UHlaziyo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, ilungelo eliye lavavanywa laze lasulungekiswa kwiinkulungwane zokutolikwa komthetho. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho esiseko somgaqo-siseko kule meko kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi nabafundi, ingakumbi njengokuba ubugcisa kunye neendlela zobupolisa zitshintsha. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga ngokunzulu ukukhangela kunye namalungelo okuphanga, kuquka iinkcazelo ezisisiseko, imigaqo engundoqo yemithetho, izigqibo ezingoko kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeNkundla, iziphumo eziluncedo kwiinkqubo zesikolo, iingxaki zamanani zale mihla, kunye necebiso elisebenzayo lokukhusela amalungelo akho.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Umbhalo wesine woMphetho-mda nembali

ISinyuso sesine sithi: "Ilungelo labantu lokukhuselwa kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphanda nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, aliyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho mikhosi yakwaWarrant eya kukhupha, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, ixhaswe nguOath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza indawo efuna ukuphendwa, kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe. Olu lwimi lwavela kwizityholo zekosi ngokuchasene nemithetho-mthetho kunye nezenzo zoncedo ezanika amagosa aseBritane ukuba angawafuni amakhaya namashishini. Abalawuli babezimisele ukwenza ukhuseleko oluchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho oluneenjongo zokufuna ukuphangwa, ukungqinelana nokuqiniseka okusengqiqweni nokusekelwe kwizizathu ezifanelekileyo.

Ulungiso lusebenza kwinxenye ezimbini ezingundoqo: u-Claus onokufumaneka ngexesha. Ngexesha elifanelekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise iqumrhu elintsokothileyo lomthetho elilungelelanisa uphando olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula komthetho. nomongo onzulu wembali, bona [[FLT:] Corne Legal Information Institutes.

Iinkcazelo kunye neMiba ePhambili

Yintoni Ebangela Ukuba Kufunwe?

A ekhangela ukwenzeka xa urhulumente ephazamisa ukulindela okusengqiqweni komntu ukuba wedwa. Le nkcazelo, emiselwe ku Katz v. United States [1967], ayipheleliselwanga kwimposiso ephathekayo. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa isixhobo semeta-metal ukuchonga ubushushu ngaphakathi kwekhaya ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso [[FLT:]] Kyllo v. United States, 2001]. Uvavanyo lunokuba neziphumo zobuqu, iinqwelo-mafutha, izixhobo, kunye ne-mediactss (g. g. g.)

Yintoni Ingozi?

[[NTLA] Ipropati yenzeka xa kukho ukuphazamisana okunentsingiselo kwinzala yomntu kwimpahla leyo. Ukuphangwa komntu (ngokufana nokubanjwa okanye ] ````````FLT']''' phelisa' xa umntu onengqondo engenakuziva ekhululekile ukushiya. Umgca phakathi koqhagamshelwano oluphakathi komntu osisiqhubi kwaye ukuxhuzula unokuba bubukhali; iinkundla zihlola ubugocigo, kuquka ubukho bezixhobo, isivakalisi sesikhulu, kunye nendawo.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Nokulungelelana

  • Isizathu esiqinisekileyo: Kunokwenzeka okufanelekileyo ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buzakufunyanwa okanye umntu wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Lo ngumgangatho ofunekayo ukwenzela isiqinisekiso kunye nokubanjwa okupheleleyo. Isizathu esinokwenzeka sifuna okungaphezulu kunokukrokrelelwa nje kodwa okungaphantsi kobungqina obungaphaya kobusengqiqweni.
  • [[NTLALA: 0] Icebo elinokusetyenziswa: Imigangatho esezantsi evumela ukumiswa okufutshane kwe-ecrytifig kunye nezithintelo ezisikelweyo. Kufuneka isekelwe kwizibakala ezicacileyo, ezinokufumaneka, hayi kwi-hunci. Lo mgangatho waziswa kwi TERY v. Ohio [1968].

" IsiHlayiso-Mpanzi sesine sikhusela abantu, hayi iindawo." – IJaji iSibungelo uStewart, Katz v. United States[

Iimfuno Ezingummangaliso Nezo Zikhethekileyo

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSine lukhetha imvume, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yavuma ukuba izinto ezininzi zihambe kakuhle yaye zivumele ukuphanda nokuxhuzula okungagunyaziswanga.

Inkqubo Enzima

Imvume esebenzayo mayikhutshwe yimantyi engathathi cala, esekelwe kwi-affidavit ebonisa unobangela ofanelekileyo, kwaye kufuneka ichaze indawo efuna ukuphendwa kunye nezinto eziza kuthinjwa ngobuchule obuthile. Ngokubanzi imvume . /_Ezo zingachazi iinkcukacha/ezingachazi ngokomthetho. Ubungqina obufunyenwe phantsi kwesiqinisekiso esinesiphene bungacinezelwa phantsi komthetho wokuzisusa.

