Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza isiseko esiphambili solawulo loluntu, basebenzisa amandla ahlukeneyo abangela ukuba iimpendulo zilungele iimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Ngokungafaniyo namaqumrhu orhulumente okanye amagunya orhulumente, ezi ziqumrhu zisebenza ngolwazi olusondeleyo lweengxaki ezichaphazela abemi bazo ngezantsi. Ukusuka kwingingqi kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ukuya kulawulo lwezokongamela kunye nolawulo lwemeko-bume. Ngokuhlola iinkqubo zokwenene zehlabathi, singayixabisa indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenzisa ngayo la magunya akhethekileyo ukubumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Eli nqaku lihlola kwiindidi zamandla karhulumente obulali kwaye libabonisa ngemizekelo ecacileyo, esebenzayo evela ngaphaya kweUnited States.

Ukuqonda Amandla Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente bendawo bafumana igunya labo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho-siseko. Olu qela lamandla liyigqibile: livumela abantu ukuba bathethe ngemibandela elawulwa kakuhle kumgangatho wengca. Ngoxa amagunya athile ahlukeneyo ngorhulumente nomasipala, ngokuqhelekileyo awela kwiindidi ezine ezibanzi: ukuqulunqa, ukuphatha, nokugweba. Icandelo ngalinye livumela iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni ukuba zikwazi ukubonakalisa imigaqo-nkqubo yezobugcisa ebonakalisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni, isabela ekuveliseni imingeniselo, nasekunikeni oovimba ngokwendlela elungeleleneyo. Ukuqonda la mandla kuyimfuneko kubemi, abanini-mashishini, nabaquququze imithetho abasebenzisanayo norhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Amandla Okulawula

Amandla olawulo aphakathi kwezona zixhobo zibonakalayo ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ekubumbeni abantu. Ezi ziquka igunya lokumisela nokunyanzelisa imithetho egquma umhlaba, imilinganiselo yokwakha, ukhuseleko loluntu, kunye nezokhuseleko lwemeko-bume. Ubuchule bokulawula indlela yokuziphatha kwimida yasekuhlaleni buvumela izixeko nemiba emininzi ukuba zigcine ucwangco, zikhusele imilinganiselo yempahla, zize zikhuthaze impilo yoluntu.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemizimba Nelizwe

Imithetho elawula indlela umhlaba onokuthi usetyenziswe ngayo (_indawo enzima, yezorhwebo, yemizi - mveliso, okanye exutyiweyo" kwaye isoloko iquka imida yoxinaniso, imiqathango yobude, kunye neemfuno zokusilela. Umzekelo obalaseleyo yile New York City Yoling Cosotion [], enye yezona ndawo zintsonkothileyo kwilizwe. Iyahlula isixeko sibe silawula yonke into ekwakhiwa eManhattan, ukugcina imimandla esezantsi engaphandle kwemibhobhoshobhini. Eli gunya linceda ukulawula ukukhula, ukuthintela ukungahambelani, nokukhusela ubuchule obuyimbali. Ngokufanayo, [FLTSL:] umthetho we-Franciscromenti ye-[FLT]] uquka ulawulo oluphangalelekileyo lwesakhiwo nokusetyenziswa kwezindlu ezikhoyo zangaphandle. Le procestiki inokukhuthaza ukuhambelana kobuphini.

Ulawulo oluqinileyo nokhuseleko lwentsalela

Ukufumaneka kwezindlu kungumsebenzi onyanzelisayo kwimimandla emininzi yasezidolophini, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko besebenzisa amandla okubuyisela ulawulo lwerente okanye amasiko okukhupha igalelo. u-San Francisco's Control Ordinance [, esungulwe ngo1979, iihempeke zamanani angamashumi amawaka eeyunithi kwaye zinika iziphumo zokukhuselwa kwemali. Eli gunya lasekuhlaleni livumela isixeko ukuba siphendule kwiingxaki zaso ezikhethekileyo zezindlu, sithintele ukushenxiswa nokugcinwa kwezinto ezithile. Ezinye izixeko, kuquka iNew York, iLos Angeles, neWashington, D.C., zinemiqathango efanayo yokuqesha iintengiso zentengiso. Le mizekelo igxininisa indlela anokuthi ngayo ngokungqalileyo amaziko okwakha umgangatho oziko lwezindlu.

