Ukwazisa: Ukuthintelwa Komtshato Namalungelo Abantu

Umtshato lilungiselelo lomntu ngamnye elinzulu nesivumelwano esisemthethweni esinentsingiselo enzulu yentlalo, inkcubeko, nezoqoqosho. Kwisicwangciso somthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe, umtshato asilolungiselelo labucala kodwa lilungelo elisisiseko elimele likhuselwe ngaphandle kocalucalulo. ISindululo 16 seSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) sigunyazisa lo mgaqo, uqinisekisa ukuba amadoda nabafazi abalinganayo banelungelo lokutshata baze bafumane intsapho, ikhululekile kwimiqathango esekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, okanye kunqulo. Eli lungelo lisemgangathweni osisivumelwano esisisiBhawulo sezizwe ngeMigaqo-mali nangamagunyazwe (CICRR) kunye neConvention of Armodition of Actwards of Adoms of Adoms (EDS).

Ukuqonda amalungelo omtshato ngokwesimbo somthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kufuna ukuhlolisisa indlela ezi zixhobo ezichaza ngayo imvume, ukulingana, nokungaguquguquki. Ukuchazwa okugqwethekileyo kwala malungelo, ingakumbi ngokunxulumene nembonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza ngokwesini, kubonisa amandla omthetho wamalungelo abantu. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olunzulu lwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni ethetha ngamalungelo omtshato, imingeni eqhubekayo ekuzalisekiseni, kunye nempembelelo yemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ekusebenzeni kwemithetho yasekhaya.

Izixhobo Zezizwe Ngezizwe Zokulondoloza Amalungelo Omtshato

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR)

Inqaku elikhuliswe ngo-1948, iUDHR liseluxwebhu olusisiseko lomthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke. Inqaku 16 lichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba “amadoda namabhinqa aneminyaka epheleleyo, ngaphandle komda obangelwa luhlanga, uhlanga okanye unqulo, anelungelo lokutshata nokufumana intsapho.” Eli nqaku lifuna ngakumbi ukuba umtshato ungene kuphela ngokuvuma okukhululekileyo nokupheleleyo kwenjongo yamaqabane afanelekileyo, kwaye limisa intsapho njengeqela lendalo nelisisiseko lebutho labantu elifanele ukukhuselwa lizwe. Ngoxa i-UDHR ingabopheleli ngokwayo ngokwayo, amalungiselelo ayo aqukwa kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe yaye abumba phantse onke amalungelo abantu alandelelanayo.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, iUDHR ayineliseli kumtshato kwizibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Ibinzana elithi “amadoda namabhinqa” aye achazwa ngokufutshane kwimimandla emininzi, kodwa amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu akhoyo ngokuqhubekayo afunda iQumrhu 16 ngokuhambelana namalungiselelo angengadibaniyo eUDHR (iNkcubeko 2) ukuxhasa amalungelo alinganayo omtshato kwizibini ezifanayo. Ukucaciswa okunelisa i-UDHR, bona iOficiote ye- [[FLT: 0] iOST yoMphathi-mikhosi Ophezulu wamalungelo abantu .

Umnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Wamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nawasekuhlaleni (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR, eyaqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1976, iguqula imigaqo emininzi ye-UDHR ibe zizibophelelo ezidityanisiweyo. Inqaku le-23 leSipili se-ICCPR 16 se-UDHR, iqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata nokufumana intsapho, kwaye igxininisa imfuneko yokuvuma okupheleleyo. Amaqela aseburhulumenteni kwi-ICCPR anyanzelekile ukuthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwamalungelo neembopheleleko zamaqabane ngexesha lomtshato kunye nokuqhawuka kwawo.

IKomiti yamaLungelo Abantu, ejonge ukuphunyezwa kwe-ICCPR, inike iNgqabaza Jikelele No. 19 (1990) kwiGatya 23, icacisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata lisebenza kubo bonke abantu abaneminyaka elinganayo, nokuba nayiphi na imiqathango kufuneka ibe nengqiqo kwaye ingangeni ndawo. IKomiti ikwathetha nakumatyala anyanzelekileyo kunye nokuqatshelwa okusemthethweni kolwalamano olufanayo, nangona ingakafumani nelungelo elicacileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba izibini ezimanyeneyo zimele zivume umtshato omnye phantsi kwe-ICCPR. Kodwa ke, iKomiti imele igqibe isigqibo sama-2020 kwi [[FL:0]. f. v. [[FL.1:1] [iK.] [iComlic.2/16] [imeko]

