IBhunga leNtlanganiso leUnited States limi njengenye yezona zivumelwano zowiso-mthetho zinamandla ehlabathini, lisebenzisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwaseMelika, inkqubo, kunye nolwalathiso lohlanga. Njengelinye lamagumbi amabini aquka iBhunga, iNtlanga idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho karhulumente, ekuqinisekiseni amagosa karhulumente aphambili, ekuqinisekiseni izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, nasekusebenzeni njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Ukuqonda amandla omgaqo-siseko weNdlu siseko kunye neembopheleleko zomsebenzi wesizwe kubalulekile kumntu ngamnye ofuna ukudibana ngokunentsingiselo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi nokuqonda indlela izigqibo ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla ezenziwa ngayo eWashington, DC.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko weBhunga

Ukwakhiwa kwanamandla eBhunga leNtlanganiso kumiselwe liGatya elinye lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ebesebenza ukususela ngoMatshi 4, 1789. Ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 umelwe ngabaququzeleli asebenza ngokuxhuzulayo beminyaka emithandathu, ukulungiselela amalungu ali-100 alinganayo. Lo melo ulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba abemi borhulumente, waba lulalaniso olubalulekileyo ngexesha leMthendeleko-siseko, ulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zoo zoo-orhulumente abancinane nabakhulu kwinkqubo yorhulumente.

ICandelo 1, iCandelo 3 loMgaqo-siseko limisela iimfaneleko ezintathu zabaLawuli: i-senator nganye kufuneka ibe neminyaka engama-30 ubuncinane, kufuneka ibe ngummi wase-United States ubuncinane kwiminyaka elithoba edluleyo, kunye nommi (ngexesha lonyulo) welizwe afuna ukulimela. Ezi mfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuba abaquququzeleli banokukhula, amava, kunye nonxulumano lokwenene ne-atmosmes amele i-at.

Igama le-senate yiminyaka emithandathu kwaye amagama ashukumiseka ukuze malunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo sinyulelwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Ukungaqiqeki kwala magama kulungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zombini izihlalo kwilizwe elinikiweyo azizange zikhuphiswe kunyulo olunye ngaphandle kokuba izithuba eziphakathi zigcwalisiwe. Le ndlela idala ukuqhubekeka kolawulo nozinzo, ithintela utshintsho olugqithisileyo kumalungu eBhathene enokuthi iphazamise umsebenzi womthetho oqhubekayo.

Igunya lomthetho leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso

IBhunga kunye, neNdlu yeQela kunye neNdlu yeMigaqo-siseko inegunya phantsi kweCandelo Elinye ukuze yenze lidlule okanye yoyise umthetho wesizwe. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ifuna omabini amagumbi ukuvumela iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze ityikitye. Le nkqubo ye-badamaral iqinisekisa ukucingisiswa ngokucokisekileyo nokuthintela ukumiswa komthetho ngokungxama.

Noko ke, amagunya owiso-mthetho eNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso anezithintelo ezithile zomgaqo-siseko. IMqulu ka-Claus eMgaqo-siseko unika ukuba "Zonke iindleko zokunyusa iNgeniso zivele kwiNdlu yabameli". Ngenxa yoko, iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ayinawo amandla okusungula irhafu exhobisayo. Eli lungiselelo libonakalisa inkolelo yabaseki bendlu yokuba igumbi elinoxanduva oluthe ngqo kubantu kufuneka balawule irhafuthe.

IBhunga leNdlu yeNdlu yabameli linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho karhulumente. Abaququzeleli bangawangenisa amatyala, bawaxoxisa, bawavote, bawarhoxise, bavote kuwo. Ukuze babe ngumthetho, ityala mali malimkelwe yiNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yoMphathiswa lize lityikitywe nguMongameli. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba kukho imintlu yemintlu yempinda kunye nengxoxo phambi kokuba umthetho ube ngumthetho.

Amandla Amacebiso Nemvume: IZindululo ZobuMongameli

Elinye lawona magunya abalulekileyo eNdlu yeeNtlanganiso abalulekileyo kukuqinisekiswa kokumiselwa komongameli. UmGaqo-siseko unika umongameli "azakuba ngumongameli, kwaye ngokuhambelana neSiluleko seBhunga, uza kumisela amanxusa, abanye abaPhathiswa nooNontlalo, aBagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, nabo bonke abaphathi beUnited States... (ICandelo 2, 2). Eli gunya linika iNtsimbi yeCandelo impembelelo epheleleyo kuqalo lweSebe loMgaqo-orhulumente kunye nelomphathi.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso belisoloko likhusela ngekhwele igunya lalo lokuhlola nokuvumela okanye ukugatya abo bamiselwe umongameli kwimigaqo yesebe elilawulayo neyokugweba. Le mbopheleleko yezomgaqo-siseko isebenza njengohlolo olubalulekileyo kumandla omongameli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izikhundla ezingundoqo zikarhulumente zizaliswa ngabantu abanokumelana nokuvavanywa nokubonakalisa ubuchule.

