Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omtshato Kwimibandela Edidayo

Amalungelo omtshato nokuvunywa ngokusemthethweni kwemitshato kwiimeko zobuzwe kumele ukungqubana okunzima komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, ulawulo lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kumagcisa, ukugxotha, kunye nezibini zezizwe ngezizwe, ukuphakamisa ukugqalwa komtshato wabo kwimida kusenokuba kukuntsonkotha okuntsonkothileyo. Umgaqo ongundoqo ngowokuba umtshato owenziwe ngokusemthethweni kugunyanye usenokuba okanye ungayi kugqalwa ngokwawo komnye umthetho wezizwe, kwaye imiphumo yokungatshatiswanga-mali, inokuba qatha, ikukukhuselwa kwayo yonke into kwilifa nerhafuthelo ukuze ifumane intlukwano ezikhoyo. Njengoko ukuhambelana kwazo kusemgangatho, ukuqonda okusemthethweni kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqhina nokukhuseleka, nokuba amalungelo amaqabane akhuselekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuphi nakusebenza okanye kuphi nakusebenza.

Le mbambano inzima ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi bezonxibelelwano basoloko benandipha ukugonywa namalungelo phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, okunokuthi kutshintshe iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokubhalisa umtshato nokunconywa. Kwangaxeshanye, imithetho yesizwe iyahluka kakhulu kwimibuzo esisiseko efana nobuncinane beminyaka yomtshato, imvume, imiyalelo, imiqathango yokumanyana kwesithembu okanye ukunyathelana kwamalungu afanayo, kunye nemfuneko yokugunyaziswa kwangaphambili. Eli nqaku lihlola imigaqo esemthethweni, imingeni esebenzayo, kunye nemilinganiselo elawula ukuqwalaselwa komtshato kwimimiselo yezo ngeenkcukacha, ukunikela ukhokelo kwizibini, ubuchule bomthetho, nabaenzi bemithetho.

IMitshato Elawulayo Engokwasemthethweni

Izivumelwano neendibano zezizwe ngezizwe zinika isiseko solwalamano lobudlelane, kodwa aziyila inkqubo emanyeneyo yokuvunywa komtshato. Ezi zixhobo zimbini zibalulekileyo yiVienna iNdibano yeDiplomatic Relations (1961) kunye neVienna Convention on Consulal Relation (1963). Ezi ndibano zimisela amalungelo kunye nokugonyelwa kwabameli bezonxibelelwano kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi, kuquka ukungazimiseli kwemibutho yoluntu kunye nokuzikhusela kwimithetho yesizwe nezivumelwano ze-biomfono. Kodwa ke, zinezi zivumelwano zinezicwangciso ezikhethekileyo ezithi zimele ukuqwalaselwa komtshato. Endaweni yoko, umtshato ukho phantsi kolawulo lomthetho wesizwe nowasebucala.

Indima Yemithetho Yolawulo Neengcebiso Ezininzi

Amazwe amaninzi aye angena kwizivumelwano ze-bidateal ezithetha ngovumo lomtshato, ingakumbi apho kukho ingxubevange ephambili okanye abasebenzi abasebenza kunye nabo. Umzekelo, indibano yezobuzwe ingavumela oonozakuzakuzaku batshate kwi-ofisi yabo okanye phantsi komthetho welizwe lawo, kwaye urhulumente ophetheyo unyanzelekile ukuba aqonde ukuba umtshato uhlala uqhekekile, indibano ezininzi zasemva komtshato, ezifana neNgqungquthela yeSizwe Samazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe e-wonke eCestianion and Oncodors of the Leaty of Marries (788), ezimisele ukuqhuba imithetho esemthethweni yemitshato yomtshato, kodwa imitshato yodwa. Ngenxa yoko, ummandla wesigxaso-mthetho uyaqhubeka uhlala udityaniso, kwaye abaphathi-mthetho kufuneka uxhomekeke kwimithetho yamakhaya awo omabini kunye nakuwo.