Imithetho yokwakha neMigangatho yoKhuseleko

Oorhulumente bongingqi bamkela kwaye banyanzelisa imigaqo yokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukuba izakhiwo zikhuselekile, ziyafumaneka, kwaye zisebenza ngokungekho mthethweni. Umzekelo, IChicago's Tradio Lidenti yokwakha iquka iimfuno ezingqongqo zokhuseleko lomlilo, ukudibana kokwakha, kunye nokufumaneka, ezihlaziywe ngamaxesha athile ukubonakalisa imigangatho yangoku. ISebe lesixeko loNcedo lokuHla iziphumo kunye nemiba evumela, lisebenzisa igunya lokumisa ukwakhiwa xa kufunyenwe ukuphulwa kwemithetho. Eli gunya lokulawula likhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke kunye nogcino-mali, libonakalisa indima yemidlalo yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni elula ekwakhiwa imihla ngemihla.

Ukhuseleko loluntu nezonyango

Amandla olawulo anwenwela kukhuseleko loluntu kunye nempilo, kuquka imithetho yengxolo, ukufika kwexesha, kunye nokubekwa kwemiqathango kwezoshishino. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bakwamisela imithetho yeendawo zikawonke-wonke ezikhululekileyo, uhlolo lokutya, kunye nokulawula izifo ezasulelayo. i-Los Angeles's Clean Air Ordinance[, umzekelo, imisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha ungcoliseko kumaziko oshishino kunaleyo kunokuba umthetho ufuna, ukujolisa ukunciphisa ungcoliso kwimimandla efuna uncedo. Imimiselo enjalo ibonise indlela abamele baluthelekele kuyo abahlali bemeko-bume.

Amandla ezinto ezijika-jikayo

Amandla e-Fiscal enza ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumane ingeniso, baboleke imali, banikezele nemali yokuxhasa iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Oku kuzilawula ngemali kuyimfuneko ekulondolozeni izibonelelo, izikolo, iipaki, neenkonzo zongxamiseko. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokunyusa imali kwindawo ethile, abantu bebeya kuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo ekuthunyelweni ngurhulumente okanye kurhulumente, ngokufuthi abaza kusabelanga kuzinto eziza kuqala kwindawo abakuyo.

Irhafu Yempahla

Irhafu yempahla ngumthombo oyintloko wengeniso yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ixhasa yonke into ukusuka kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke ukuya kugcino lweendlela. Cook County, Illinois, umzekelo, ixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla ukuxhasa imimandla yesikolo, iinkonzo zikamasipala, kunye nemisebenzi yephondo. Isebe lihlola amaxabiso empahla nyaka ngamnye, kunye noorhulumente wasekuhlaleni ubeka irhafuzo lwerhafu karhulumente. Eli gunya lerhafu livumela uCook Cook County ukuba lifake imali ngeemfuno zasekuhlaleni, kodwa lifuna ulawulo olulucothayo ukuze liphephe imithwalo engafanelekanga emakhaya. Ezinye iindawo, ezifana , i-Orententerland, i-octationsty okanye ukurhwa kwe-odventi yoqoqoshoshosho oluthelwe, ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yemiba yemibutho, i-mthetho ebonakalisa.

Irhafu Neencwadi zasekuhlaleni

Amaphondo amaninzi agunyazisa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukunyanzelisa irhafu yentengiso yasekuhlaleni ngexabiso lombuso. Los Angeles ihlawula irhafu yesixeko yemali ehhoxisiwe ye 10.25% (njengoko ku-2025), enengeniso ejoliswe kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke, ukulungiswa kwendlela, kunye neenkonzo zokungahlali. Esi sixhobo sorhwebo sinika amadolobha amandla okunyusa ingeniso kwingeniso, enokuba yintengiso eninzi kunerhafuthelweni yempahla kwimijikotho ethile. Ngokufanayo, irhafuthelo yasekuhlaleni, indawo yokundwendwe, indawo yokuhlala, okanye ukutya neziselo ezivumela ukuba izibonelelo zorhwebo zifumane ingeniso kwiindwendwe. Umzekelo, [FLT.[FLD:2]

Ukuboleka Imali

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko bekhupha amaqhina okuxhasa iprojekthi ezinkulu, ezifana nezikolo, izikolo zonyango lwamanzi, okanye iipaki zikawonke-wonke. La maqhina axhaswa ngamandla oburhafu okanye ingeniso karhulumente esuka kulo msebenzi. iPaki yeSikhuseli neGreen Spaces Levy ngumzekelo ophawulekayo: abavoti bavumela irhafu yemali yemali ebhatalwayo ukuze bafumane imali kunye nokuphuhlisa iipaki, izikhondo, kunye nezithuba ezivulekileyo. Eli gunya lokuboletwa, lidityaniswe nemvume yokuvota, livumela abantu ukuba bafake imali kwizinto zemihla emide ngaphandle kokwenza uqingqo lwabiwo lwaminyaka lemali.

Amandla Olawulo

Amandla olawulo enza ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balungelelanise imisebenzi yabo, baqeshe abasebenzi, banikele iinkonzo ngokunempumelelo. Oku kuquka ukusungulwa kwamasebe, ukwamkelwa kwemigaqo yolawulo, kunye nokuthunyelelwa kwegunya kubaphathi abangoogcisa. Ulawulo olunempumelelo luqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ewiswa ngamagosa anyuliweyo iguqulela abemi kwiziphumo ezicacileyo.

Imodeli yoMlawuli wesixeko

Koomasipala abaninzi, umphathi wesixeko onobuchule wongamela imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, ngeli xesha amabhunga enyuliweyo emisela inkqubo. Phoenix, Arizona usebenza phantsi kohlobo lwebhunga lorhulumente eliphethe ikomkhulu, enomphathi wesixeko ojongene nokuzalisekisa imigaqo yezoqingqo-mali, ulawulo lwemali, kunye namasebe olawulo. Esi sakhiwo solawulo sahlula ulawulo lwamazwe sahlula ulawulo kubaphathi bezomsebenzi, sikhuthaza impumelelo kunye nobuchule. Umphathi wesixeko ujongelathisa abasebenzi abangaphezu kwe15 000, esingatha yonke into evela kwiinkonzo zamanzi ukuya kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke-wonke. Lo mzekelo wamkelwe ngumakhulukhulu ezixeko, kuquka uAntonioseTexas[FLT] kunye [FFF:]

ISebe lezeMpilo kaRhulumente

Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni basebenza amasebe ezempilo azimeleyo alawula amanyathelo empilo entlalo-ntle. ISebe leNew York City lezezempilo neMental Hygiene lingomnye wamagosa amakhulu empilo asekuhlaleni, eqhuba uhlolo lwezifo, uhlolo lwevenkile, amaphulo okugonya, kunye nemfundo yezempilo. Ngexesha lesifo seCHOVID-19, eli gunya livumela i-NYC ukuba imisele ngokukhawuleza, isabele amagophe, inyathe, inyanzelise imiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke. Ngokufanayo, i-King James, Washington [ext:]] (equka i-Seattlet) iqhuba isebe lempilo yoluntu elithetha ngazo zonke ii-oodromask dhoids.

Ulawulo lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuseka iiofisi zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho ezinikezelweyo ukuze zitsale amashishini, zixhase oosomashishini, kwaye zilawule imisebenzi yokuphuhliswa. I-Detroit's Economic Developial Corporation isebenza ukuvuselela abamelwane ngokunika izindululo zerhafu, izibonelelo, kunye noncedo lobugcisa kumashishini. Eli gunya lolawulo linceda ukungenelela ekungeneleni, njengokuthenga nokukhuliswa kwempahla edodobalayo okanye ukusungulwa kwemimandla yezoshishino. Le migudu ibonisa indlela amaziko olawulo anokuqhuba ngayo unyuko lwezoqoqosho.

Amandla Okugweba

Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya elilinganiselweyo lokugweba amatyala amancinane, ukunyanzelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni, nokucombulula iimbambano. La maqumrhu alawulayo anceda ekunciphiseni umthwalo kwiinkundla zeli lizwe kwaye anika okusesikweni okufikelelekayo kumalungu oluntu.

IiNkundla zikaMasipala

Iinkundla zikaMasipala zisingatha ukwaphulwa kwamasiko esixeko, njengokuqhekezwa kwemiqathango yeemoto, amatikiti okumisa, kunye nokuphosa amatyala amancinane olwaphulo-mthetho. Los Angeles Court , inxalenye yeNkundla yoMbindi-Mbindi-Mbindi-mali weLos Angeles County Superity, ilungiselela amashumi amawaka amatyala. Ezi nteko zinika iprojekthi yengingqi yoluntu yokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yesixeko iqeshiwe, ikhupha inkonkontsho, kunye nokuyalela inkonzo yoluntu. Zikwanika esinye isigwebo, njengesikolo sesikolo se-trapt, ukufundisa abaphuli-mthetho. Iinkundla ze-mthetho zingulottery zingumzekelo othe ngqo kumgangatho wengca.