Indibano Yokupheliswa Kwazo Zonke Iintlobo Zocalucalulo Kumabhinqa (CEDAW)

ICEDAW, eyamkelwa ngo-1979, sisixhobo esiphambili sezizwe ngezizwe esithetha ngokulingana kwesini emtshatweni. Inqaku le-16 le-CEDAW libanzi kakhulu, lifuna amaqela karhulumente ukuqinisekisa amalungelo afanayo omabini amaqabane kwimicimbi enjengokukhetha iqabane, ukutshata, ukugqiba ngenani nangoko kubekwa kwabantwana, nokuba nempahla. INdibano ifuna ngokucacileyo ukupheliswa kocalucalulo kuyo yonke imicimbi enxulumene nomtshato kunye nolwalamano lwentsapho.

ICEDAW iye yanceda ekulweni noqheliselo olufana nomtshato wabantwana, ukunyanzelisa umtshato, nokudlwengula. Icebiso eliqhelekileyo likaNo. 21194 leKomiti yeCEDAW igxininisa ukuba ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha iqabane nokungena ngokukhululekileyo emtshatweni lingundoqo kubomi nesidima sakhe. IKomiti ikwathetha ngesithembu, incomela ukuba sisenzo esichasene amalungelo amabhinqa nokulingana. Ukhokelo olungakumbi, lubhekisela kumabhinqa

Ezinye Iingcebiso Nezindululo Ezifanelekileyo

Ngapha koko, ezi zixhobo zingundoqo ezintathu, ezinye izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe nezengingqi zithetha ngamalungelo omtshato. Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe samalungelo abantu ezoqoqosho, eSocial and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) sichaphazela amalungelo entsapho kwiGatya 10. INdibano yamalungelo abantu kwiNtlalo-ntle (CRC) imisela imigaqo encinane yeminyaka yomtshato kunye nemvume. Ngommandla, iNkundla yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu (Artle), i-American Convention on Human Rights (Actle 17), kunye ne-Afrika iSivumelwano sobudoda (i-Atyle) iphethe i-Alatini (iphakal) i-American

Imigaqo Engundoqo Engawathobeli Amalungelo Omtshato Kumthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Ukuvumelana Ngokukhululekileyo Nokupheleleyo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo efunekayo kumthetho wehlabathi ngokuba umtshato kufuneka ungenelwe ngemvume ekhululekileyo nepheleleyo yabo bobabini abatshatileyo. Lo mgaqo ulucelomngeni ngqo olunyanzelwayo, imitshato ecwangcisiweyo ngaphandle kwemvume, kunye naluphi na uhlobo lokunyanzelisa ngezantsi (nokuba kusemzimbeni, ngokwezoqoqosho, okanye ngokwengqondo. Ukuvuma kufuneka kunikelwe ngokuzithandela, ngokuqonda ngokupheleleyo indalo kunye nemiphumo yomtshato. Oko kufunekayo kokuvuma ngokukhululekileyo kuyasebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuba zizithethe okanye izithethe zonqulo, kwaye amazwe anyanzelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yawo yasekhaya isebenza lo mgaqo.

Ukungaguquguquki kunye nokulingana

Ukungaguquguquki kungumgaqo onqumlayo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke. Ngokwamalungelo oluntu, oku kuthetha ukuba iimeko azinakumisela imiqathango esekelwe kwisizwe, imibala, ubuzwe, unqulo, isini, indlela yeentlobano zesini, ubufanasini, ukukhubazeka, okanye ezinye izizathu ezivaliweyo. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba naluphi na umahluko ekulungelweni kokutshata kufuneka ube nolwazelelelo, injongo, kwaye ufikelele kwiinjongo ezifanelekileyo. Ukruthano lomthetho wokungawuvumeli umtshato onxulumene nowesini omnye, umzekelo, ifunyenwe ichasene namalungiselelo angaveli-dibani e-CrectR kunye nezinye izivumelwano.

Ukhuseleko Lwentsapho

Umthetho wehlabathi ugqala intsapho njengelungu elisisiseko lebutho labantu kwaye ufuna ukuba ikhuselwe yimeko. Noko ke, ingcaciso yentsapho iqukelele iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwalamano ngaphandle kwentsapho yenyukliya eyimveli. Ngoku amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu ayavuma ukuba izibini ezifanayo ezingokwasemgangathweni, izibini ezingatshatanga, iintsapho ezinandisiwe, kunye neentsapho ezinomzali omnye zinelungelo lokukhuselwa. Ilungelo lokufumana intsapho linxulumene ngokusondeleyo nelungelo lokutshata, kodwa kwakhona likwamkeleka njengelungelo elahlukileyo elinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle komtshato, njengenkxaso okanye ukukhuliswa.

