Ukwazisa: Ixesha Elitsha Lomgangatho Olinganayo Kumkhosi Oxhobileyo

Amalungelo omtshato kunye nobume obusemthethweni bomtshato omnye kwinkonzo yasemkhosini buye baguquka kakhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo. Kwimbali yaseMerika, izibini ezisebenza ngoonogano abafanayo ezisebenza ngokulinganayo azizange zijongene nokungabikho koxabiso kodwa kwanocalulo olusebenzayo olunokuphelisa umsebenzi. Namhlanje, ngoxa kukho ukhuseleko oluninzi olusemthethweni, indlela yokulingana ngokupheleleyo okanye epheleleyo. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo olugunyazisiweyo lomo wembali, uloyiso lwembali olubalaseleyo, iingenelo ezikhoyo, iingenelo eziqhubekayo, iingxaki eziqhubekayo, kunye nokhuthazo lwexesha elizayo lokuqashelwa komtshato omnye kwiUS.

Imvelaphi Yamalungelo Okutshata Embalini Emkhosini

I-“Musa Ukubuza Ngaphambili, Musa Ukuchaza Ixesha”

Ngaphambi kowe-1993, inkqubo yomkhosi yayibathintela ngokuphandle amafanasini, amafanasini kunye namabini ukuba asebenze. I-Uniform Code of Military Justice iziphatha ngendlela engalunganga, kwaye amalungu enkonzo angahlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni ngokwendlela ajonga ngayo isondo. Umtshato phakathi kwamaqabane afanayo oxhulumente wawungamkeleki ngokusemthethweni kumgangatho wesizwe, yaye iSebe leNjongo (DoD) lala ukuvuma ukuqaphela nakuphi na oko kudibana, nokuba kumazwe athi kamva aqalise ukukhupha imvume yomtshato. Ngeli xesha, izibini ezifanayo ezisisixhwebini zazihlala zisoyika ukutyhilwa. Ilungu lenkonzo elalinqwenela ukwenza ulwalamano oluqhelekileyo lwalungenandlela yokwenza njalo njalo, kunye namalungiselelo afanayo eencwadini nakumalungelo omtshato, okanye aluncedo kumalungelo ahlukeneyo.

Inqaku elithi “Musa Ukubuza, Musa Ukuxelela Ukuba” Ukulalanisa

Ngo-1993, uMongameli uBill Clinton wasayina umthetho owawuvumela amafanasini kunye namafanasini ukuba asebenze ixesha elide xa egcina isango lawo liyimfihlo. Ngoxa “Musa Ukubuza, Musa Ukuxelela” (DADT) ukuphelisa ukuvalwa okucacileyo, kwadala impucuko yokufihla imfihlo kunye noloyiko. Amalungu enkonzo angakhululwa ukuba afunyaniswe ukuba abe ngamafanasini/okanye ukuba ayerhanelwa. Umthetho ocacileyo owalelwe ukubhalisa umtshato omnye: ukhuselo lomtshato lowe-199999969 lwe-Act (DOMA) uchazwa njengomsebenzi ophakathi kwendoda nendoda nendoda yezonke iinjongo zorhulumente, kuquka neenzuzo zomkhosi. Ngokomphumo womsebenzi ofanayo osemthethweni othe wavunyelwayo ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe elingephi nakungavunywayo ukuba uvume (Maaussetts edetts) uqala ukubhaliswa kwelayisenseti yemali yolawulo lorhulumente lombuso woburhulumente owemanyeneyo. Imeko yezongasayinwe yakwayama karhulumente ekwa ngokulandelayo yavunywayo

Ipali yeDADT nokuwa kweDOMA

Igalelo le- “Ningabuzi, Musani Ukubuza” ngoSeptemba 2011 yaba ngumzuzu othe shwaka. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ungqingili, ubufanasini, kunye nabasebenzi besini esahlukileyo bangasebenza ekuhleni ngaphandle koloyiko lokukhululeka okusekelwe kwindlela yabo. Noko ke, isigaba sokutshintsha somtshato sathintelwa yiDOMA. Isigaba sokutshintsha seNkundla ePhakamileyo safika ngoJuni 26, 2013, xa iDoma 3 kwi- United States v. Umoya womkhosi . [urhulumente olawulayo]. Kwakufuneka ukuba urhulumente worhulumente aqaphele imishadonga-exmax esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni apho yayisenziwa khona. I-DoD yasebenza ngokukhawuleza kwiiveki ezimbalwa, uNobhala we-Devicet wavakalisa ukuba amalungu akwasebuthe amalungu ahlukene enkonzo yesizwe, kuquka namakhadi amaninzi e-ogcustone.