Imitshato Engavisisaniyo Nendlela Efanelekileyo Yokutshata

Kukho uqheliselo oluqhelekileyo kuomantyi kunye nolukhawulezileyo lokutshata kwi-ofisi yabo okanye kwi-consolete, inkqubo eyaziwa njengomtshato wobukhomfama. Ukusebenza okusemthethweni kwemitshato enjalo kuxhomekeke ekubeni urhulumente uyasibona na isicelo sokwandiswa komthetho womtshato wengingqi. Amazwe amaninzi abonisa ulwamkelo kwimitshato lomtshato logama nje umtshato uza kuba semthethweni kurhulumente wobukho. Kodwa amanye amazwe amisela iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo, njengexesha lokulinda, ukupapashwa komsebenzi womsebenzi wokwalathisa, okanye ukubandakanyeka kwamagunya asekuhlaleni. Kwiimeko apho urhulumente angawuboni umanyano, isibini sisenokufuna ukuba senze umsitho womtshato owahlukeneyo kwilizwe elingukileyo ukuqinisekisa umanyano lwaso.

Ukugqalwa Njengomntu Owamkelekileyo Emtshatweni: Imigaqo Neengxaki

Xa umtshato wenziwe kwelinye ilizwe kwaye isibini sifudukela kwelinye, ukuvunywa komtshato kuxhomekeke kwimithetho yabucala yezizwe ngezizwe yelizwe elitsha elithunyiweyo. Amazwe amaninzi alandela umgaqo owaziwa ngokuba lilex lociolis, okuthetha ukuba umtshato osebenzayo apho uthe wabhaliswa khona uyagqalwa kuyo yonke indawo. Noko ke, lo mgaqo uxhomekeke kwimithetho yabucala yezizwe ngezizwe engaphandle, ingakumbi xa umtshato uchasene nomgaqo wasekuhlaleni [uwonke-wonke] wengingqi yomammi. Umzekelo, umtshato obandakanya amatshatomsi, unyanzelo, okanye umtshato omkhulu usenokungagqalwa ukuba uvumelekile ukuba ubekwe kwindawo esemthethweni.

Ukwamkelwa okuzenzekelayo

Amanye amazwe, njengeUnited Kingdom kunye namazwe amaninzi angamalungu e-EU, ayayiqaphela ngokuzenzekela imitshato yamanye amazwe ukuba ifikelela imigaqo esisiseko yokusebenza. Amanye, ingakumbi kuMbindi Mpuma ne-Asia, afuna ukuba iqabane lasemzini libhaliswe kumagunya asekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba agqalwe njengegunya kwiinjongo ezinjengokufuduka, ilifa, okanye uqhawulo. Ama-diplomat asoloko exhomekeke kwiimfuno zawo ukunikela ukhokelo kwezi mfuneko. Ukungabhalisa umtshato kungakhokelela ekubeni iqabane lingamniki imvume yokuhlala, intenxa-mali yempilo, okanye amandla okufumana ilifa impahla. I-Embas kunye ne-oocessinglantias zigcina uluhlu oluvumelekileyo nabaguquleli abasemthethweni ekuncedeni ukubhalisa ulawulo lwesizwe.

Uxwebhu kunye nobungqina

Ucelomngeni oluphindaphindiweyo luqinisekiso lwamaxwebhu omtshato. Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba iziqinisekiso zomtshato zamanye amazwe zibhalwe (ziqinisekiswe phantsi kweHague Apostille Convention yonyaka ka1961) okanye zigunyaziswe ngumphathi welizwe elinomququzeleli kwilizwe lemvelaphi yomtshato. Le nkqubo inokuba yeyokuba yexesha elihambisanayo nexabiso eliphezulu. Kwimeko yenkcubeko yezobuzwe, ubulungiseleli basemzini busoloko buncedisa ngokunikezela ngemibhalo eqinisekisiweyo yeengxelo zomtshato. Uthumelo lungasebenzi ngqo kwimisebenzi yezobuvangeli, ii-ontathetho okanye amaziko asekuhlaleni angoothile asenokufuneka. Ukunqongophala kwendlela yobungqina bobugcisa boluntu olukhoyo jikelele kunyusa ungquzuliso oluthe ngaphaya, nangona inkqubo yendlela yokusebenza kwe-ASTIL iphuculwa ngokucotha.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Zomtshato Ezingamkelekanga

Ngaphandle kokwamkelwa ngokubanzi kombhiyozo we- we-lex locis umgaqo, iimpikiswano ezinkulu zivela kwimimandla ethile. Olu celomngeni lusoloko lubonakalisa ukungavisisani okunzulu kwezentlalo ngokubhekiselele kwinkcazelo yomtshato ngokwawo.