Ucelomngeni Nezimpikiswano EzikuMthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Ucalucalulo Olusekelwe Kwindawo Ephakathi Kwesini Nakwindlela Ozichaza Ngayo

Enye yezona ndawo zithanda ukuxambulisana kumthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe kukuvunywa komtshato ongokwesini. Ngonyaka wama-2025, kumazwe angama-35 kuphela agunyazise umtshato ongokwabelana ngesondo, ngoxa amanye amaninzi eqhubeka elwaphula ulwalamano olufanayo lobundlobongela okanye engaluboni. Amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe aye awachaza ngokukhula amalungelo omtshato njengakubandakanya izibini ezingokwasemgangeni omnye, kodwa uqheliselo lukarhulumente luhlala lwahlulwa.

INkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu (ECTHR) ibiphambili kule mbambano. Oliyari kunye nabanye. I-Italy (2015], iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba i-Itali yaphule iGatya 8 (ekunene kubomi basese nabentsapho) ngokusilela ukunikezela ngoluvo olusemthethweni kwizibini ezifanayo. Ngokunje, Fadova noovany v.[[FLT] iRashiya), ikholelwa ukuba ukungavumi kweRashiya ukunikela naluphi uhlobo lokugqalwa okusemthethweni kwezinxulumani ezinxulumeneyo. Noko ke, iNkuthethombo ezimfutshane ziye zayeka ukuvulela ukuvunywa kweminye imicimbi esemthethweni, ukuvunywa kwezelelwe ngomthetho, njengoko kubhaliwe.

Kumgangatho osemhlabeni wonke, iKomiti yaMalungelo abantu kwi Toonen v. Ostreliya (1994) yamisela ukuba imbonakalo yesondo lityala elilwalelweyo localulo phantsi kwe-ICPR. Uthungelwano oluninzi lwakutshanje, olufana [X v. Colombia [20222]] [2022]), inyusele le ngcamango kumalungelo omtshato. Ukuphinda uhlole i-jikelezo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, bona uT] uTsheko olunobunjani bungalinganiyo [[FLT:]].

Umtshato Wabantwana Nowanyanzelwayo

Nangona amazwe amaninzi ekwalelwe ukuba atshate, umtshato wabantwana usasasazeke, uchaphazela izigidi zamantombazana qha kwaye amanye amakhwenkwe nyaka ngamnye. ICRC imisela i-18 njengeminyaka encinci yokutshata, kwaye iCEDAW General Incomela uNo. 21 incomela into ethi ayiwuvumeli umtshato ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi avumela umtshato utshate uvumela abazali okanye uphantsi kwemithetho yonqulo. Umtshato onyanzelwenzelwe, owahlukileyo emtshatweni ocwangcisiweyo, ugqalwa njengohlobo logonyamelo olusekelwe kwisini nokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu amaninzi.

Imigudu yezizwe ngezizwe yokuphelisa umtshato wabantwana iye yakhula ngamanyathelo afana neCammission of African Union of End Child Marriage kunye ne-UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme yokuphelisa umtshato wabantwana. IBhunga lamaLungelo loLuntu liye lamkela izigqibo ezifuna ukuphelisa umntwana, ukukhawuleza, nokunyanzelwa komtshato. Ngokuqhubekayo kuyimfuneko ukuba amazwe afumane umthetho, anikeze imfundo, aze aqinisekise ukuba amaxhoba afumane okusesikweni.

Ungquzulwano Phakathi Kwemithetho Yonqulo Neyomthetho Nemibutho Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Kwimimandla emininzi, imithetho yesikhundla somntu ngamnye elawula umtshato isuka kwizithethe zonqulo okanye zesithethe. Le mithetho isenokungqubana nemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yehlabathi lonke, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukulingana kwamaqabane, isithembu, uqhawulo lomtshato, nelifa. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ufuna ukuba imithetho yasekuhlaleni ivumelanise iinkqubo zayo zomthetho neemfuno zesivumelwano, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kusoloko kukhetha.