Iibhodi zonyanzeliso lwemithetho kunye nokuchongwa kolawulo

Endaweni yeenkundla zesithethe, oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni basebenzisa iibhodi zolawulo ukunyanzelisa imigaqo yokwakha, imimiselo yolungiso, kunye nemigangatho yokugcinwa kwempahla. Miami-Dade Code Emplice Board beva amatyala aphathekayo, ulwakhiwo olungekho mthethweni, kunye nepropati engekho mthethweni. Ibhodi ingafaka intlawulo, imisebenzi yolungiso, kunye neendawo kwimiqathango yempahla. Eli gunya lolawulo livumela izigqibo zemithetho ezincinci, ezithe ngqo kuneenkqubo zenkundla, yenza ukuthobela okusebenza okusebenzayo. Ngokufanayo, i-Bhos' iinkonzo ze-Inspectal Servicess Services [FUnion:3] isebenzisa ukuphulaphula iidilesi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi zendlu, ukukhusela impilo ne-10.

Inkundla yoluntu

Amaqumrhu aququzelela ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa kunye nokucocwa kwengxaki. IZiko le-Red Hook Justice Community eBrooklyn, eNew York, isingatha amatyala aphantsi ngeli lixa idibanisela abamangalelwa kwiinkonzo zoluntu ezifana noqeqesho, ukucebisa, kunye nokuphathwa kakubi kweziyobisi. Le ndlela yoluntu yokuphucula inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-recidism kunye nokholo loluntu kwinkqubo yokulawula. Iinkundla zoluntu ziqinisekisa indlela amagunya ejaji anokusetyenziswa ngayo ngokuyila ukuphendula imicimbi yoluntu.

Imizekelo yobomi bokwenene yamandla karhulumente wasekuhlaleni esebenzayo

Ngaphandle kwengcaciso ecacileyo, iimeko zehlabathi lokwenene zibonisa indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abadibanisa ngayo la magunya ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo. Le mizekelo ilandelayo ibalaselisa amanyathelo aphumelelayo kulo lonke elaseUnited States.

Uphuhliso loLuntu

Ngokufuthi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakhokela kwimisebenzi yokuhlaziya imimandla ngokusebenzisa umgaqo, imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, namandla okulawula.

  • INkqubo yokuVuselela uBungane boMdabi woMbindi-wonke : Isixeko sisebenzisa igunya lebhanki yelizwe ukufumana izinto ezingenamntu, sandula ke sizithengisele abaphuhlisi abaneemeko zokufumana indawo ezinokufikeleleka okanye eziluhlaza. Izikhuthazo zeFiscal, ezifana nerhafu, zitsala utyalo-mali. Le ndlela yamandla amaninzi iguqule imimandla ekhanyiselwe kwimimandla echumayo.
  • Iprojekthi zezindlu ezinokufumaneka ze-Affordedtle's : ISeattle inwent elawula kwakhona amandla ayo okulawula ukugunyazisa ukubandakanywa kweendawo ezintsha, ezifuna ipesenti yeeyunithi ukuba zingafikeleleki. Zidityaniswe nenkxaso edityanisiweyo kunye nolawulo lwe-ofisi ye Homes, isixeko sidale amawaka engeniso-eyunithi. Oku kubonakalisa indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokuyilawula ngayo imiqobo yezindlu ngokufaka onke amagunya akhoyo.
  • Ulwando lwasebugceni lwendawo yolwandle oluhamba phambili : Isixeko sase-Oregon sisebenzisa amandla aso okulawula ukulinganisela ukugudla kwedolophu, ukukhusela amafama nemimandla yendalo. Lo nkqubo wobume obude, onyanzeliswe ngokusebenza kwindawo ethile kunye nezigqibo zomhlaba, ulolonga umgangatho ogqibeleleyo wenkqubela-phambili yePortland kwaye ugcinelwelo olujikeleze isithuba esiluhlaza.

Amanyathelo okhuseleko

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphambili ekukhuseleni uluntu, belungisa iindlela zokulungisa iimfuno ezicacileyo zoluntu.

  • Imodeli yeNkcubeko yoLuntu yeBoston [[FLT: 1]: ISebe lamapolisa laseBoston ligxininisa ukuganana kobume bengingqi ngabaphathi besithili abaya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni nabasebenzisana nabemi. Eli nyathelo lolawulo, elixhaswa yimithetho yesixeko exhasa ulawulo lwamapolisa, linciphise ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuphucula ubudlelwane bamapolisa.
  • I-Hauston's Emergency Managementmentmentment ye-[[FLT Harvey:1]: Emva kweSitshingitshane, Houston yatshintsha inkqubo yayo yokuphendula kaxakeka, idala i-Ofisi yoLawulo lwexesha longxamiseko. Ukusebenzisa amandla okuxhasa ukulungiselela nokulawula ukunyanzelisa imigaqo yokwakha kwiindawo ezinomkhukula, isixeko ngoku siceba ngamandla ngakumbi ukwenzela iintlekele zexesha elizayo.
  • [[NT: 0] Impendulo yeSebe lomlilo kaFrancisco : Isebe lasebenzisa amandla olawulo ukujongisela abasebenzi abatshayo ekuvavanyeni nasekugonyeni izifo ezimandundu, libonisa indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokuzibuyisela ngayo iinjongo ngokukhawuleza kwingxaki.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuzinziswa

Amandla asekuhlaleni abalulekile ekucombululeni iingxaki zemekobume kummandla ngamnye, ukususela kumgangatho womoya ukusa kwimozulu elula.

