Ukusasazwa kwamandla negunya kuluntu asiyonto ingaqhelekanga kodwa ngamandla amakhulu asoloko evuselela intsebenziswano yentlalo, izakhiwo, kunye nombutho ngamnye. Ukusuka kwingingqi yobume bengingqi ukuya koorhulumente besizwe, umbuzo wokuba ngubani olawulayo usisiseko sokuqonda indlela ezenziwe ngayo izigqibo, oovimba ababekiweyo, kwaye imigaqo yemithetho iyanyanzeleka. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukungqubana nezi ngcamango kubalulekile ekukhuliseni ubumi obunengcungela nokuqonda iindlela ezichuliweyo zegunya elisebenza ngokugqithisileyo, ngamanye amaxesha ngokungabonakaliyo. Oku kuhlolisisa indlela ejikelezayo yamandla negunya, ukuhlolisisa iinkcazelo zabo, intelekelelo, kunye nemizalelo eqhubekayo echaza ubomi babantu.

Ukuchaza Amandla Negunya

Amandla negunya zisoloko zisetyenziswa ngokutshintsha-tshintshana, kodwa zimela iingcamango ezingafaniyo zentlalo. [[FLT:] amandla ngumandla okuphembelela okanye ukunyanzela abanye ukuba basebenzise amandla abo, kwanangokuchasene nokuthanda kwabo. Ingasetyenziswa ngenkani, ukunyanzela, okanye ukuphatha. ububele [[[FLT:]], ngokwahlukileyo, ngubuchule obusemthethweni okanye obuqhelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwebutho. Ubuchule bokulawula intlalo. UMax Weber waziwayo ngobuchule obuthathu obunyulukileyo: igunya eliqhelekileyo (elisekelwe kwisiko kunye nejikelezomdla), igunya elisekelwe kumthetho wobuqu), kunye nolawulo olusemthethweni (ngokusekelwe kwimithetho eqinileyo kunye nenkqubo). Oku kuhlala kuqwalaselwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwizithethe zale mihla, kusoloko kucekiswa, kusetyenziswa, kwaye kusetyenziswa ukuthobela, ukusetyenziswa komthetho, kuluncedo, ngenye imiyalelo, nangona kusetyenziswa naxatyiselwa, kuthenjiswe, kusetyenziswa, kusetyenziswa ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa, uku

Iintlobo Zamandla Kubantu

Izazi ngengqondo yezentlalo nezazinzulu zezobupolitika ziye zafumanisa iintlobo eziliqela zamandla asebenzayo kwibutho labantu.

  • [[NTL:0] Amandla aqhutywayo: Le ndlela ixhomekeke kuloyiko, isohlwayo, okanye kwisisongelo sengqeqesho. Kuluntu, amandla okusebenza kunye angasetyenziswa ngokunyanzelisa umthetho, ukukhutshwa kwentlalo, okanye izigwebo zezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, amandla omnini-ndlu okugxotha abaqeshi okanye amandla karhulumente okunyanzela abarhwebi ukuba bafumane intlawulo ezintle imihla ngemihla.
  • Amandla avunyiweyo: Ukukwazi ukunikela izikhuthazo /imali, ukunyuselwa, ukuxhaswa, okanye ukufikelela kwimithombo yoluntu. Kwizikolo, abafundisi- ntsapho basebenzisa amandla okuvuza ngomlinganiso kunye nokudumisa. Emsebenzini, iibhonasi kunye nokubaluleka zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo. Amandla omvuzo angakhuthaza intsebenziswano kodwa angenza ne-DEM.
  • Umkhosi onegunya: Waziwa njengamandla esikhundla, oku kufumaneka kwindima okanye isiqu somntu esisesikweni kwiqela lenqanawa. Igosa lamapolisa, ijaji, okanye intloko-ntloko inegunya elisemthethweni elimkelwa nguluntu. Olu hlobo ludityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwigunya kwaye lusoloko ludityaniswe kwimithetho okanye kwimimiselo.
  • Amandla agqithisiweyo: ngokusekelwe kuncomo, intlonelo, okanye ukufanisa. Iinkokeli zerharha, oozwi, nabadala bengingqi basoloko benawo amandla agqithisileyo ngenxa yokuba abantu bafuna ukubaxelisa okanye ukubakholisa. Martin Luther King Jr., umzekelo, babenegunya elikhulu elisekelwe kwigunya lokuziphatha nedini lobuqu.
  • Amandla e-Expert: Ivela kulwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuchule, okanye ubuchule. Oogqirha, onjineli, kunye noonjingalwazi banegunya lobuchule kwimimandla yabo. Kwingingqi, amandla obuchule anokubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimiba enjengempilo, imozulu, okanye ubugcisa.
  • Amandla olwazi: Luhlobo oluncinci olubalulekileyo kodwa olubalulekileyo, amandla olwazi avela ekulawuleni i-data, izibakala, okanye iingxelo zamanani. Kwixesha lamanani, abo bagcina iindaba, abalawula ialgorithm zezentlalo-ndaba, okanye abalawula ukufikelela kulwazi olunyanga lungabumba iinkolelo kunye nezigqibo zoluntu.