Inkqubela yokuqinisekisa

Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-minenee ingumbandela wokuqala wokuchotshelwa kwetyala phambi kwekomiti yeBhunga. Emva koko, ukutyunjwa kuqwalaselwa yiBhunga elipheleleyo. Ngexesha lokuchongwa kweekomiti, abaququzeleli bathandabuza ngeemfaneleko zabo, amava, intanda-bulumko egweba, nezikhundla kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Ezi ngxoxo zinika uluvo olucacileyo kwaye zivumela uluntu ukuba lufunde ngabantu abanokuba basebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo likarhulumente.

Uninzi lwabameli luyaqinisekiswa; noko ke, kwinani elincinane lamatyala nyaka ngamnye, iikomiti zeBhunga leNtlanga yeeMpahla aziphumeleli ngokuzimiseleyo ukuthatha inyathelo lokuyivala. Ukongeza, umongameli ngamanye amaxesha ususa igalelo xa kubonakala ngathi akanakuqinisekiswa. Ngenxa yoku, ukuchaswa okucacileyo kwabantu abakwi-ofisi yeBhunga akuqheleki. Kodwa, isisongelo sokungafunwa sisebenza njengempembelelo enamandla elawulayo kwimibango yomongameli.

Ukuba i-comminee uqwalaselwa kumgangatho weBhunga, isiqinisekiso sakhe sifuna kuphela ivoti elula, kodwa impikiswano iyaphikisana. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngeli xesha kufuneka amavoti angama-51 kuphela ukuze kuqinisekiswe, abaququzeleli bangabandakanyeka kwingxoxo ebanzi ngee-nominee eziphikiswayo, ezinokuba zilibazisa okanye zizenze zibe nzima inkqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Imbali Ethetha Ngegunya

Inxaxheba kweBhunga leNtlanganiso ekumiselweni kwavela njengolalanisa ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko. Abanye abaxhasi baxhasa ukuba umongameli abe namandla okumisa akhethekileyo, ngeli xesha abanye baphikisa ukuba eli gunya lihlale ngokupheleleyo neNdlu yeeNgwevu. Inkqubo ephumelayo, efuna ukuba kubekho ubungangamsha bobumongameli kunye noqinisekiso lweNtlanganiso, ibonisa ulungelelwano phakathi kwezi mbono zikhuphisanayo kwaye zisebenza njengomnye umzekelo weengcebiso kunye nolungelelwano olwakhelwe kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-U.S.

Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano sobuGcisa: Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi kumgaqo-nkqubo waMany

IBhunga leNtsimbi lenza impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe waseMelika ngamandla ayo okuvumela izivumelwano. UmGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga igunya lokuvuma, ngezivumelwano ezizii-3 ezimbini, ezenziwe lisebe eliphetheyo. Le mfuneko ibalaseleyo iqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zixhaswa ngokubanzi phambi kokuba iUnited States yenze oko.

INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi iye yagatya izivumelwano ezimbalwa kakhulu eziye zaqwalaselwa, nangona ezininzi ziye zafa kwiikomiti okanye zarhoxiswa ngumongameli. Isisongelo sokungafunwa kweNdlu yeeNtsimi zokulwa ngokufuthi siphembelela ukuthethwa kwesivumelwano, njengoko oomongameli kufuneka baqwalasele enoba banokuyikhusela kusini na imivoti efunekayo yokuqhathwa.

Kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, izivumelwano ziphathwa njengeendleko: zibhekiswa kwiKomiti yeMasipala, apho zinokuqwalaselwa zize zixelwe khona. INdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala ingacinga ngesivumelwano esisemgangathweni phantsi kwemigaqo efanayo esetyenziswa ukubeka umthetho. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba ii-3 ezimbini zabacholi-ontara abavumayo ukuba isivumelwano sigunyazwe. Lo mqobo ubonakalisa umbizane wozibonke kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zinenkxaso eqinileyo kwi-bipartisan.

INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi isenokulungisa isivumelwano okanye ithathe iinguqu kwisivumelwano. Kwakhona umongameli usenokungena kwizivumelwano eziphezulu namazwe asemzini angenayo imvume yeNdlu yeeNdlu. Izivumelwano zolawulo oluPhezulu ziye zaxhaphaka kakhulu ekulawuleni kwale mihla, zivumela oomongameli ukuba baqhube inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle ngobuchule obungakumbi ngoxa iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi zinegunya kwizivumelwano ezisemthethweni.