Imbambano ye ichaza olu xinezeleko. Ngoxa iCEDAW incomela ulwalelo, imitshato enzima ihlala isemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi eAfrika, kuMbindi Mpuma, nakumazwe ase-Asia. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu iphawule ukuba isithembu sihlabela isidima samabhinqa kwaye asivisisani nomgaqo wokulingana. Noko ke, imigudu yokuphelisa ukuchasa isithembu kwiinkokeli zonqulo nezesithethe ezisijonga njengesiqheliselo esikhuselekileyo. Ukulungelelanisa phakathi kwamalungelo enkcubeko nolingana kwabantu kuhlala kungucelomngeni olungundoqo.

Ulwalamano Olumanyeneyo Nocalucalulo Oluninzi

Amalungelo omtshato akakho ekungabini nanto; adibana nezinye ii-odolo kunye nocalucalulo. Amabhinqa asuka kwizizwe ezincinane, abantu abaneziphene, iimbacu, kunye ne-LGBTIQ+ abantu basenokujamelana nemiqobo edityanisiweyo ekusebenziseni ilungelo labo lokutshata. Umzekelo, amabhinqa aneziphene asoloko enyanzelelwa ukuba abhaliswe okanye angabi nalungelo lokutshata. Amabhinqa akwiimbacu anganyanzelwa ukuba atshate ukuze akhuseleke ngokusemthethweni. Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe uyavuma ukuba ukudibana kobuhlanga njengerelawulo oluneengcingo olugxekayo kwaye kufuneka athethe imibandela emininzi yokucalucalucalucalulo.

Impembelelo yoMthetho waMalungelo oLuntu weZizwe Ngezizwe kwiinkqubo zasekhaya

Izigqibo Zomthetho Nezigqibo

Iinkundla zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe ziye zafeza indima eguqulayo ekuqhubeni amalungelo omtshato. Imigwebo ye-ECTHR iye yanempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo eYurophu, ishukumisela amazwe amaninzi ukuba abhalise ngokusemthethweni umtshato ongokwasemtshatweni okanye amkele amaqhina asekuhlaleni. ELatin America, iNkundla ye-Melika eMelika iSivumelwano soMgaqo-mvano OC-24/17 ikhuthaza ukwenziwa komthetho osemthethweni eCosta Rica, e-Ecuador, kunye namanye amazwe. Iinkundla zelizwe ziye zasebenzisa namalungelo abantu ehlabathi ukuze zityunjwe yimithetho e-ograftivestiki yemithetho yomtshato, njengoko ibonwa kwiNkuphetho lweNkundla ePhaka eUnited States kumgangatho wehlabathi [FLT] [FGene].[2004] [3]]

ISivumelwano soMbutho

Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, njengeKomiti yaMalungelo abantu neKomiti yeCEDAW, ziqukumbela iingcebiso kunye nokuncomela okuqhelekileyo okuthi kuvumelane neemfuno zazo. Ezi zindululo zinendima ephambili yokuziphatha nezopolitiko, nangona zingabotshwanga ngokusemthethweni. Ngokomzekelo, iKomiti yeCEDAW iye yabongoza imimandla ukuba inyuse umtshato ongaphantsi ka-18 ize yenze umtshato ube ngumnyanzelo. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu imeme ukuba inike amagosa asemthethweni olwalamano olufanayo nolulo lwezezo zobupolitika.

Ukuthotywa Kwabantu Abangekho Mthethweni

Imibutho engeyoyangorhulumente (NGOS) nabakhuseli bamalungelo abantu basebenzisa umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ukuxhasa amalungelo omtshato kumgangatho wesizwe. Imibutho enjenge-Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni ibhalise iziphumo zokwaphula umthetho, igcina isithunzi kwimibutho yesivumelwano, kwaye ixhasa ukudityaniswa kwemiqathango. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe unika ulwimi olufanayo kunye nemigaqo esetyenziswa ngabaxhasi bezonyango ekugcineni oorhulumente benoxanduva. Ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo komtshato kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi ngumphumo othe ngqo wokuzinzisa iingxoxo ezingomthetho kunye nezinyuso zotyani.