  • [[NTL: 0] Los Angeles Clean Air ordinance: Njengoko kukhankanyiweyo, L.A. yamisela imithetho engqongqo yasekuhlaleni kwimveliso yoshishino, ixhaswe luvavanyo kunye negunya lokuqinisekisa. Isiphumo siye saba luphuhliso olunokufumaneka kumgangatho womoya, ingakumbi kummandla okufuphi namazibuko kunye neendlela ezikhululekileyo.
  • Imithetho yolwakhiwo yeGreenland yeGreenland: Izibuko lifuna izakhiwo ezintsha ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu yobuchule bokwakha ngomgaqo-nkqubo wazo oluhlaza. Eli gunya lolawulo lidityaniswe nentshukumisa yemali kunye nenkxaso yolawulo kwiBreaustrars of Development Services. Inkqubo iye yakhuthaza uphuhliso ekwakheni nokuhlisa unyawo lwekharbon.
  • I-New York Plastics Ban: Isebenzisa igunya laso lowiso-mthetho, isiXeko saseNew York sazivalela iingxowa zeplastiki kunye nezikhongozeli zegwebu, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma elahlwayo yomhlaba. Lo mthetho, onyanzeliswa liSebe leSahluko, ubonisa indlela amandla okulawula anokuqhuba ngayo utshintsho lwemekobume kumgangatho kamasipala.

Ukubaluleka Kwamagunya Karhulumente

Amagunya akhethekileyo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni akangoorhulumente abanobuchule bokulawula kuphela, zizixhobo eziyimfuneko zokukhuthaza, ukumelana neemeko zoluntu. Ukuthembeka kwabahlali kuvumela amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba aqonde iimfuno ezithile kwaye alungise izisombululo ezisoloko ziphoswa ngurhulumente okanye iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Nokuba zisebenzisa izigqibo ezilondoloza uluntu, iimigaqo-nkqubo zemali ezixhasa izikolo neepaki, okanye izibonelelo zomthetho ezithi zisuse abaphuli-mthetho entolongweni, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenze njengeekomputha zedemokhrasi. Bavavanya imigaqo, baqhelanisa ukutshintsha iimeko, kwaye banike umjelo othe ngqo wokubophelela abami. Ngaphezu koko, xa amagunya asekuhlaleni esetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo, ayakha ithemba kumacandelo oluntu kwaye akhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kwimicimbi yoluntu, ukuxhasa inkqubo yentlalo-ntlalo exhasa ubomi babantu.

Ubuncwane bangaphandle bokufunda okubhekele phaya buquka iNew York City Department of Manult , i[FLT] i[FON[2] San Francisco Rent Board, kunye ne [ Ipropati yeLifa leMpawulo yeMali ye-Posi [[FLTLT:5]]. Ezi mithombo zisemthethweni zinika uluvo olunzulu kwindlela asetyenziswa ngayo amandla athile asekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Oorhulumente bendawo basebenzisa iqela lamandla akhethekileyo angundoqo ekulawuleni ngokunempumelelo kumgangatho woluntu. Ukusuka kwigunya lolawulo elibumba imekobume eyakhelwe ukulungiselela izixhobo eziyimfuneko, ukusuka kwimibutho yolawulo enikela iinkqubo zokugweba ezicombulula iingxoxo zasekuhlaleni, la magunya anceda ukuba asebenze ngendlela elungeleleneyo, aphendule. Imizekelo yobomi bokwenene kulo lonke elaseUnited States ibonisa indlela amagosa akhethekileyo alawula ngayo indawo ezungezile ukuze aphucule izindlu, aphucule ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, akhusele imekobume, aze omele amaqhina oluntu. Njengabemi, abaqondisi mandla asinceda ukuba sibandakanye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowamamela izinto ezibonisa amaxabiso ethu. Kwixesha lemingeni enzima eUnited States ibonisa indlela enzima yokulungisa izindlu, ukutshintsha impilo kawonke, ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko loluntu, ukukhusela ukhuseleko, nokuqinisa amaqhina oluntu kunanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini.