Ulwakhiwo lukarhulumente lubumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumanzi owaselayo ukuya kwindlela oqhuba kuyo kunye nezikolo oya kuzo abantwana bakho. Ukuqonda indlela eyahlukeneyo imisebenzi karhulumente okungeyondlela nje yokuqhuba imfundo, kwaye kuxhobisa abemi ngolwazi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kuluntu lwabo, bathethele utshintsho, baze bagcine amagosa anyuliweyo ebeke ityala. Umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente, ukusuka kwikomkhulu lesizwe ukuya kwibhunga ledolophu, unamandla neembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo ezichazwa ngumthetho, isithethe, kwaye ngokufuthi umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindima zorhulumente, urhulumente, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, indlela abadibana ngayo, kunye neengxaki ezinokuvela kwingingqini elungeleneyo yegunya labo.

Imboniselo yamanqanam karhulumente

Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi kunye nemali yorhulumente, urhulumente usebenza kwimida emithathu eyintloko: urhulumente worhulumente (okanye wesizwe), urhulumente (okanye iphondo), kunye nommandla wasekuhlaleni. Umgangatho worhulumente usingatha imicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe, njengenkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nemali. Urhulumente ulawula imicimbi ekwingingqi, kuquka imfundo, ezothutho, kunye nezempilo kawonke-wonke. Urhulumente wommandla (‘orhulumente wesizwe, oomasipala, oomasipala, amaphondo, kunye namaphondo akhethekileyo) ajongene nemicimbi equluntluntlukwano, inkqenkqele, kunye neenkonzo zamapolisa. Ulwando oluchanileyo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokomzekelo, iUnited States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo olubalulekileyo, nangona ingurhulumente wolawulo oluphezulu kumazwe orhulumente basembindileyo.

Urhulumente OsisiFrentshi

Urhulumente wesizwe ungowona mgangatho uphakamileyo karhulumente kwinkqubo yorhulumente yorhulumente. Amandla akhe adweliswe ngokungakumbi kwiimeko zeSigqeba esiphakamileyo okanye uxwebhu olufanayo. EUnited States, Icandelo I, Icandelo 8 lomGaqo-siseko lidwelisa amagunya athile anikwe iKhomishini, kuquka negunya lokulawula ushishino lwamazwe, ukubhengeza imfazwe, kunye nemali yemali. Amandla omanyano athe achazwa ngokubhekele phayaa kwimiqathango yeNkundla ePhakamileyo (umz., [[FLT: 0]MCulloch v. Maryland[FLT: 1]] ukumisela amagunya aqikelelwayo. Urhulumente ufikelele kuwo onke amazwe, ama-50, amangingqi, kunye noorhulumente, kwaye umele ukuba kufune imilinganiselo yesizwe okanye ulungeleniso lwe-omda yesizwe.

Amandla Karhulumente Womanyano

  • ulawulo lwelizwe kunye norhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe - Oku kuquka urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, urhwebo namazwe asemzini, nolawulo loshishino ngeenqanawa, lonxibelelwano, kunye norhwebo lwemali. ICommerce Claus ibingumthombo oyintloko wegunya lorhulumente.
  • ukulungiselela ukhuselo lwesizwe nemicimbi yamanye amazwe – urhulumente wezwe ugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, uthethana ngezivumelwano, umisela oothunywa, kwaye umela uhlanga kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
  • Ifaka imithetho yokufuduka neyokwemvelo – Kuphela ngurhulumente wesizwe onokuthi amisele imithetho yokuba ngubani onokuthi angene kwelo lizwe, abe ngummi, okanye agxothwe. Ama-United States angasebenzisana kodwa akanakuyila eyawo imithetho yokufuduka.
  • Ukuqokelela imali kunye nokulawula imali – IMint yase U.S. ivelisa iingqekembe, iBureau of Engraving kunye noshicilelo loshicilelo lwemali yephepha, kwaye iFederal Reserve ilawula inkqubo yemali.
  • Ukukhupha ubhahlo, uxwebhu, kunye nemithetho esemthethweni - Imithetho kazwelonke ye-UNIX kwezi ndawo ithintela umsebenzi wemithetho karhulumente edityanisiweyo enokuthi ithintele urhwebo lwesizwe.