Inkqubela yexesha elizayo

Ukwandiswa kolwaluko olufanayo nolwesondo nolugqwethekileyo

Intsingiselo yokulingana komtshato iyaqhubeka ihambela phambili, nangona inkqubela ingahambelani. Ngo-2024, iGrisi yaba lilizwe lokuqala lobuOthodoki elinobuOthodoki ukuba libhalise ngokusemthethweni umtshato olinganayo nosuknaye. KwiCaribbean, amazwe amaninzi acinga ngeengxaki zemithetho echasene ne-eronaria echaphazela ngokungangqalanga amalungelo omtshato. IBhunga lamaLungelo oLuntu liye ladlulisela izigqibo ezingo kwimbonakalo yesini nangokobufana, kwaye inani elandayo lamazwe lamkela ukunconywa kwesithathu nokhetho lomtshato olungelulo manyano.

Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu kuyabonakala. ERashiya, inkqubo yomthetho ikwalela ngokunempumelelo ukuqwalaselwa kolwalamano olufanayo lokuziphatha, kwaye amazwe aliqela aseAfrika nase-Asia aye omeleza izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yehambo efanayo yokuziphatha okuxelekileyo. Ulungiselelo lwamalungelo abantu lwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka luqhubele phambili olu tshintsho logama luqhubeka luphakamisa imigangatho yehlabathi jikelele.

Amalungelo Okutshata Abantu Abaneziphene

Inqaku le-23 leNkqutyana yamalungelo abantu abaneziphene (CRPD) lilivuma ngokucacileyo ilungelo labantu abaneziphene zokutshata kwaye lifumana intsapho ngemvume ekhululekileyo nepheleleyo. Eli lungiselelo liyingxaki ekwalani abantu abaneengxaki zengqondo okanye zengqondo ukuba batshate okanye lifune ukuba bavale ukuvalwa kwenzala. Ukufakelwa kuhlala kubuthathaka, kodwa iKomiti yeCRPD iqalise ukukhupha ulwalathiso ngokususwa kwemiqobo yokukhupha ii-discriminary.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani namalungelo omtshato

Ubugcisa obudibanisayo buphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yamalungelo omtshato. Imibhiyozo yomtshato equkunjelwe kwimimandla ethile ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19, iye yazifihla iimfuno zesithethe zobukho bomzimba. Ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni kwemitshato efunyanwa ngamaqonga kuphakamisa imibandela yokuvuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokulawula. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe usenako ukusingatha ezi ziphuhliso ngokuphandle, kodwa utyekelo lokuphucula ukwandisa ukufikelela emtshatweni kwabo bakumazwe akude okanye kwiimeko zokushenxiswa.

Indima Yotshintsho Lomthetho Wesithethe Nonqulo

Kunokuba bawugatye ngokuphandle umthetho wesithethe nowonqulo, abanye abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu basebenza kwezi nkqubo zokukhuthaza utshintsho. Umzekelo, eSenegal, oo-NGO baye basebenzisana neenkokeli zonqulo zamaSilamsi ukusungula izivumelwano zomtshato ezibandakanya ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo amabhinqa. EMzantsi Afrika, i-Cregistrary Marriages Act izisa amaqhina angokwesiko phantsi kwesambuku sobulingana bomgaqo-siseko ngoxa ibhekisele kwizithethe.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omtshato ayinxalenye engundoqo yolungiselelo lwamalungelo abantu lwehlabathi lonke, olusekelwe kwimigaqo yenkululeko, ukulingana, nokungaguquguquki. UDHR, ICCIR, CEDAW, kunye nezinye izixhobo zinika isiseko esiqinileyo esisemthethweni, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu kulo lonke ihlabathi. Iingxaki ziyaqhubeka, ingakumbi ngokunxulumene nezibini ezingokwasexesheni, umtshato wabantwana, kunye nokungqubana nemithetho yonqulo okanye yesithethe. Ukanti, amalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke namazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ayaqhubeka enyanzela ekuhlawulweni kweminye imida, kwaye ijurispraficity inegalelo elibonakalayo kwinkqubo yomthetho yamakhaya kumazwe amaninzi.

Ukukhusela amalungelo omtshato ehlabathi lonke kufuna ukutshata ngokuqhubekayo, utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni, kunye nemfundo. Amazwana kufuneka alungelelanise imithetho yawo yasekhaya nemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye ibutho labantu kufuneka liqhubeke liwaphendulisa. Usukelo olona luphezulu luyihlabathi apho wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ubufanasini, imbonakalo yesini, isiphene, okanye imvelaphi yesithethe, anokukhetha ngokukhululekileyo ukutshata aze akhe intsapho enesidima nemilinganiselo elinganayo. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke unika igxalabo lomgaqo kunye negunya lokuziphatha lokufikelela lo mbono.