Amandla Okunganqweneli: Ukuba Nembopheleleko Kumagosa

IBhunga leNtsimbi linegunya elipheleleyo lokuqhuba iimvavanyo zokungavumelani, njengendlela enzima yokususa amagosa karhulumente aziphatha kakubi. IBhunga leNtlanga linegunya lokuqhuba iimvavanyo ezinzulu, ngokusisiseko lisebenza njengejaji kunye nomgwebi. Ukususela ngowe-1789 iBhunga lizame amagosa asekuhlaleni angama-20, kuquka oomongameli abathathu. Eli gunya libonakalisa indima yeBhunga njengomlondolozi wengqibelelo noxanduva.

Indlela Ukunikela Okusebenzayo

Igosa liyanyanzelwa xa indlu ivota ukuvuma inqaku lokunganconywa. Indlu ngoko ithumela amanqaku agwebayo – kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, elizenza libe lilungu lenkundla yabachopheli. Indlu yabameli isebenza njengomtshutshisi, inikela ubungqina nezimpikiswano zokususwa, ngoxa iNdlu yeNdlu yamatyala inikela umgwebo ngabom.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso liba neemvavanyo zokugweba xa iNdlu yabameli ikhupha igosa lesizwe, elinjengoMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye abagwebi. Indlu yeNtlanga isebenza njengenkundla yabachobi, iNtloko enguMphathi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo elawula ityala. I-3 ezimbini zovotelo kwiBhunga kufuneka zishenxise igosa elingatyushwanga eofisini. Le mfuneko iphezulu iqinisekisa ukuba ukususwa eofisini kufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okungaququququzeli.

Ukuba umntu ogxekwayo ufunyanwa enetyala, yena okanye angasuswa eofisini aze alelwe ukuba aphinde abe kwisikhundla sikarhulumente. INdlu yeNtlanganiso ayinako ukunyanzela nasiphi na esinye isohlwayo, kodwa umntu usenokuvavanywa kwiinkundla ezithe rhoqo. Lo mda uqinisekisa ukuba ukubhalisa kusebenza njengesicombululo sezobupolitika sokuziphatha okubi okusemthethweni kunokuba kube sisohlwayo sezaphuli-mthetho.

Iolibuster Nendawo Entle: Iinkqubo Zendlu Ekhethekileyo

Enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeMikhosi yeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeNtshona Koloni, ubuchule beprocessical obuvumela ingxoxo ebanzi kwaye bunokuwuthintela ngokunempumelelo umthetho othintelayo. I-Relibuster ijongwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona mpawu zibalaseleyo ze-processical. I-Filibuster iquka nayiphi na indlela yokusebenzisa i-dibratic okanye ubuchule bokuvala umlinganiselo ngokuthi inqande ukufika kwivoti. Ukunokwenzeka kwe-Picibbusterss ikhona ngenxa yokuba imithetho yeNtsimbi ibeka imidalo encinane kumalungelo eSenator kunye namathuba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Imbali Ephucukileyo

I-filbuster yayingeyonxalenye yenkqubo yeBhunga. Ubuchule bokubandakanyeka kwingxoxo engenasiphelo badalwa ngengozi xa iNdlu yeQela yazinzisa incwadi yayo yolawulo ngo1806 yaza yasusa amandla okuvala ingxoxo kunye nokuzisa umbandela obekiweyo kwivoti, eyaziwa ngokuba "kususa umbuzo ongaphambili". Yaqala njani ukujongana neyona nkqubo yeBhunga eliphikisanayo neziphumo.

Ngo1917, ngokunxunguphalisa okunyukayo nangokubongoza kukaMongameli Woodrow Wilson, abaququzeleli bamkela umthetho (Umthetho weSenete 22) owavumela iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuba ivuselele ikhubaza kwaye ithintele ingxoxo ngevoti yoninzi olubini oluthathu. Olu tshintsho lwenzeka emva kweqela leeNdlungunda eziqengqeshiweyo zomthetho wokuxhobisa iinqanawa zorhwebo kubusuku bemfazwe yehlabathi I, nto leyo eyayibangela ungquzulwano ebantwini.

Ngo1975, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zanciphisa inani levoti efunekayo kwizangqa ezibini ezithathu zee-senetas zokuvota kwisithathu sesithathu samalungu akhethiweyo kunye nesifungo, okanye 60 kwikhulu lee-senator. Olu tshintsho lwenza kwaba lula uklomelo lwe-60-yokuphelisa ama-filibbuster, nangona umnyango owe-60 ombango obalulekileyo umele umqobo obalulekileyo womthetho omkhulu.

Indlela Okusebenza Ngayo Ukuthungatha Namhlanje

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunyusa ihlwili kufuna ukuvota okuphezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo 60 kwi100 Senators) kwaye, kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukwenza oko akupheli ulwazelelelo kodwa kubeka kuphela umda wexesha. Oku kuthetha ukuba nasemva kokuba ihlwili liceliwe, ingxoxo iyaqhubeka ixesha elilinganiselweyo phambi kokuba ivotel

Kuthotho lwemizekelo eyamiselwa ngo-2013 nango-2017 nguDemocrates kunye noRiphabliki, ngokulandelelana, iNdlu yeQeqesha yachaza kwakhona uMthetho XXII ukuze utyumbo lufuneke kuphela uninzi olulula ukucela igalelo. Olu tshintsho, oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ukhetho lwenyukliya," lushenxise i-filikbuster ukwenzela amasebe alawulayo kunye nezicwangciso zezomthetho, kuquka abagwebi beNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukuze kube lula ukuba oomongameli bazali bazali baphumeze iindawo ezingundoqo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-nvilibuster, eyakhe yagcinwa kuphela kwiimbambano ezidala impikiswano, kwanda ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje eWashington ekwandeni kwemimandla ehlala abantu abahlala apho eNtshona Koloni. Kuye kwakho amavoti angaphezu kwama-500 okuphelisa i-nfiblicbuster ukususela ngowe-1917; ngaphezu kwesiqingatha ebekho kwiminyaka eli-12 edlulileyo. Oku kuphinda-phinde kwavela impikiswano eqhubekayo yokuba i-Nenkingbuster ikhusela amalungelo amancinane okanye ivumela izithintelo.

Ulawulo nophando oluseluxongweni

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo okulawula nokuqinisekisa, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi inegunya elibalulekileyo lokuvelela amasebe aphetheyo kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. IBhunga liye lahlola ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwesebe eliphetheyo(//yaye kwezinye iindawo kwibutho lamaMerika) (ukususela ngowe - 1792. Imfuneko yokuphanda ngengqungquthela iseyinto ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni urhulumente nokufundisa uluntu.

IBhunga, njengeNdlu yeNdlu, liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo kunye namasebe karhulumente. Abaququzeleli bangacela inkcazelo, bavike amatyala, baze bahlolisise imicimbi efuna umdla kawonke-wonke, kuquka ihambo embi karhulumente kunye nokufuna ukuphunyezwa komthetho. Lo msebenzi wokujonga izinto uqinisekisa ukuba umele uphendule kwaye ucace kwimisebenzi karhulumente.

Iikomiti zeStenate zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulo msebenzi wobuveleli. IBhunga lisebenzisa iikomiti ngeenjongo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuhlolisiswa kwamatyala kunye nokungamela kwesebe elilawulayo. Ngokuchongwa kweekomiti, iiqumrhu zesebe eliphetheyo zingawabuza amagosa aphezulu, imigaqo-nkqubo yeesebe, zihlole ukuba kukho ubugwenxa obunokwenzeka. Olu phengululo lungakhokelela kwienguqu zomthetho, iinguqu kwiinkqubo zoorhulumente, okanye kwanabangcaphephe beengcaphephe.

Ukwakhiwa kokhokelo lweBhunga

Isakhiwo sokhokelo lweBhunga loMphathiswa sahluke kakhulu kweseNdlu yabameli. UMongameli onguMongameli osisiGqiqe waseUnited States uza kuba nguMongameli weNdlu yeeNtsimi yeNtsimbi kwaye unegunya lokulawula intlanganiso yendlu yowiso-mthetho, nokuba uvote kuphela ukwaphula iqhina lokubulala. Le ndima yeBhunga lesiseko inika uMongameli unxibelelwano olungqalileyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho, nangona kusenziwa oko, oomongameli bobuKhosi bamagunya abanqabileyo ukuphatha ishishini leBhunga leNqilamla.

UMgaqo-siseko ugunyazisa iBhunga ukuba likhethe umongameli wexesha elingaphambili (ngesiLatini elithetha "ummeli kangangexesha elithile"), olawula igumbi kwigumbi lomongameli ongekhoyo kwaye, ngokwesiko, umphathi weqela elininzi onengxelo ende yenkonzo eqhubekayo. Njengomongameli ongumongameli, umongameli uProfere akasoloko engamela kwiBhunga, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo uthuma umsebenzi wokongamela igosa elinomphathi-mikhosi ophethe iNdlu, odla ngokuba ngoovimba beyure enye kwisiseko esijikelezayo.

INkokeli yeQeta, nangona ingakhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko, iye yaba yeyona ndawo inamandla kwigumbi. INkokeli yeMajor ilawula ucwangciso lomthetho lweNdlu yeQela, igqiba ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezifikela phantsi ukuze kuxoxwe ngazo, kwaye incokola neqela elincinane kwimicimbi yenkcubeko. Inkokeli encinane isebenza njengommeli oyintloko wenkcaso kwaye isebenzela ukukhuthaza ezomthetho zeqela labo.

IiKomiti zeNtlanganiso: Imisebenzi Yamahashe Emithetho

Umsebenzi omninzi weBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso wenzeka kwiikomiti, apho umthetho uhlolwa, ulungiswe, kwaye uxoxwa ngaphambi kokufikelela kumgangatho weNtlanganiso epheleleyo. Ukutyunjwa kwamalungu ekomiti kwenziwa ngokusesikweni yiBhunga lonke, kodwa kunyulwa amalungu enziwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika. Ikomiti nganye yeBhunga leNgoma kunye nekomiti encinci ikhokelwa ngusihlalo, ngokuqhelekileyo ilungu leqela elininzi.

Iikomiti zeState zinemithetho elawula imimandla ethile, enjengeenkqubo zamanye amazwe, iinkonzo zezezimali, izezonyango, kunye neenkqubo zezeejaji. Ezi komiti ziqulathe iindlebe ukuze ziqokelele ulwazi, ziqhube amaqumrhu aphetheyo, zize zimisele umthetho phambi kokuba zithunyelwe kwiBhunga elipheleleyo. Izabelo zeekomiti zifunwa kakhulu, njengoko zinika abaquququzeleli abanobuchule kwimiqathango ethile kunye nempembelelo kumthetho ochaphazela imigaqo yabo.

Inkqubo yeekomiti ivumela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtloko ukuba ikwazi ukusingatha umsebenzi wayo ontsonkothileyo. Kunokuba iqumrhu ngalinye libe yingcaphephe kwinkupho nganye, ikomiti ivumela ukuhlaziywa nokuhlolisiswa okukhethekileyo komthetho ocetyiswayo. Iikomiti zikwanika amathuba okungeniswa kolwazi lukawonke-wonke, ukunikelwa kolwazi olungoonolwazi, nokucaciswa kwinkqubo yemithetho.

Indima YeBhunga lamagunya emfazwe

IBhunga lomGaqo-siseko linika iNgqungquthela igunya elikuphela kwelokuvakalisa imfazwe. IBhunga liye lavakalisa imfazwe ngezihlandlo ezili-11, kuquka isindululo salo sokuqala semfazwe neGreat Britain ngo-1812. Ingqungquthela yavuma ukubhengezwa kwayo okuthe ngqo kwemfazwe ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngoxa iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yemikhosi isebenzisa eli gunya neNdlu, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni imfazwe noxolo.

Ukususela ngelo xesha iye yavuma ukugunyazisa ukusetyenziswa komkhosi yaye iyaqhubeka ibumba inkqubo yomkhosi wase-United States ngokuthetha nokuvelela. Le ndaleko ibonisa iinguqulelo kwindlela yokubotshwa komkhosi waseMerika, nakoomongameli ngokuqhubekayo bethembele kwimvume yokusetyenziswa komkhosi kunokuba bavakalise imfazwe ngokusesikweni.

Isivumelwano seNdlu yeeNtsimbi sikwadibanisa amandla okuphelisa imfazwe, njengoko izivumelwano ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe zibandakanya izivumelwano zomkhosi, ulawulo lwezixhobo, kunye nezibophelelo zokhuseleko. Ngokugunyazisa kwayo nokubeka iliso kubaphathi, iNdlu yeNdlu igcina impembelelo eqhubekayo kwinkqubo yomkhosi, ukusetyenziswa kwemali yokuzikhusela, kunye nehambo yemisebenzi yomkhosi.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Indima yomGaqo-siseko weBhunga

IBhunga neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMidlalo inika uhlolo kunye nolungelelwano kumasebe alawulayo nagwebayo orhulumente. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa ithintela naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni amandla agqithisileyo nokukhusela imigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Amagunya eBhunga ahlukeneyo asebenza kunye ukuvelisa iingongoma ezininzi zokuphendula. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe, impembelelo yeBhunga elisebenza kwizikhundla ezingundoqo zikarhulumente. Ngokudibanisa, ibumba inkqubo yamanye amazwe. Ngokuvavanya, ibeka amagosa etyala ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Ngomthetho nangolawulo, inyanzela abameli abalawulayo ukuba basebenze ngaphakathi komthetho.

Le ndima idibeneyo yenza iNdlu yeQela ibe lilungiselelo elibalulekileyo kulawulo-moya lwaseMelika. Ngokungafaniyo neNdlu yabameli, eyayenzelwe ukuba iphendule ngakumbi kwiimvakalelo eziqhelekileyo, iNdlu yeQela yayinenjongo yokuba ibe liqumrhu elizinzileyo, inike uzinzo nokuqwalasela ngenyameko izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo. Amabinzana amade eminyaka emithandathu kunye namajelo akhuthuza agqumayo asuka kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika ezikhawulezileyo, abavumela ukuba bathathe iimbono ezithe ngqo kwimicimbi yesizwe.

Amagunya Enkqenkqeza phambili ECandelo

IBhunga linegunya lokuqeqesha amalungu alo, ukugcina ingqibelelo yequmrhu kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Icandelo I, lecandelo 5, lomGaqo-siseko wase-United States linikela ukuba indlu nganye yeBhunga i "liwachase amalungu ayo ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga, kwaye, ngokuvumelana kwama-3-3, likhuphe ilungu." Ukususela ngowe-1789 iBhunga liye lagxotha amalungu ali-15 kuphela. Eli gunya, nangona lingafane lisetyenziswe, lingasebenza njengesikhuselo esibalulekileyo kwihambo engafanelekanga ngabaquququzeleli.

I-Censure luhlobo loqeqesho olusetyenziswa yiBhunga leNdlu (ngamanye amaxesha elibhekiswa kulo njengesohlwayo okanye ukugxeka). Intetho esesikweni yokungamkholisi, isohlwayo asimsusi ummeli eofisini. Ukususela ngowe-1789 iBhunga ligwebe isithoba samalungu alo. I-Censurease imela isikhalimo sikawonke wonke esinokonakalisa igama lengini kunye nempumelelo ngaphandle kokulisusa.

INdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye neNkqubo Yoqingqo - mali

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqingqeni uqingqo-mali nokwenza izicelo zemali zesizwe. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ufuna ityala lengeniso ukuba livele kwiNdlu, iNdlu yeQela inegunya elilinganayo lokusebenzisa umthetho kwaye iyakwazi ukutshintsha iindleko zentengiso zendlu. Eli gunya linika impembelelo eqinileyo kulawulo lwamaqumrhu kunye nolwabiso lwemali.

Inkqubo yohlaziyo yohlaziyo ifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka yolungelelwano lweziko ifuna kuphela ivoti elula kwaye ayinako ukukhutshwa. Oku kunxaxhi kwiinkqubo zeNdlu yeNtlanganiso eqhelekileyo kuvumela umthetho othile onxulumene noqingqo-mali ukuba udlule ngevoti ezingama-51 kunokuba ube ngama-60 afunekayo ukoyisa i-firebuster. Ukubuyisana kuye kwabaluleke ngakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengendlela yokumisela utshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo kwiBhunga elikwindawo engaphandle.

Ngegunya layo lokuchaza, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso inokuba nempembelelo kwezona ziphambili kwisebe elilawulayo, kwiinkqubo zemali okanye ezihlaziyiweyo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yokuyila. Inkqubo yonyaka yokucaciswa inika amathuba athe rhoqo okuvelela nokulungisa iinkqubo zesebe, ilenza libe sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphembelela isebe elilawulayo.

Ukuvela Kwendlela Yokhetho

Ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-1789 de kube ngowe-1913, abaququzeleli bamiselwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kumazwe abo azimeleyo. Le nkqubo yabonisa umbono wabaseki beNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi njengomela oorhulumente kunokuba bamele abantu ngokuthe ngqo. Noko ke, ixhala lenkohlakalo, izikhululo zikarhulumente ezibotshelelwe urhulumente, kunye nokuphendula ngedemokhrasi kwakhokelela ekufuneni utshintsho.

ISevententh Amendment, eyavunywa ngowe-1913, unyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso oluguquliweyo ngokusisiseko ngokufuna unyulo oluthe ngqo oluqhelekileyo lwabaququzeleli. Olu tshintsho lwenza iNdlu yeQela yaneedemokhrasi yaneedemokhrasi yaza yanoxanduva olungakumbi kubavoti, nangona yaguqula iimpawu zesiko kunye nolwalamano lwalo noorhulumente. Namhlanje, unyulo lweNdlu lweNtlanganiso luphakathi kwezona zigadiswe ngokusondeleyo kwaye zibiza imali eninzi kwimilo yelingo yelingo yelingezo esoloko ibandakanya iqaqolo eliphakathi lemilo yokhuphiswano.

Impembelelo Yendlu Yezigwebo

Mhlawumbi akukho gunya leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso linempembelelo ehlala ixesha elide kunokuqinisekiswa kweejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ingakumbi amajaji aPhakamileyo. Abagwebi bamaPhondo basebenza kwii-arhente zobomi bonke, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kubumba izigwebo ezihlala izizukulwana. Icebiso leNdlu yeeNdlu ze-Canvi liyinika impembelelo emandla kwiinkundla zesizwe nokuchazwa komthetho-siseko.

Ukuvunywa kwetyala kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kuye kwaba ziziganeko ezinkulu zezobupolitika, ngokuhlolisiswa okunzulu kweentanda-bulumko zokwahlulela, imigaqo yangaphambili, kunye nezikhundla kwimibandela ephikiswayo. Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi yokuchasa abalawuli asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola imigudu yomongameli yokuphinda afumane ijaji, nangona ukupheliswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kuye kwenza ukuba kube lula ukungqinwa kwe-ibhelee-amnei.

Ngapha koko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo, iNkundla iqinisekisa amakhulu eejaji zesithili nenkundla yetyala. Aba bagwebi basingatha uninzi lwamatyala karhulumente kwaye baphumeza indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni nasekusebenziseni umthetho wesizwe. Ngaloo ndlela amandla okuqinisekisa adlulela ngaphaya kwamadabi eNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-profile ukubumba lonke icandelo lephondo.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

IBhunga lanamhlanje lijamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi oluchaphazela amandla alo okufeza imisebenzi yalo yomgaqo-siseko. Ukukhula kwentsebenziswano yezobupolitika kuye kwenza i-bipartis yaba nzima, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwesixhobo esiphambili kwimibandela emininzi. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweNdlu yeQela kuphakamise imibuzo yokuba ingazicombulula ngokunempumelelo na iingxaki zesizwe okanye enoba imithetho yenkcubeko yenza ukuba izenze zikwazi ukuphazamisa iingcinga ezincinane.

Ingxoxo ngotshintsho lwe-finbuster iyaqhubeka isahlula abaququzeleli kunye nabaqwalaseli bezobupolitika. Abaxhasi bokuphelisa okanye ukuguqula i-monilbuster baphikisa ngelithi yenza izithintelo ezincinane zize zithintele iNdlu yeeNgwebo ekuphenduleni ukuthanda okuthandwayo. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi i-monilbuster ikhusela amalungelo amancinane, ikhuthaza ukulalanisa, kwaye ithintela umthetho ongxamisekileyo. Le ngxoxo ibonakalisa imibuzo esisiseko ngendima yeBhunga eMelika nendima yolawulo-demokhrasi kunye nolungelelwano phakathi komthetho omninzi nokhuseleko oluncinane.

Umelo olulinganayo lweNdlu yeeNyanga, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi, luye lwabangela ingxubusho. Njengoko umahluko phakathi koluntu phakathi koorhulumente ukhula, isakhiwo seNdlu yeeNtsimbi sithetha ukuba abameli beNyanga bamele iqaqo eMelika bangavala umthetho oxhaswe ngabaququzeleli abamela uninzi. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nomelo lwedemokhrasi, nangona ukuyilwa kweBhunga leBhunga kuzakufuna ukutshintshwa.

Indima yeBhunga kwizivumelwano zolawulo

Ngoxa iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu kufuneka zinyanzeliswe ngokusemthethweni, oomongameli baye bathembela ngokungakumbi kwizivumelwano eziphezulu ezingafuni mvume yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ezi zivumelwano zivumela oomongameli ukuba baqhube inkqubo yangaphandle ngobubhetyebhetye obungakumbi, kodwa kwakhona ziphakamisa inkxalabo ngokujongelwa kombutho wombutho kunye nokulungelelana kwegunya kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe. IBhunga liyakwazi ukumisela izivumelwano ezilawulayo, nangona linokusebenzisa ukuvalwa, nokuchongwa, kunye nomthetho wokuphembelela ukuphunyezwa kwazo.

Le ntsingiselo kwizivumelwano zegunya ibonakalisa utshintsho oluphangaleleyo kulawulo lwamaMelika, abalawuli begunya elikhulu elingahambelaniyo nelomntu omnye kwimigaqo yangaphandle. Amandla esivumelwano seNdlu yeNdlu yeQela ahlala ebalulekile kwizivumelwano ezingundoqo zezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa izivumelwano zegunya eliphetheyo ziye zaba sithuthi esiphambili kumalungiselelo amaninzi ehlabathi jikelele.

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Bafanele Bayikhathalele IBhunga

Ukuqonda amagunya eBhunga kunye neenkqubo zeBhunga kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Izigqibo zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukususela kwimpilo nemfundo ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho. Abaphathi baqinisekisa abagwebi abachaza imithetho, izivumelwano zokuxhasa ezibumba ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye bamisela umthetho omisela izinto eziza kuqala noxakeko lwemali.

Abahlali bangaphembelela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ngovota, ukuqhagamshelana nabo, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwetyala likawonke-wonke, nokubandakanyeka ekumangaleleni. Unyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso lunika amathuba okuba abachongi baphendule ngevoti nangeendawo zabo. Phakathi konyulo, unxibelelwano oluququzelelweyo lungaphembelela izikhundla zabaqu ekulindeleni umthetho kunye nokungangeni komthetho.

Indima yeBhunga ekuqinisekiseni abagwebi namagosa aphetheyo esebe ithetha ukuba unyulo lomongameli lukwanentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi weBhunga. Iqela elilawula iNdlu yeeNtsimi zeNtlanganiso linganceda okanye lithintele ucwangciso lomongameli, lenze ukuba iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ilawule into ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni kweMelika.

IBhunga Kwinkqubo Yomanyano

Umelo olulinganayo lweBhunga lubonisa urhulumente waseMelika. Ngokungafaniyo neNdlu yabameli, apho umelo lusekelwe kubemi, iNdlu yeeNyanga inika urhulumente ngamnye ilizwi elilinganayo kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani bayo. Esi sakhiwo sasibalulekile ekukhuseleni inkxaso karhulumente omncinci womGaqo-siseko kwaye siyaqhubeka sibumba imicimbi yezobupolitika yaseMelika.

Indima yeBhunga leNtsimbi isongezelele ngaphaya kokumelelwa. Ngamagunya ayo ahlukeneyo, iBhunga lisebenza njengendawo apho izilangazelelo zikarhulumente zinokucaciswa khona zize zikhuselwe. Abaququzeleli basoloko bexhasa inzuzo yezoqoqosho, ufako lomkhosi, iprojekthi zesizwe, kunye nenkqubo ephambili. Lo melo lusekelwe kurhulumente uphelelisa ukumelelwa kwabemi beNdlu, ukudala inkqubo ye-bimeral elingana nemigaqo eyahlukileyo yomelo.

Ukukhangela phambili: Ikamva leBhunga

Njengokuba ibutho lamaMerika kunye nezobupolitika ziqhubeka ziguquka, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ijongene nemibuzo eqhubekayo ngendima yayo kunye neenkqubo zayo. Ingxoxo ngotshintsho lomntwana, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa, kunye namandla eNdlu yeeNyanga okulungisa iingxaki zesizwe aya kuqhubeka. Ubuchule besi siko bokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yayo yomgaqo-siseko buza kubumba ulawulo lwamaMelika kwiminyaka ezayo.

Amagunya eBhunga elikhethekileyo kunye neenkqubo zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yemikhosi yelizwe ziyenza ibe sisakhiwo esahlukileyo kurhulumente waseMelika. Indima yayo ekuqinisekiseni amagosa, ekuqiniseni izivumelwano, ekuqhubeni iimvavanyo zokungagunyaziswa, nasekudluliseni umthetho kunika impembelelo eqinileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe. Iingxilongo kunye nolungelelwano ezinikayo kumandla alawulayo kunye nezomthetho zihlala zibalulekile kulawulo lwesiseko.

Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda urhulumente waseMerika, ulwazi lwamandla kunye neenkqubo zeBhunga leNtsimbi lubalulekile. Izigqibo zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zibumba ulwalathiso lwesizwe, kwaye abemi abanolwazi bangathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi xa beqonda indlela esi siko esibalulekileyo esisebenza ngayo. Nokuba ngaba ngovotelo, ngobuchule bobungangamsha, okanye ngokulula nje ukuhlala benolwazi, abemi bangabandakanyeka kumsebenzi weBhunga kwaye baqinisekise ukuba liphumeze iimbopheleleko zalo zomgaqo-siseko ngokunempumelelo.

Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi kurhulumente adlulela ngaphaya kokuvota okulula kwemithetho. Ngamagunya ayo akhethekileyo omgaqo-siseko `ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa, ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano, ukuvavanya ukunyanzelisa, nokuphatha iBhunga elisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu kunye nequmrhu elinenkululeko elilawulayo elilawula inkqubo yesizwe. Ukuqonda la magunya kunceda abemi bamazwe ukuba baqonde indima ephambili yeBhunga kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika kunye nokubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo nolawulo-nyuko olumisela ukwenziwa kwalo kunye nolwalathiso.

Ulwazi oluninzi olumalunga namandla kunye neenkqubo zeNdlu yeQembu, tyelela i-website e-U.S.. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho nendlela iindleko eziba ngumthetho ngayo, uphanda ubuncwane IChonerfev[. ISiko somGaqo-siseko somGaqo-siseko wesizwe [[] inikezela ngezinto ezintle ezisisiseko zomGaqo-siseko wamandla eHlu kunye neenkqubo ezibanzi zovavanyo kunye neemali.