Uphuhliso lomthetho lwelizwe: Isigqibo seObergefell kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo weDoD

Isigqibo SeNkundla Ephakamileyo Ngo - 2015

Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umtshato owenziwe ngokusemthethweni ukhuseleke ngokusisiseko yiMimiselo yeshumi elinesine, efuna ukuba onke amazwe anikezele imvume yomtshato kwizibini ezingokwasentla kweyesibini, nokuqaphela imishado eyenziwa kwamanye amazwe. Le sigqibo saphelisa urhulumente ngesiquphe saza samisela ukulingana kweentsapho zomkhosi kulo lonke ilizwe. Oku kwathetha ukuba isibini esitshatileyo esitshatileyo naphi na eUnited States ngoku sitshate ngoku ngoku ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe ngalinye nakuzo zonke iinjongo zorhulumente.

Impendulo yesebe lokhuselo

Kwiintsuku zomthetho weObergefell, iDoD yakhupha ingxelo eqinisekisa ukuba zonke imigaqo-nkqubo, iingenelo, neenkqubo ziya kusetyenziswa ngokufanayo kuwo onke amalungu enkonzo atshatileyo ngokusemthethweni kungakhathaliseki ukuba amaqabane awo esini okanye sesini.

  • Ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kwamaqabane obuntununtunu obufanayo kukhuselo lokuDala iNgxelo yokuSebenza (IiNkcukacha) ukwenzela amakhadi okuchaza kunye neengenelo.
  • Ukufumana unyango ngeTRICARE, kuquka ucwangciso lweentsapho.
  • Isihloko seSiseko semvume yeHome (BAH) kumlinganiselo ozimeleyo.
  • Ukukwazi ukunikezela ngemali yokwahlukana kwentsapho, iimvume zokuhamba, nenkxaso yokufuduswa ngexesha lokutshintsha isitishi (PCS).
  • Amalungelo apheleleyo akwilungu elilandelayo kwizigqibo zonyango, isaziso sengxwelerha, kunye nozuko lomngcwabo.
  • Ukukhuselwa phantsi koMthetho weNkxaso yoMsebenzi weNtlalo-ntle (SCRA) ukwenzela umsebenzi wokusebenza ngaphandle komtshato nokuqeshwa.
  • Ii-ofisi zoncedo olusemthethweni ngoku zifuna ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezifanayo kwizibini ezikwizikhundla ezifanayo nezibini ezikwizikhuseli ezibini ezibini ezibini ezikwizikhuseli ezibini.

I-DoD yayalela onke amasebe , umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wamanzi, uKhuselo lonxweme (phantsi koKhuselo lwengingqi yaseKhaya kodwa). Ukuhlaziya imimiselo yabo, iifomu, kunye neenkqubo zekhompyutha zokususa ulwimi olucacileyo lwesini. Abachalathisi banikwa ukhokelo lokuba baqhubeke beqhuba imitshato ngokweenkolelo zabo zonqulo, kodwa izifakelo kufuneka zinikezele ngokulinganayo kwizakhiwo zemibhiyozo yomtshato kunye nolwamsitho.

Iingenelo Noxabiso Emva Kokwehla Komkhomo: Ukujonga Okunenkcukacha

Impilo ne-inshorensi

Enye yeengenelo ezibonakalayo zoncomo lomtshato kukunyamekela impilo. Amaqabane angoonongogo alinganayo afanele ukunikwa i-TRICARE Prime, iKhetha, okanye ukhetho olukude, olunexabiso elifanayo, olunganikezeliyo, kunye nentlawulo njengezinxulumani ezichaseneyo nezinxulumeneyo. Oku kuquka ukucebisa ngengqondo, inkathalo yokukhusela, kunye nenkcazo yeziyobisi zomthetho. Kwiintsapho ezihlala phesheya kweziko lomkhosi, iTRICARE iqinisekisa ukufikelela kwisakhiwo sonyango somkhosi (ngokungayamkeli i-inshorensi yoluntu). Ukongeza, inkqubo yeFederal Eycessicapeesssssssss (FEB) ngoku igubulela abafazi abasebenzi borhulumente abasebenza ngezomkhosi, kuquka nabo basebenza kwimisebenzi ye-DoD.

Izindlu nokufuduswa

Amalungu enkonzo ahlala kwisiseko esinye neqabane elinye lobufanasini anelungelo lokuhlala kwentsapho, kuquka kwizindlu zeentsapho, okanye kwimvume yokuhlala ngaphandle kwesiseko. IBAH nesantya esizimeleyo siphezulu kakhulu kunesantya esinye, kwaye le mali inceda ukugquma irente okanye iindleko zendlu yendlu. Ngexesha lokuhamba kwePCS, iDoD ihlawula uhambo lweqabane, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto zekhaya, kunye nendawo yokuhlala yexeshana. Kwizibini ezibini ze-adix (zombini amaqabane asebenza kunye), ilungu ngalinye lenkonzo lifumana i-BAH ngexabiso elizimeleyo, nto leyo eyinzuzo yemali.

Ukukhuselwa Kwasemthethweni Neengenelo

Amaqabane angoonongendi abafanayo ngoku anandipha zonke izikhuselo ezisemthethweni phantsi kwe-Uniform Code of Military Justice, kuquka ukukhuselwa kwimiyalelo yogonyamelo lwasekhaya, ilungelo lokutshata ekunikeleni, nelungelo lokufumana izabelo zelungu lenkonzo. Ucwangciso lweSini seZipho luba olucacileyo: ilungu lenkonzo linokukhetha iqabane njengelizukileyo kuMalungu e-Inkonzo yoBume be-Expoult Life Inshorence (SGLI) ngaphandle komnqongozelo. Ekufeni kwelungu lenkonzo, iqabane lifanelekelwe ukuhlawulwa kwaloo nkonzo kunye ne- Compensation (DIC) kwiSebe leNkonzo yeNtoliki yeNtoliki yezeMicimbi yezelo (IC) njengeqabane elingumhlolokazi).

IiNkonzo zokuXhasa lwentsapho

Iziko Lenkxaso Yentsapho, Iinkqubo Zokuxhasa Intsapho, kunye neenkonzo zokucebisa zifumaneka kuzo zonke izibini ezitshatileyo ezisemthethweni. Oku kuquka iiklasi zokukhulisa abantwana, ukucebisa ngezimali, kunye neenkqubo zokuxhasa ukuxhaswa kwenkqubo yoqeqesho. Ngoku i-EFMP yeentsapho ekhethekileyo isebenza kwiintsapho ezixhomekeke kwi-examily Program (EFMP) kunye neentsapho ezixhomekeke kwimfuno ezikhethekileyo zezamayeza okanye imfundo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izabelo ziqwalasela iimfuno zeqabane.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Nokungatyiwa

Ufakelo Olusembindini Wolwandle

Ngaphandle kolawulo lweObergefell, amalungu enkonzo amiswe kwelinye ilizwe maxa wambi ajongene nemiqobo eyahlukileyo. Amanye amazwe azeleyo awawuqondi umtshato ongokwasemgangathweni okanye athintele ukubonakaliswa kobudlelane obufanayo. Isimo seZandla zeMithetho yeMithetho (SHOP) asinakuqinisekisa ukunyanzeliswa okulinganayo kumaqabane omtshato angokwasemgangeni omnye. Umzekelo, ilungu lenkonzo elitshatene neqabane elinye elisebenza nomnye eJamani (a apho umtshato usemthethweni) lingadibana neengxaki xa iqabane lifuna umsebenzi phantsi kwenkqubo ethandwa liqabane lomkhosi kwilizwe elingawuqondi ngokusemthethweni umtshato. I-DoD ikhuphe imigaqo yokuqinisekisa ukuba imeko yeqabane elingaphantsi komthetho phantsi kweU. U. Umthetho worhulumente ufumana umgangatho wokufakwa kwemitshatoliki yezo zonyango, okanye ukhuphini lokurhoxa lwenkonzo yezonyango.

Uxhathiso lomgangatho karhulumente kudibaniso nomkhosi

Phakathi kwe-United States, iimeko ezithile zentlalo nezobupolitika zingadala ukungakhululeki. Ngoxa amasebe eenkundla kufuneka alandele umthetho karhulumente, ezinye iiofisi zelizwe (njengezo zikhupha imvume yomtshato okanye iziqinisekiso zokuzalwa) kufutshane neziko lomkhosi zisenokuba nababhali abangafuniyo ukusebenzisa izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni ezifanayo ngenxa yokungavumelani konqulo. Nangona isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yama-202020 [iNkundla ePhakamileyo:0] iBhostock v. [Clayton County[ iqinisekisa ukuba ikhethe lesekiso lesondo libandakanya imbonakalo yesondo emsebenzini, akukho lucalucalucalulo olubanzi lwezomthetho olusekelwe kwizindlu zikawonke olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo. Isibini semikhosi yezomkhosi sisenokujongana nosomashishini onobutshaba ngaphandle kwesiseko somtshato., uninzi lwamashishini abambalwa bephondo abazama ukugatya ukula imvume yokulwa kwemali ye-odola i-ocreasteasteatberg, nangona ityala ezinjalo ezingongongo ze

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Imikhosi kufuneka ilinganise ukulungelelanisa ukufakwa kwenkululeko yonqulo. Inkqubo ye-DoD ka-2018 engokwakha unqulo ivumela abefundisi ukuba bangavumi ukwenza imitshato engokwabelana ngesondo ukuba iyangqubana neenkolelo zabo zonqulo, kodwa abanakukhetha izibini ezifuna iinkonzo komnye umfundisi. Amanye amalungu enkonzo abika ubunzima bokufumana umfundisi okulungeleyo ukunikela ingcebiso okanye ukukhokela emtshatweni, ingakumbi kumaqela onqulo olunzima. Umkhosi usoloko ugqiba oku ngokuvumela isibini ukuba sifune umsithoba waso sobupolitika esikhoyo esisekelwe kwisiseko okanye ngokusebenzisa umfundisi kwelinye isebe.

Inkonzo yonikezelo kunye nokudibana

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku libhekiselele kumtshato omnye okanye omabini osuselana, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukuvunywa kwasemthethweni kwamalungu enkonzo e-transgender kubangele imiba egqithisiweyo. U-Trump-era ukuvalwa komsebenzi (kanye ngoku kuphendulwe ngumphathi we Biden) kwachaphazela imitshato efanayo apho omnye okanye omabini ababini baphuma befana. Amaxwebhu omtshato aqwalaselwayo ```njengesiqinisekiso sokuzalwa, iilayisense,' zomqhubi, kunye namakhadi e-i-ID' yasemkhosini. Ngoku i-DoD ivumela amalungu enkonzo ukuba atshintshe isiphawulo sawo sobufana nesifana ne-DEatruleat , nto leyo enceda isibini esibonakala sisekumgangatho oweside kodwa kamva. Kodwa, umsebenzi wezo khadi le-'discritiod kwimithetho yemithetho ye-be-bini ebangela ezinye ii-i-'i-'i-'s'ernamesss's's's'.

Imeko - bume Nendlela Efanelekileyo Yokucinga Ngekamva

Imigudu Yomthetho: Intlonelo Ngomthetho Womtshato

NgoDisemba 2022, uMongameli Bilden wasayina i- Respect for Marriage Act kumthetho, oyalela ukuba urhulumente avume ukutshata okufanayo nokumanyana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngelixesha iObergefell ihlala ingumthetho welizwe, esi senzo siqinisekisa ukuba nokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iya kusibhukuqa eso sigqibo kwixesha elizayo, urhulumente uyaqhubeka evuma ngokusemthethweni imitshato eyenzeka kulo naliphi na ilizwe. Ezi intsapho zemikhosi, ezi zinika umaleko owongezelelekileyo wokhuseleko: iqabane elinye elingayi kulahleki inzuzo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwengqiqo. Isenzo sikwafuna ukuba urhulumente aqaphele imicimbi yezombutho, uhlanga, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, ekhuthaza inkqubo yezo migaqo-D.

Utshintsho lweNkcubeko noLolongo

I-DoD iqhubeka ihlola iinkqubo zayo zokususa ucalucalulo olupheleleyo. Ngo-2021, isebe longezelele imbonakalo yezocawa njengodidi olukhuselekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-Unity. Umkhosi noMkhosi woMoya uhlaziyise imilinganiselo yawo yenkonzo yokunxiba nokuzilungisa ngendlela ezichaphazela izibini ezifanayo (umz. igama leqabane elikwiyunifomu yomzimba womntu ngamnye ngoku lisenokubonakala ngamagama okugqibela). Advockish kunye nomkhosi uhlaselelo lwemibutho engcono [[FLT: 0] iMarmonn Comment Association of America [A] [A] kunye ne-OLD] PrefD [FFFFF:3] iyaqhubeka ukuqokelela ingqokelela kwe-data engakumbi yomkhosi, iintsapho ezidityani ezisesasatyo ezingaphezulu, i-iienze i-LT qhamstiediages zoqeqesho ezingolwayokwahlukeneyokwayo, iz.

Ugcino-lwazi nokubonakala

Olunye ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kukunqongophala kwenkcazelo echanileyo kwinani lesibini somkhosi wamajoni oxhwele. Uhlolisiso lwe-DoD lungafane luquke imbonakalo yesondo okanye imibuzo yobuntumbhishophu, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima ukuqwalasela ukuba ngamalungu enkonzo angaphi na akwimitshato efanayo kwaye yintoni efunekayo. Ngo-2023, i-DoD ye-Ofisi ye-D ye-D yoLutensity, i-Equaty, kunye ne-Inclusion ebhengezayo ukuquka iinkqubo zokuqhuba inqwelo-moya zeLGTB+okhathalo kuphando lokuzithandela. Iziphumo, ezilindelekile ekupheleni kowama-2024, zinokunceda iinzuzo, izindlu, kunye nenkxaso yoluntu. Uqikelelo lwangaphambili lucebisa ukuba izibini ezingathi zili-15 000-ex - qhamsko ziqukeneyo, kunye nezinxulumani ezimalunga-5000.

Inkcitho kunye nomanyano lwehlabathi lonke

Inkqubo yomkhosi wase-U.S. yokwamkelwa komtshato ngokwesini iphembelele amanye amazwe. Amalungu e-NATO afana ne-United Kingdom, Canada, i-Jamani, ne-Australia sele enikela uluvo olulinganayo kumalungu awo enkonzo. I-DoD idla ngokubelana ngolona hlobo kwiingqungquthela zebhobhile kunye neenkqubo zokutshintshisana. Umzekelo, umkhosi womkhosi woMoya wase-U.S. usebenze noMkhosi weRoyal Air Force ulungelelanisa iindawo zokuhlala zabafazi abamanyeneyo abakwizikomfakelaneyo. Njengoko i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo ehlabathi lonke, umkhosi we-U.S.

Isiphelo: Isiseko Esakhekileyo Kodwa Umsebenzi Usaqhubeka

Ingcamango yokulingana kwamalungelo omtshato omnye kwinkonzo yasemkhosini kukungqinelana kwamandla omthetho wokulawula, ukhokelo, kunye notshintsho lobuhlanga. Ukusuka ekuthi cwaka okubuhlungu kwesithi “Musa Ukubuza, Musa Ukuxelela” ukuya kumlinganiselo othe qeleleyo [[Flutte:0]] [Obergefel v. Hodges, [kusukela ekupheleni kwendlela yokulawula imfazwe], kwaye kuxhomekeke ekuzinziseni kwentlonelo ngoMthetho womtshato, umkhosi uye wasuka ekubeni ngumqobo wokulingana ukuya ekubeni ngumzekelo we-ogractoo. Noko ke, iingxaki zishiyeka kufutshane kwimiqathango yemithetho yelizwe, yaphesheya, esemthethweni, engoko, ekholizweni, kunye ne-baurecracractia elungiselelweyo. Imeko yeentsapho ezikhoyo zifuna ukusetyenziswa ngoku, kwaye i-inyanise, i-data, i-data kunye nokusebenza ngoku, i-ekho i-ethe ncam epheleleyo, ifuna ukuba i-ekho i-ethe systeac.

[[UMTLL:0] Irebithiweyo izibonelelo: