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe nxamnye nokubonakala, kwaye impilo kawonke-wonke nxamnye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Indyikitya yokufa ye-CHOVAD yavavanya imiqathango yamalungelo amaninzi, kuquka inkululeko yokuhamba, indibano, kunye nonqulo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphazameni kwemizwa kwenkululeko ehlabathini lonke.

Ukungamkeleki Kwamalungelo Nemilinganiselo

Iimbono ezingokwasemthethweni ngamalungelo omgaqo - siseko zichazwa ngokunzulu ziingxoxo zentanda - bulumko ngokuphathelele uhlobo lokusesikweni, inkululeko nendima yeli lizwe.

Umthetho wendalo ochasene nomthetho

Izazi-mthetho wendalo, njengoThomas Aquinas noJohn Finnis, baphikisa ngelithi amalungelo athile angokwemvelo kwindalo yomntu kwaye andulela nawuphi na umthetho obhaliweyo. Kuwo, umthetho ophula amalungelo asisiseko awungomthetho wenyani yaye ungenalo igunya lokuziphatha. Abalawuli abasemthethweni, balandela iH.L.A. Hart, baphikisa ukuba amalungelo akhoyo kuphela ngenxa yokuba agunyaziswa ngumthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni; akukho lunxulumano olufanelekileyo phakathi komthetho nokuziphatha. Lo mahluko uneziphumo ezisebenzayo: abalandeli bomthetho wendalo basenokuvuma ukuwisa imithetho ephazamisa imigaqo yokuziphatha enzulu, ngexa i-postivies ityekela ekuthobeleni imigwebo ephantsi komthetho kwisiseko somthetho.

Ukuzimela Ngokwabantu Neengcungela Zako

Iingcali zenkululeko yokulawula njenge-John Stuart Mill zaxhasa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye njengexabiso eliphezulu kwezobupolitika, ziphikisa ngokudumileyo ukuba okuphela kobulungisa bokuthintela ukuvaleka kwentetho kukukhusela umonakalo ngqo kwabanye. Lo mgaqo wengozi uhlala unempembelelo kwimithetho elawula inkululeko yokuthetha. Abahlalutyi abasuka kwizithethe zoburhulumente namalungelo abafazi, noko ke, baphikisa ukuba ukuyekelela kugxininisa ukuzilawula komntu ngamnye ngokugqithisileyo ngokulahlekelwa kwebutho, ulwalamano, namaqela angenankathalo. Le ngxoxo iyindlela iinkundla ezilungelelanisa ngayo amalungelo anxamnye neempahla ezimanyeneyo, njenge-cudialgity okanye impilo kawonke wonke.

Ingcamango Yokugwetywa

Ronald Dworkin wachaza amalungelo adumileyo njenge "iisixhobo" ezigquma izicwangciso eziphambili kwiimeko ezininzi. Phantsi kwale mbono, iinkundla kufuneka zikhusele amalungelo ngamandla, kwananangokuchasene noluvo oluqhelekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi abagwebi bafanele baphephe imigaqo ebanzi endaweni yoko bagqibe amatyala acutheneyo, bashiye indawo yokucingisisa ngeenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ukhetho phakathi kwezi ndlela zokuzingela luza kuxhasa iimpembelelo kumalungelo okanye babethelele phantsi.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akwinkqubo:

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala aphawulekayo kubonisa indlela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni esetyenziswa ngayo kwiingxabano ezisisiseko, ngokufuthi ezinemiphumo efikelela kude kwibutho labantu.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha: Ukusuka eSchenc ukuya eBrandenburg

Scheck v. United States (1919), Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wacacisa "umboniso kunye nengozi ekhoyo" uvavanyo, ephakamisa ukuthembeka komntu owasasaza amaphecana achasene nenqwelo-moya ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi I. Ishumi leminyaka kamva, [[FLT:] Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], iNkumbuso ePhakamileyo yamkela umgangatho ongaphezulu wokuthetha, ibambe ukuba ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo kunokusohlwaywa kuphela ukuba kubhekiswe ekukhuthazeni isenzo esikufuphi somthetho-mthetho-siseko kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphumelele. Oku kubonisa indlela yokuguqula inkqubo yemithetho kunye neenguqulelo kwintanda-ntanda-bulumko.

Imicimbi yobucala namalungelo okuzala

Ilungelo lokuvala imfihlo, nangona lingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., laqashelwa kwi- Griswold v.Connecticut (65]), eyaphelisa ukuvalwa kokuthintela ukuthintela inzala. Le meko yabeka isiseko se- Roe v. [[[FLT:]][FLT]][12][7]] [773]), ibamba ukuba isiseko somthetho-somgamgamgamgatho sibandakanya isigqibo somfazi sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa. Noko ke, [iiiiiiiiindlela ehlulweyo].[FLT] IJanums.[FLD] Iqela lezentergnobos transting i-moguethiethiethiethie transfy]

Inkululeko Yonqulo---. Imithetho elwa nokungavumelani

Ingxabano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo namalungelo abantu ivelise imizekelo ebalulekileyo. kumaqumrhu amatshatshane akwisithintelo se-Macatehop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2017]), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umbhaki ongavumiyo ukwenza ikekhekhe yomtshato wesi sibini seshumi elinababini unelungelo lokwenza izigqibo ezingoondileleyo, kodwa washiya umbuzo omkhulu wokuba ngaba abachasi bonqulo bangakhulula na kwimithetho yendawo yokuhlala kawonke wonke. Le miba inyanzelela ukulungele ukuqheliselwa konqulo ngokukhululekileyo ngokuchasene nokuzinikela koluntu ukuba banyangwe.

Imbono zomGaqo-siseko othelekisayo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nemiqathango yawo ayifani kuwo onke amazwe. Ukuthelekisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho kutyhila ezinye iindlela zokucombulula uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko negunya.

IUnited States: Imodeli yamalungelo

Indlela yokusebenzisa iMelika ibeka amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwindawo yokuqala kwaye isebenzisa imithetho emiselweyo (umz., ukhuseleko ku "ulwa amagama" vs. "ulwimi lwezopolitiko"). Imida idla ngokuboniswa njengengaqhelekanga kunokuba ilinganiswe jikelele. Umgaqo wokuGqibela kokuqala okhululekileyo wokuthetha, umzekelo, ukhusela umgangatho omkhulu wokuchaza, kwaye imiqathango ihlalutyelwe ngokungqongqo.

EKhanada: Umqwalaseli Wamalungelo Omntu Onemilinganiselo KaClaus

Icandelo 1 leCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms livumela ngokucacileyo "imida esengqiqweni emiselwe ngumthetho njengokuba inokuthi igwetyelwe ngokulula kwibutho labantu abakhululekileyo nabalawulwa ngedemokhrasi". Olu lwimi luvunyiweyo lumema iinkundla ukuba zisebenzise uhlalutyo lolungelelwaniso, njengoko lumiselwe kwi R. v. Oekes. Abagwebi baseKhanada bakulungele kakhulu kunabanye abemi baseMelika ukuqwalasela izilangazelelo ezimanyeneyo, ezinjengokulingana, xa belinganisa amalungelo.

IJamani: Isidima Somntu Sisikelwe Phantsi

UMthetho oBanzi waseJamani ubeka isidima somntu (Article 1) ngaphaya komlinganiselo. Amanye amalungelo, anjengenkululeko yokubonakalisa kunye nonqulo, angathintelwa kodwa kuphela ngumthetho obhekiselele "kumgangatho" wasekunene. Inkundla yeQumrhu eliManyeneyo isebenzisa uvavanyo olufuna ukulungelelaniswa kononophelo. Umzekelo, iJamani ivumela imithetho yentiyo enokuthi itshatyalaliswe phantsi kwe-U.S. IsiHlamli sokuqala, esibonisa ukuvumelana komahluko phakathi kwebutho elimalunga nemidabi.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zoogqirha Nabemi Abasemthethweni

Ukuqonda amalungelo omgaqo - siseko nokusikelwa umda akuyonto nje efundiswayo, kodwa kubangela ukuba amagqwetha axambulise amatyala, agqibe ngendlela amele asetyenziswe ngayo nangabantu.

Kubantu abanomthetho

Ama-athorney kufuneka abe nobuchule ekuchazeni umgangatho osebenzayo wokuhlola, ukuqokelela ubungqina benjongo yowiso-mthetho, kunye nokubeka iimpikiswano ezichaza ilungelo kunye nokulunga kwesizwe lokuyimisela. Kwimithetho esebenzisa ulungelelwaniso, amagqwetha kufuneka akulungele ukubonisa ukuba kukho ezinye iindlela ezingekhoyo ezingqongqo.

Abafundisi Nabafundi

Ukufundisa umthetho womgaqo-siseko kufuna ukuba kuchazwe iminqweno ephakamileyo yamalungelo kunye nezona zinto zingalunganga ekuzalisekisweni kwazo. Indlela yokufundisa iziphumo inceda abafundi babone indlela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni edlalwa ngayo kwimo ethile, ukukhuthaza ukucingela imida yamandla okugweba nendima yengxoxo yedemokhrasi.

Kubemi

Umninimzi onolwazi uxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba asebenzise amalungelo akhe ngokufanelekileyo aze axhathise urhulumente ophathwe ngokungafanelekanga. Ukwazi ukuba amalungelo anokusikelwe umda ngokufanelekileyo kunceda abantu baqonde isizathu sokuba imiqathango ethile (umz., imithetho ethile yendlela, iimfuno zenkululeko) ivisisana nebutho labantu elikhululekileyo, ngoxa abanye (umz., ukujongwa ngaphandle kwemvume, ucalucalucalulo) bengenayo.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ayila isiseko solwamkelo lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwibutho ledemokhrasi, kodwa akwinkqubo yemilinganiselo efunekayo. Ucelomngeni oluhlala luxhomekeke ekubetheleleni ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo: ukukhusela inkululeko efunekayo ngexesha kulungiselelwa iimfuno zokhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ziye zaphuhlisa izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo . Ukusuka kuhlolwa kolwando lolwahlulo lokuhlola ngezantsi, kodwa inkqubo ihlala ikho ngokuthanda ukukhuphisana nokutshintsha. Njengokuba inkcubeko intsingiselo nemidathatho yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ngokuzibandakanya ngokunzulu nezi ngcamango, sinokuba negalelo kwizithethe ezinxulumene nesidima somntu ngamnye kunye nezilungileyo.