Ukutshata kwabantu abatshate nolutsha

Imbambano ephambili yengxabano kukuvunywa kwemitshato efanayo. Nangona amazwe angaphezu kwama-30 ewubhalise ngokusemthethweni umtshato ongokwabelana ngokwesini, amanye amaninzi, ingakumbi eAfrika, iMpuma Ephakathi, kunye nemimandla ye-Asia, abenza ubufanasini bungabi nanto inye kwaye angafuni ukuqaphela nayiphi na iqhina elinye. Umthetho wezizwe zonke awufuni ukuvuma ukuba iqhina elifanayo libekwe kwamanye amazwe, kwaye izivumelwano zifumana imeko enzima: zimele zihlonele umthetho welizwe elinye ngoxa zikhusela amalungelo esizwe. [[10]

Imitshato Edumileyo Neqhelekileyo

Enye indawo yeengxaki ibandakanya imitshato enzima. Amanye amazwe, ingakumbi eNtshona Afrika nakuMbindi Mpuma, avumela isithembu phantsi komthetho wonqulo okanye wesithethe. Umlawuli osuka kwilizwe elinomfazi omnye ongenela ithemo elithe cwaka xa ebekwe kwingingqi angafumanisa ukuba umtshato awuvunywa xa ubuyela ekhaya, ingakumbi ngenxa yeenjongo zokufuduka okanye zokufumana ilifa. Ngokuchasene noko, amagqwetha asuka kumazwe afumana isithembu abekwe kumaphondo elinye ngenxa yenjongo esemthethweni, kwanokuba umthetho wawo uvumela amaqabane amaninzi ukuba atshate. Imitshato yobuqu (umz., imitshato yesithethe engabhaliswanga ngabasemagunye abasemagunyeni) iphakamisa imicimbi ekwazekayo, njengoko kuchazwa ngokubanziwa komthetho wesizwe. [FLD:] [FU.]

Ukunyanzelwa Kwemitshato Nobuqhetseba Bomtshato

Imitshato enyanzelekileyo kunye nemitshato enyanzelekileyo (efuna iinzuzo zokufuduka) imela inkxalabo enzulu kwiimeko zobuzwe. Abanye abantu basenokuzama ukusebenzisa ukhuseleko lwezobuzwe ukuze baphephe ukuxilonga, benyanzelisa ukuba umtshato owenzelwe kwi-ofisi yomphathi womamkeli ungaphaya kwegunya lesizwe. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi anemilinganiselo echasene nemfuno, njengokhuphiswano olunyanzelekileyo, uvavanyo lwemvelaphi, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwesivumelwano. Intlanganiso ye-Diplomatic isebenza ngokuqhubekayo namagunya aqeqeshiweyo ukunqanda ukuxhatshazwa. Kwimeko zombhisho olunyanisekileyo, urhulumente oziqeshiweyo usenokuyeka ukuqaphela umanyano, yaye ilizwe lomphathi-mikhosi elifanelekileyo linganikela uncedo kwixhoba, kuquka nokubuyisa ingqwalaselo. [FLD.0]

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Neengenelo

Ukungawuqondi umtshato kunokuba nemiphumo ebuhlungu kumalungelo amaqabane.

Ilifa Namalungelo Empahla

Ukuba umtshato awuvunywa kwilizwe elimemileyo, iqabane elisaseleyo lisenokungabi nalungelo lokudla ilifa eliselifeni kwelo lizwe. Oku kubangela ingxaki ngokukodwa kuonozakuzaku belizwe elingaphandle. Nokuba umtshato uvumelekile kwilizwe lasekhaya, iinkundla zelizwe zisenokusebenzisa imithetho yelifa lalo, mhlawumbi limkhethe iqabane. Izivumelwano zelifa zinqabile, ngoko izibini zicetyiswa ukuba zitsale izakhono eziphiwo eziphindiweyo zize ziqwalasele izivumelwano zempahla yomtshato ezinyanzelelwe ukunqumla imida.

Ukuhlawula Irhafu Neingenelo Ezininzi

Amazwe amaninzi avumela izibini ezitshatileyo ukuba zifake irhafu ebhaliswe kunye, zifune imvume yomtshato, okanye zingenelwe kukukhululwa kwerhafu. Ukungabhangi kungaphumela kumatyala erhafu aphezulu. Kumazwe oonozakuzaku, izivumelwano zerhafu phakathi kwekhaya kunye namangingqi anganciphisa eminye imibandela, kodwa ingcaciso ye- “imposiso” kwezo zivumelwano ngokufuthi ayiphumeleli umthetho welizwe okhoyo. Ngokufanayo, iingenelo zobunyulu ezinjenge-inshorensi, iinzuzo zemali ezihlawulelwa ngumhlala phantsi kwerhafu, kunye nemali yezezemali (umz., izakhiwo, imfundo) ixhomekeke ekuqwalaleni umtshato womqeshi womsebenzi wasemzini. Ukuba urhulumente akavumi ukuvuma umtshato, umqeshinawa wangaphakathi, kodwa umtshato womqeshinawo usenokuba unika iinzuzo zenkonzo zoburhulumente.

Imo yokungahlali nokwehla

Abalinganiswa boonozakuzaku bezomthetho badla ngokufumana imvume yokuhlala kunye neemvume zokulawula, kodwa kuphela ukuba umtshato uqwalaselwa ngurhulumente ongumqwebedu. Kumazwe apho urhulumente ongumququzeleli engawuqondiyo umtshato (umz., umtshato ofanayo-wexesha elinye kwilizwe elingaboniyo), iqabane lomtshato lisenokunyanzeleka ukuba lihlale ngokwahlukileyo okanye lingene kwilizwe elikwi-imvume yabakhenkethi. Oku kwenza uxinzelelo lwengqondo olunzulu nolungokweemvakalelo. Amanye amazwe aye azisa “imvume ezi-imvume ezikhoyo kumtshato ongashadile, kodwa ezi zisoloko zinikela amalungelo amancinane. [[FFLT:0] i-Euan Union [ iyenze inkqubela ngemeko yolwazi oluqhelekileyo, efuna ukuba amalungu angenele kwaye angenele amaqabane ahlala kunye nabemi abangathangangeni e-EU, kodwa asebenzisa la migaqo-ulgosalwn, azama ukuzama ukuqinisekisa kolwazi olusemthethweni lwemeko oluqhelekileyo lwemeko.

Indima Yomsebenzi Odityanisiweyo Kukwamkelwa Okuxhokonxayo

Izikhululo kunye namagunya alawulayo asebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokunxibelelana kwamazwe ajongene nolwamkeleko lomtshato kwimicimbi yamazwe aphesheya. Iindima zawo zisuka ekunikezeleni ulwazi olusemthethweni ukuya ekudluliseleni uxwebhu kunye nokungenelela namagunya abaququzeleli xa kuyimfuneko.

Ukhokelo lomthetho kunye neenkonzo zoxwebhu

Iinkonzo ezininzi zezobuzwe zigcina icandelo elinolwalathiso lwemithetho yomtshato yasekuhlaleni, kuquka amaxwebhu afunekayo, amaxesha okulinda, nemiqobo yolwimi. Zingancedisa ekufumaneni iinguqulelo ezisemthethweni, ii-apostrilles, kunye nemibhalo eqinisekisiweyo yezatifiketi zomtshato. Kwezinye iimeko, ii-ofisi zinokukhupha “Umgunyaziso weNompedimento” ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilizwe likhululekile ukutshata phantsi komthetho wasekhaya, osenokufuneka ngurhulumente woluntu.

Ukungenelela Nobuchule

Xa umququzeleli engavumi ukuvuma umtshato, i-amiral ingaphakamisa umba wezivumelwano ezithe zabangela ukuba iqabane likwazi ukuhlala kwilizwe elinoluntu oluninzi phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Oku kuqhelekile kwiimeko ezibandakanya imitshato efanayo okanye amaqhina anzima. Ngokokuba ungenelelo olunjalo lungasoloko luphumelela, lungakhokelela kwizivumelwano ezimanyeneyo zehoc ezivumela iqabane ukuba lihlale kwilizwe elinobulali phantsi kwemeko ezithile. .S. Isebe loRhulumente lephondo [, umzekelo, lishicilela inkcazelo emalunga nomtshato nelizwe elizikhuthayo kwaye lisebenza ngoorhulumente abaqeqeshiweyo ukukhusela amalungelo eMelika. Kwimeko ezigqithisileyo, umba ogqithisileyo, ukhulela ubulungiseleli bamanye amazwe ombuso anokuthi athumele imiqatha kwiimeko zelizwe kurhulumente bombutho womkhosi womkhosi woluntu.