Izimvo Eziqhelekileyo

  • [[FLT: 0] Imvume:[ Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho siqinisekiso sifunekayo. Imvume kufuneka inikwe ngesisa, hayi ngokunyanzelwa. Iqela lesithathu elinegunya elicacileyo (umz., umntu ohlala kunye) likwanako ukuvuma, kodwa iinkundla zijonge ngokusondeleyo kwiimeko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imboniselo yoPlato: Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwaye libona ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho ngokucacileyo, banokubuthabatha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ukwenziwa kwento kumele kucace ngokukhawuleza.
  • Iimeko eziqikelelwayo, ezinje ngomdla wokurhanela, ukutshabalalisa okusemnyango kobungqina, okanye usongelo olukhawulezileyo ebomini, zinokuthethelela ukungena okungena ngokungenasizathu okanye ukukhangela.
  • Ukukhangela Ithuba lokubanjwa: Emva kokubambeka okusemthethweni, amagosa angaphendla ubanjwa kunye nendawo ekulawulo lwawo olukhawulezileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokukhusela utshaba lobungqina. Noko ke, oku kunxaxhi akunwebi ukuba kungagunyaziswanga uphando lwamacebo amanani (Riley v. California, 2014).
  • [[UMTL:0] Inqwelo-moya ezenzekelayo Enxaxhileyo: kuba izithuthi zihamba kwaye zibandakanya ukulindela okuncitshisiweyo kobumfihlelo, abaphathi bangaphendla inqwelo-mafutha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba banosizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba iqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Ukuma neFrisk (Ukumisa koMkhosi): Igosa lingabamba umntu kancinci ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo kwaye liphumele phantsi phantsi kwezixhobo ukuba umphathi ukholelwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi.

Kuluhlu olubanzi lwezinxaxhi, tyelela ulawulo lwesine loMmiselo wolawulo [[FLT: 1].

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zayichaphazela ngokunzulu indlela esetyenziswa ngayo iSihlaziyo sesine.

Map v. Ohio (1961) – UMthetho weExcloion

Eli tyala landisa umthetho owenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Ngaphambili, bunokusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni ekutshutshisweni kwamapolisa nokuba aphule uHlaziyo lwesine. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokukhangelwa okungekho ngqiqweni okanye ukuxhuzula akunakusetyenziswa ekucinyweni. Olu nyango luthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa kwaye luqinisekisa ingqibelelo yetyala. Ukufunda isishwankathelo se-Oyez se-.Mapp v. Ohio[FL:][4]

Katz v. waseUnited States (1967) – Ukulindela Okusengqiqweni Kwemfihlo

UCharles Katz wagwetywa esebenzisa ubungqina obukwindawo yocingo ebekwe kwidolophana kawonke-wonke. INkundla Ephakamileyo yajika, ikholelwa ukuba uMphengululo wesine ukhusela abantu, hayi iindawo. Uvavanyo oludumileyo "lokulindela ukuba wedwa" lungabonwa: uphando luvela xa urhulumente ephula ukulindela izinto zemfihlo okulula abantu abakugqala njengokusengqiqweni. Eli tyala layikhulula indlela endala yokuphatha impahla esekelwe kwizinto zabucala, laza lalungisa indlela yomthetho wale mihla.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) – Smand and Frisk

Le meko igunyazisiweyo ukudibana kwamapolisa okusikelwe umda ngokubhekiselele ekukrokreleni okusengqiqweni. Umphathi McFadlen waphawula ukuba amadoda amathathu aziphatha ngokukrokreleka, azimise, aze azitsale phantsi, afumane izixhobo. INkundla yaxhasa ukuphengululwa njengomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi. i-Terry mayimiswe ifanele igwetyelwe, ingqiniso ecacileyo, kwaye i-flisk ilinganiselwe kwipat-demist ukwenzela ukhuseleko lwezixhobo.

INew Jersey v. T.L.O. (85) – Imfundo

Yimeko ephawulekayo kubafundisi-mfundo: amagosa esikolo angakhangela abafundi ngaphandle kogunyaziso ukuba [``FLT:0] banokukrokrela ngokusengqiqweni ukuba ukukhangela kuya kuvelisa ubungqina bokwaphulwa kwemithetho yesikolo okanye umthetho. Umgangatho usezantsi kunonobangela olindelekileyo. Uphendlo kufuneka lube nolwazelelelo kumgangatho kunye nokumiselwa. Oku kulinganiswa kuphawula imeko-bume yesikolo ekhethekileyo apho ukulondoloza ucwangco kuyimfuneko.