Iimbopheleleko zikaRhulumente woManyano

  • Ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe – Ngesebe Lokhuselo, Ukhuseleko Lomhlaba, kunye namaqumrhu obuchule, urhulumente worhulumente ukhusela kwizinto ezisongela amazwe angaphandle nawasekhaya.
  • elungiselela imithetho nemigaqo yesizwe – amaqumrhu aMazwe aManyeneyo (umz., EPA, FDA, OSHA) ayila kwaye anyanzelise imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga.
  • Izakhono zikawonke-wonke ezifana noKhuseleko loNtlalo-ntle – urhulumente wezwe uqhuba iinkqubo ezingundoqo eziquka uKhuseleko loLuntu, iMedicare, kunye neengenelo zamava, ezifuna ulawulo lwesizwe.
  • Ukuqulunqa ulawulo lwamanye amazwe – ISebe leRhulumente lilawula iziphathi-mali, amagunya, kunye nolwalamano lobuzwe, ngelixa umongameli esebenza njengomphathi-zwe oyintloko.
  • Ukugcina inkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yelifa lesizwe – iinkundla zoMasipala zichaza imithetho kazwelonke nomGaqo-siseko, ukusombulula iimpikiswano ezinqamleza imigca yesizwe okanye ezibandakanya imibuzo karhulumente.

Iityala zokuchitha imali ezimele ikota enye ye-U.S.DP, ezibonisa isikali soxanduva lwayo. Ukuchaza iinkcukacha ezingakumbi ngendlela umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. owabela ngayo amagunya orhulumente, tyelela i- i-Anstitution Anoted[ enikezelwe yiThala leencwadi leBhunga.

Urhulumente

Oorhulumente belizwe eUnited States kunye nezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisebenza phantsi kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko wabo, onokuthi unike amagunya awongezelelekileyo angaphaya kwalawo agcinwe kumagunya akwiSihlaziyo seshumi. Oorhulumente belizwe banegunya elibanzi kwimicimbi enganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente ngokuphandle, kuquka amagunya amapolisa .() amandla okulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kawonke wonke. Bakwasebenza njengeebhetritri yolawulo-demokhrasi, ukuzama ukusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko enokuthi kamva yamkeleke kumgangatho wesizwe.

Amandla Karhulumente

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imigaqo yemfundo elawulayo – iUnited States imisela imigangatho yohlelo lokufundisa, iimfuno zogcino-lwazi, kunye nemigaqo yokufumana isatifiketi. Imimandla yasekuhlaleni izalisekisa ezi migaqo-nkqubo, kodwa ichaza iindlela zokulawula kunye novavanyo.
  • izibonelelo zemeko zombuso – iUnited States yakha kwaye igcine iindlela, iibhulorho, amazibuko, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke, ngokufuthi ngezipho zikarhulumente kodwa phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente.
  • Ukubona impilo nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke – amasebe ezonyango kaRhulumente agunyazisa izibhedlele, ulawulo lwevenkile zokutyela, kunye nokulawula uphando lwezifo. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anyanzelisa imithetho yezithuthi aphengulule ulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Ukusungula imithetho nemithetho yesizwe - Amazwe amisela imithetho kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, impahla, izivumelwano, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nobuchule bokusebenza.
  • Inika unyulo lomgangatho karhulumente – iUnited States imisela iinkqubo zokuvota, izoba izithili zowiso-mthetho, kunye neziphumo zokugunyazisa iziphumo zonyulo lwe-ofisi zikarhulumente norhulumente (zixhomekeke kulawulo lorhulumente).

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente

  • Ukuphumeza imithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente – amaRhuluneli namasebe karhulumente aphumeza imimiselo edluliselwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ukusuka ekuqokelelweni kwerhafu ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume.
  • Ukuqinisekisa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezifana nezithuthi kunye nonyango – iUnited States iqhuba iiyunivesithi, iqhuba iinkqubo zeMedicaid, ipaki zikarhulumente, kwaye isebenzisa i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa.
  • Ukulungiselela iirhafu zikarhulumente – Ukuhlawula iirhafu, iirhafu zentengiso, iirhafu zenkampani, kunye nemisebenzi yerhafu karhulumente.
  • Ukuqulunqa unyulo – iibhodi zonyulo zikaRhulumente zibhalisa abavoti, zisasaza iibhola, kwaye zilawule iindawo zokuvota. Ngo-2020, amazwe avelisa iirekhodi ezizizigidi eziyi 158.
  • Ukudibanisa noorhulumente basekuhlaleni – iUnited States inika irhafu kwizixeko kunye nobalo, imida, kwaye inika uncedo lwemali kunye nobugcisa kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente baye basebenza ngokukhulayo kwiindawo apho inyathelo likarhulumente liye lavala. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aye adlulisela imithetho yawo yezogcino-lwazi, unyuko lwemivuzo encinane, kunye nemiyalelo yamandla acocekileyo. INgqungquthela yeSizwe yoRhulumente yaMasipala inikela ushwankathelo olunzulu lwamandla karhulumente kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho.

Urhulumente Wangaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balumgangatho osondele kakhulu kurhulumente wabantu. Bayindalo yeli lizwe, hayi yezixhobo ezizimeleyo, yaye amagunya abo asuka kwimithetho-siseko karhulumente, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho-siseko. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bavela ngeendlela ezininzi: imimandla, izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophu, imimandla yesikolo, isithili semfundo, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo (umz., amagunya amanzi, imimandla yomlilo). Iimbopheleleko zabo zisekelwe kwiimfuno ezikhawulezileyo zengingqi, ukusuka kwimilato yezo yezo nqanawa ukuya kwinqanawa yokwahlulwa kwezo.

Amandla karhulumente wasekuhlaleni

  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo lwemithetho yokwahlula kunye nomhlaba kusetyenziswa[ – iibhodi zocwangciso lwengingqi zigqiba ukuba impahla ingasetyenziswa njani/ngeyiphi na, yezorhwebo, yezoshishino, yezoshishino,/imvume yokwakha.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ukwenziwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye neenkonzo zomlilo – amasebe amapolisa kaMasipala anyanzelisa imithetho kunye nemithetho karhulumente yasekuhlaleni; amasebe omlilo anika impendulo yongxamiseko kunye nokuthintelwa komlilo.
  • Ukuveza imfundo kawonke-wonke wasekuhlaleni – iibhodi zeSikolo zilawula iK-12 yemfundo, abaqeshi boomphathi, kwaye zicwangcisa uqingqo-mali ngaphakathi kokhokelo lwesizwe.
  • [[UMHLA] Ukugcina iipaki zikawonke-wonke kunye nokuzonwabisa – oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba imidlalo, amaziko emidlalo, amaziko oluntu, kunye namathala eencwadi.
  • imvume yokukhupha iimvume zoshicilelo kunye nemvume [[FLT: 1] – Ishishini, abanikazi bezilwanyana, kunye nabaphuhlisi basoloko befuna iimvume zasekuhlaleni zokusebenza okanye zokwakha.

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwahlula imithetho yasekuhlaleni kunye nemimiselo - iMithetho yengxolo, ukupaka, inkunkuma, kunye nolawulo lwezilwanyana inyanzeliswa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ichaza iinkonzo eziyimfuneko ezinjengolawulo lwenkunkuma – ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, kunye nonyango lomda wenkunkuma kuxhaswe ngamasebe asekuhlaleni asebenza kuwonke-wonke.
  • Iquka unyulo lwasekuhlaleni – amagosa onyulo asekuhlaleni ajonge ugqatso lukamasipala, amanyathelo okuchola, kunye nonyulo olukhethekileyo lwesithili.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukudibanisa namalungu oluntu ukuze afumane impendulo - Iiholo zeDolophu, iibhodi zokhuphiso, kunye namaxesha okugqabaza kawonke-wonke avumela abemi ukuba baphembelele izigqibo zasekuhlaleni.
  • Iirhafu zepropati kunye noqingqo-mali lwengingqi – irhafu yempahla ngumthombo oyintloko wengeniso kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni; izigqibo zoqingqo-mali zichaphazela izikolo, amapolisa, kunye neendlela.

Umahluko woorhulumente basekuhlaleni uyamangalisa. I-U.S. Censureal Bureau ichaza amaqela karhulumente asekuhlaleni angaphezu kwama-90 000, ngalinye elineengxaki zalo zolawulo kunye nolawulo. Ukutshona okunzulu kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunye nezenzo ezingcono, uManyano lwesizwe lwezixeko[[FLT:] lunika oovimba kunye nophando.

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqondo karhulumente

Akukho mgangatho karhulumente osebenza ngokuzimela. Babelana ngamagunya, oovimba, kunye neembopheleleko ngemiba entsonkothileyo yolwalamano lwamarhulumente. Le ntsebenziswano isoloko ibizwa ngokuba “yi-athorical commentalis" ngenxa yendima enkulu yenkxaso-mali nenkxaso-mali. Iirhulumente zilungelelanisa imida enqamleze imida elawula indalo, njengokhuseleko lwentlekele, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha. Noko ke, ulwalamano alusoloko lusebenzisana; ungquzuzulwano oluphezulu, ukuxhasa ngemali, kunye nokuzikhulula kuxhaphakile.

IFederalism neGawulayo

Urhulumente wengingqi unika amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka ukubeka irente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngenkxaso-mali. Ezi zibonelelo ziza ngeendlela ezimbini: izibonelelo ezipheleleyo (ezineemeko ezingqongqo) kunye nezithintelo (ezinokuthamba). Umzekelo, uMdicaid yimvume epheleleyo efuna intlawulo engqinelanayo. Iindleko zomanyano zidla ngokufaka imali kumasebe esizwe eemisebenzi yezothutho kwimisebenzi yezondlela yasekuhlaleni. Ngokujika, la majelo adlulisela imali ethile kwimisebenzi yobalo nezixeko. Oku kuqukuqela kwemali kudala i-[7]: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kurhulumente norhulumente abanoxanduva olubalulekileyo lwemali yabo, ngoxa urhulumente exhomekeke kurhulumente kwi-R3 yempilo nemfundo.

Ulwandiso kuLawulo lweMbali

Iintlekele ezifana neenkanyamba, imililo etshayelela umlilo, kunye nezifo ezifak ’ isandla zifuna zonke izandla emgangathweni. Urhulumente worhulumente ukhokela nge-FEMA, urhulumente unika amandla amasebe abo olawulo lwexesha likaxakeka, kunye nabokuqala abaphendulayo basekuhlaleni basemhlabeni. Le nkqubo idityanisiwe kwiNational Reformation Framework kunye neStafford Act. Ngexesha leSitshingitshane iHarvey ngo-2017, urhulumente, urhulumente, namagunya asekuhlaleni alungelelanisa ukufuduka, ukukhangela nokuhlala kwe-odolokhwe. Ngokufanayo, isibetho se-CHOVID sabona inkxaso yemali yesizwe yokusasaza isitokhwe, imiyalelo yempilo karhulumente yomgangatho kawonke, kunye neendawo zokuvavanya.

Inyathelo lokuyalela nokwabelana ngemithetho

  • [[FLT: 0] Imfundo – Isebe Lemfundo Yonke Eliphumeleleyo limisela iinjongo ezibanzi, kodwa lichaza inkqubo yokuphendula kunye nengingqi eziqhuba izikolo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umgaqo wesiseko – IEPA inika imiqathango yesizwe, kodwa amazwe angakwazi ukuzalisekisa izicwangciso zawo zomoya ococekileyo (ngokuvunyelelwa kwe-EPA) njengoko abaninzi besenza phantsi koMthetho wococotho loMmoya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imali efumana ingeniso ephezulu - – Irhafu yerhasi yezwelonke ixhasa iNgxowa-mali yeNkxaso Ephakamileyo Yokholo lwaseNtlanganiso; amazwe neendawo zihambelana nemali kwaye zigqibe ukuba zeziphi iprojekthi eziza kuqala.
  • Impilo ye- i-Public – Ngexesha lengxaki ye-opioid, iinkqubo zonyango zikarhulumente ezixhaswa ngemali, umisela iinkqubo zokuhlola amayeza kagqirha, kunye namasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni enza amaphulo okukhusela.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Kulawulo Lwamaqonga Ahlukahlukeneyo

Ngeli xesha intsebenziswano ephakathi kwesebe, ikwabangela ungquzulwano.

Inkcitho yeSebe

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko bejongene “nemiyalelo engavunywanga""--imfuno emiselwe ngumthetho karhulumente okanye karhulumente ngaphandle kokuxhasa ngemali. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ziinkonzo zemfundo ezikhethekileyo phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo wezemfundo owenziwe ngabantu ngabanye (IDEA), iKhomishini ethembise ukuxhasa iindleko ezingamashumi amane% kodwa ezisoloko zingenaxabiso. Ngokufanayo, amazwe asenokufuna imimandla yesikolo ukuhlangabezana novavanyo lwemiqobo ngaphandle kokunikezela koovimba bongezelelwe. Le miyalelo iyakwazi ukucutha uqingqo-mali kunye nokunyanzeleka korhwebo phakathi kweenkonzo.

Ukubekwa kweliso phezulu nokukhuthuzwa

Ngomgangatho omninzi karhulumente obandakanyekileyo kummandla omnye wenkqubo, i-ifficiencies ingavela. Ngokomzekelo, zombini i-ovential Protection AProvinces zorhulumente nezoMgaqo-nkqubo wokuKhuselwa kweNzaliseko-ntle yokuLawula amanzi; uhlolo-ndlela kunye namaphepha angenayo anokudida amashishini. Kwizomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, kurhulumente, abatshutshisi besizwe kunye norhulumente basenokuba banegunya kulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo lokuthengisa iziyobisi, nto leyo ekhokelela “kukumangalelwa koburhulumente obuthi bunzima obumalunga nengozi obuphindiweyo.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Ukwahluka kwamaqela ezobupolitika alawula imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente kungakhokelela kwingxabano. Urhulumente angakwala ukuzalisekisa inkqubo karhulumente, okanye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni “owakhe" ngokwawo achasene nemithetho yezothutho. Le ngquzulwano idla ngokuphelela enkundleni, idala ukungaqiniseki kunye nenyathelo elilibazisayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yangenelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuchaza imida karhulumente, karhulumente, kunye namandla asekuhlaleni, evelisa iquluko lomthetho ozivelelayo kwisizukulwana ngasinye.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela ulawulo lwamazwe, urhulumente, kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo. Kodwa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo i-arhente-enye ibalulekile kunyuso lwabami. Umgangatho ngamnye unamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko, nto leyo, kunye, eyila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokuthe tyaba nathe nkqo. Oku kusigxina kulawulo kuvumela abantu bajongene neemfuno zoluntu ngeli xesha besangenelwa kumanyano lohlanga kunye nobuncwane. Kodwa inkqubo ayibalulekanga ngaphandle koxanduva: inkxwaleko, iimfazwe zokuphelisa imfazwe, kunye nokudibanisa izithuba ezifuna ukuxilonga nokuzinzisa. Ngokufunda ezi mandla, abafundi nabafundisi bayakwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle ukutshintsha okunzima kolawulo, ukuxhasa ngokunempumelelo izilangazelelo zabo, kwaye ifak ’ isandla kwidemo-demokhrasi esabelayo. Ukuba ngaba uvota kwibhodi yesikolo okanye ubhala kwilungu lembutho-Bhunga, umgangatho wolawulo lwe-ongqwene.