Imikhwa Yangoku Nemouse

Indlela abantu abawujonga ngayo umtshato xa kuthethwa ngeendlela ezilungeleleneyo iyatshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe, iqhutywa ziinguqu ezinzulu zentlalo nomthetho ongowamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukwanda Kokwamkelwa Komtshato Ofanayo

Njengoko amazwe amaninzi ebhaliswe ngokusemthethweni ngomtshato ongokwasemgaqweni, ingcinezelo iya ikhula kumazwana ukuqaphela amaqhina anjalo angenile kwelinye ilizwe. Inkundla yeInternational Court of Justice ayikhange ithethe ngqo kule mbambano, kodwa iinkundla zamalungelo abantu zengingqi ziqhubela phambili umgaqo wokuba amazwe angacaluli izibini ezimanyeneyo. Kwimeko-bume, amanye amazwe angene kwizivumelwano ezithe ngqo eziquka ukuqwalaselwa komtshato omnye. Umzekelo, iUnited States neUnited States inelungiselelo elijongene iqhina elifanelekileyo kwilizwe ngalinye ngenjongo yonxibelelwano. Le ntsingiselo icebisa ukuba phakathi kwesizukulwana, ukugqalwa okuzenzekelayo kwemitshato engoo-extransformation, kodwa isenokuba ngumgangatho oqhelekileyo phakathi kolawulo olukhululekileyo lwe-Drama-Dramavidiyo, kodwa umanyano lwehlabathi lonke.

Ukubhalisa Imitshato Ngobuchule Bamanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunika izisombululo ezintsha kwiingxaki zokwazisa. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa izibhaliso ezisembindini zomtshato ezivumela uqinisekiso olukhawulezileyo lweerekhodi zomtshato. Ingqungquthela ye Hague ikhuthaza i Isiqinisekiso seInternational of Marriage [, uxwebhu olukwiziXhobo eziqhelekileyo olunokuthi lukwazi ukwenza lula ukunqamleza umda wemida. Ukuba iyamkeleka ngokubanzi, izixhobo ezinjalo ziyawunciphisa umthwalo kwii-intengiso kunye nee-extranstates. Noko ke, ukuphumeza isiqinisekiso kuyacotha ngenxa yenkxaso sogcino-lwazi kunye nexabiso lokufaka amafa. Okwangoku, iintlanganiso ezininzi zonxibelelwano ziyaqhubeka ukuthembela ekuqinisekiseni ngephepha eligunyazwe.

Imitshato Yesithethe Neyonqulo

Kukho ukuvunywa okukhulayo kokuba i-oversity, ingcaciso ye-centrial yomtshato ingakwazi ukuhlalisana nezithethe eziqhelekileyo kunye nonqulo. Amanye amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, anjenge- Committee ekupheliseni ucalucalulo kuMabhinqa [, aye abiza amazwe ukuba aqonde zonke iintlobo zomtshato ezifikelela kwimilinganiselo esisiseko yenkululeko kunye nobuncinane beminyaka. Kulo didi, oku kungathetha ukuba umququzeleli ukulungele ngakumbi ukuqaphela imitshato yesithethe ebhalwe kakuhle. Noko ke, ukucinezelwa okuphakathi kokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokuhlonela ukwahlukahlukana kwezithethe kuya kuqhubeka.

Isiphelo

Ukuqatshelwa kwemitshato kumongo wezolawulo kuhlala kudidekile kwaye kusoloko kudimaza indawo yomthetho. Ngoxa umgaqo we-lex locis unika isiqalo, ngaphandle kwesiseko senkqubo kawonke wonke, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nemigangatho yentlalo edala intsebenziswano yemithetho eguquguqukayo. Iingingqi, iintsebenzi-mthetho, iintlawulo, kunye nezibini ezitshatileyo zezizwe ngezizwe, eziqonda ezisemthethweni, zibalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo azo. Ucwangciso olusemthethweni olunentluvo olusemthethweni olukhoyo phambi komtshato, ukubophelela izivumelwano kwimithetho emininzi, nokuqinisekisa zonke iimfanelo zifanelekile ngokufanelekileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ii-gnogractiess kufuneka ziqhubeke ukuxhasa iindlela zobugqwentlu nolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe nolwahlu oluneyo.