ICALA LENTSHONA KOLONI (2014 - ICelle Folder Application to Priving

INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba amapolisa akanakuphengulula inkcazelo yamanani kwiselfowuni ebanjwayo ngaphandle kwemvume. Iicell phone ziqulethe inkcazelo eninzi yobuqu, ukusuka kwii-imeyili nakwimifanekiso ukuya kwi-bhanki nakwi-data yendawo. Ukufuna ifowuni kwahlukile ekufuneni into efana nemali.

Umbabazi v. United States (208) – Ugcino-lwazi lwendawo yeCell- Isite

Urhulumente ofikelelweyo kwiinyanga ze-cells ezifunyenweyo zezithuthi zomthumeli ongenazingcingo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba ukufumana ezi ngxelo kunguphendlo lwesine loMphetho-mda. Esi sigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba imbali yendawo yamanani ityhila ngokunzulu kwaye igunyazisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Ukufunda okungakumbi kwiElectronic Foundation.

Ukufuna Nokufumana Ithuba Ezikolweni: Oko Abafundi Nabafundisi - ntsapho Bamele Bakwazi

Izicwangciso zesikolo zinikela ulwamkelo olukhethekileyo loMphetho-mda wesine. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ku [FL:0]T.L.O. yaqonda ukuba imfuneko yokhuseleko lwesikolo nesohlwayo ithethelela umqobo osezantsi wokukhangela. Noko ke, amalungelo awapheliswa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukusuba Okusengqiqweni Kwimeko Yesikolo

Amagosa esikolo (iquka abafundisi-mfundo, abaphathi, kunye namagosa oovimba) angaphengulula isikhwaphelo somfundi, ilocker, okanye umntu ukuba banokukrokrela (ngokusekelwe kwizibakala ezithile) ukuba ukukhangela kuya kubonakalisa ubungqina bokwaphulwa komthetho wesikolo okanye umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni. Ngokungafaniyo namapolisa, abafuni gunya. Noko ke, ukukhangela kufuneka kube nengqiqo ekuveleni kwayo (kuqinisekiswe ekuqaleni) kwaye kube sengqiqweni (kunganikwanga thuba eligqithisileyo ngokobudala nobuntu bomfundi).

Umshicileli kunye nokukhangela kwangasemva

Izikolo ezininzi zinemigaqo yokuba abatshixi bakwindawo yesikolo kwaye bafanele baphengululwe. Ngoxa abafundi benokulindela ukuba kubekho imfihlo, iyancipha. Ukuba isikolo siphakamisa inkqubo yaso, iinkundla zisenokufumanisa ukuba abafundi bavumile ukuphengulula. Ii-Backpacks ziyaphekwa phantsi kokukrokra okusengqiqweni, kodwa ukuphengulula okuquliweyo kufuna ukuboniswa kwentswelo ephezulu. [[FLT: 0] SAFford Assifin School District v. Reastments[[FLT: 1] [2009], iNkundla inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukuphendla okuqululwe kwentomba eneminyaka eli-13 ubudala i-iproften bekungekho ngqiqweni evakalayo ngenxa yokuba kungekho ngozi okanye i-khusi.

Ukuvavanywa Kweziyobisi

Inkundla ivumele ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi okungakrokrelekiyo kubafundi abathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi engaphaya kwezifundo ( Board of Education v. Earls, 2002) kunye nabafundi bemidlalo ( iVernonia School . Acton[, 1995]). Noko ke, uvavanyo lweziyobisi olungakhethiyo lwabo bonke abafundi lubonakala lungahambisani nomthetho-gqaliselo. Ezi zigqibo zilinganisa umdla wesikolo ekunqandeni ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokuchasene nokungena kwimicimbi eyimfihlo.

Amagosa anyanzelisayo umthetho ezikolweni

Xa amapolisa ebandakanyekile ekuphandeni esikolweni, umgangatho wesi-5 WoMthambeko usenokuba mkhulu: kunokwenzeka ukuba kufuneke ukuba kuthatyathwe ityala kwaye kufuneke isiqinisekiso ukuba igosa lisebenza njengegosa elilawula umthetho ngokuyintloko kunokuba lincedise ekuqeqesheni isikolo. Umgca unokuba mhle, ingakumbi kubaphathi bezibonelelo zeSikolo (SROS).

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabafundi Nabafundisi

  • Yazi Amalungelo Akho: Uhlaziyo lwesine lusebenza kubafundi, kodwa umlinganiselo unciphile kwizifundo zesikolo. Unelungelo lokuhlala uthule kwaye ungavumi ukuphengulula ukuba akunyanzelekanga ngokurhanela okusengqiqweni. Noko ke, ukwala ukuvuma kungabangela ukukrokraza, ngoko qwalasela ukhetho ngobulumko.
  • Abaqeqeshi abakwimodeli: abafundisi-lwazi kunye noomphathi kufuneka bamisele iinkqubo ezicacileyo, ezibhaliweyo zokukhangela komfundi ezihambelana nomthetho karhulumente norhulumente. Abaqeqeshi bomahluko phakathi kokukrokra okufanelekileyo nomdla nje wokufuna ukwazi kuyimfuneko ukuphepha ukwaphula umthetho.
  • Izikolo ezikwi-Digital: zisoloko zinika i-laptop kunye namacwecwe. Abafundi kufuneka baqonde ukuba izixhobo zesikolo zinokujongwa. Amacebo obuqu adla ngokunandipha ukhuseleko olomeleleyo; amagosa esikolo kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso sokukhangela umnxeba womfundi ngaphandle kongxamiseko.
  • Advocacy kunye nemfundo ye-Cvivic: Sebenzisa uphando lwetyala loMphetho-mda wesine ukufundisa ukucingela ngokulungelelanisa ukhuseleko nenkululeko. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba baxubushe amava afana ne-rockdown brop, i-apping zentsimbi, kunye nokukhutshwa kwesixhobo sokubonisa isantya.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Funa Uncedo lwasemthethweni: Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphuliwe, qhagamshelana negqwetha okanye umbutho wenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Yabela isiganeko kwaye uphephe ungquzulwano.

"Indlela egqibeleleyo umntu amele ngayo akuyoxesha lolonwabo neloncedo, kodwa apho ahlala khona ngamaxesha ocelomngeni kunye nempikiswano." – Martin Luther King Jr. (osoloko ekhankanywa kumongo wokumela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko)

Iingxaki Zanamhlanje: Ubugcisa, Indawo Eyimfihlo NoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye badlula kumbhalo wokuqala wesi-C5 Amendment. IiNkundla ngoku zibambana nemibandela efana nokufumana iGPS, ukujongwa, ukujongwa, uphando lwezentlalo-ntle, ukuthunyelwa kogcino-lwazi olufihlakeleyo, kunye nokufikelela kolwazi olusemngciphekweni ofihlakeleyo. Imibuzo engundoqo iquka:

  • Ingaba ukusebenzisa iselfowuni ukuqwalasela indawo yomntu kufuna isiqinisekiso? Ewe, ngamnye uMphathi kunye neUnited States v. Jones (202) yokufumana iGPS.
  • Ingaba amapolisa angacela iAmazon ukuba ikhuphe isithethi esinobuchule? ifuna isiqinisekiso, nangona i-liging iqhubeka.[[FLT: 1]
  • Ingaba abameli bemida kufuneka barhanele umnxeba womhambi emdeni? ngoku, umthetho awushukumi, kodwa iinkundla zivumele ukuphengululwa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki ezikrokrelekayo emideni, ezinokuvavanywa.

Umthetho odibanisa umthetho onjengoMthetho weSine WoMthetho woLawulo nomthetho karhulumente wezobuqu uzama ukulinganisela ukufikelela kukarhulumente kwicandelo lesithathu logcino-lwazi. Ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko nokhuseleko kunye yimfihlo kusengumbandela ophilayo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho nakwizinkundla.

Isiphelo

Ukuphengulula kunye nokuqhwaywa kwamalungelo kusisiseko somgaqo-siseko waseMelika, owenzelwe ukukhusela abantu kwigunya likarhulumente elingathintelwayo ngeli livumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo kwimida esemthethweni. Ukusukela kwixesha lokusekwa komlo wokulwa nemithetho-siseko jikelele yokungavumelani kwezi ngxaki zezi mini kwi-cell data, iSindululo sesine soLawulo sibheno senzululwazi entsha kunye nokutshintsha kwe-sobugrafiki. Ukuba abafundi nabafundisi, abaqondisi la malungelo asiso nje kuphela isisixhobo esisebenzayo ekufuneni ubumi kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwegunya. Ngokwazi iinkcazelo ezingundoqo, imiba yophawu, nemikhwa yangoku, unokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezibucala zexesha elizayo ezibucala eMelika. Ukuba kwintlanganiso yesikolo okanye kwintlanganiso yoluntu, ulawulo lwe-Dene lwe-Gemperencelsethi yokufuna igunya nokuphendula.

Ukufunda okubhekele phaya, jonga iimbono zeNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye Cornell Livector isalathisi . Hlala ufundile, hlala uthembise, kwaye khumbula: amalungelo akho anamandla kuphela xa uzimisele ukuwaqinisa.