Igunya Kulawulo

Izakhiwo zolawulo zezona ziphambili apho igunya limiselwe khona kwaye liphikiswa. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika zisasaza amandla ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, zichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda ekukhanyiseni abalawulayo nendlela eligcinwa ngayo okanye elicelw'ingeni.

Iinkqubo Zedemokhrasi

Kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, igunya lisekelwe ekuvumeni kwabalawulwa. Amandla asetyenziswa ngabameli abanyuliweyo, kwaye abemi bahlala benelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo ngovotelo, ngokukhetha, nangokubhalisa. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Unyulo oluthe rhoqo, olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo oluqinisekisa ukuba uya kuphendula.
  • Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi esekelwe kumgaqo - siseko.
  • Ukuxilonga nokulinganisela phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo, owiso - mthetho, nawamatyala ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxinezeleka kwamandla.
  • Inkululeko yamaphephandaba nebutho labantu elikhutheleyo elijonga izenzo zikarhulumente.

Noko ke, ulawulo-demokhrasi aluthintelwanga ekungalinganini kwamandla. Ukungalingani kobutyebi, ukuphembelela, kunye nokucinezela abavoti kungenza umgangatho ofanelekileyo wokumela into efanayo. Ngokomzekelo, iUnited States, iye yabona iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngotshintsho lwezemali lwephulo kunye nokuqhatha, okubonisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwemigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye nezinto eziluncedo.

Umbhali

I-odolialiaism inikel ’ amandla inkokeli enye okanye iqonga elincinane, ithintela ubuninzi bezobupolitika nokwahluka. Iempawu ziquka:

  • Abalawuli basoloko belawula ngonaphakade xa bengenalo unyulo okanye bengasanyuli.
  • Ukucinezelwa kwamaqela enkcaso, amajelo eendaba azimeleyo nemibutho yoluntu.
  • Ukuthembela kwimiqathango yokhuseleko karhulumente ukuze kunyanzeliswe ukuthobela nokohlwaya abantu abaphikisanayo.
  • Iingcamango ezixokayo nokulawula inkcazelo ukuze ihlale ingqinelana neengcamango.

Kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, igunya ligcinwa ngoloyiko nangokunyanzelwa kunokuba limiselwe ngokusemthethweni, nangona abanye oorhulumente bezama ukwenza ulwamkelo ngonqulo okanye ngobuchule bobuhlanga.

Iinkosi, iiTheocracies kunye neenkqubo zeHybrid

Ngaphezu kwedemokhrasi kunye nedemokhrasi, ezinye iintlobo zolawulo oluphezulu zikhona. Ii-modemon zomGaqo-siseko (umz., i-United Kingdom, iJapan) zidibanisa igunya elifuziselayo namaziko edemokhrasi. I-Theocracies (umz., I-Iran) ivetisi yegunya elipheleleyo kwiinkokeli zonqulo okanye kwiincwadi. Iinkqubo zeHybrid, ezifana nedemokhrasi, zidibanisa unyulo lwedemokhrasi nezenzo zobudemokhrasi. Inkqubo nganye ityhila iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo kumbuzo womntu olawulayo nendlela afanelwe ngayo amandla.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yeNtlalo

Asingorhulumente kuphela onegunya.

Indima Yemfundo

Amaziko emfundo anamandla okukhuthaza uluntu negunya. Awadluliseli nje ulwazi kuphela kodwa akwakhuthaza ukulawulwa kwamaqela entlalo nezithethe zenkcubeko. Abafundisi-mfundo banegunya elisemthethweni kubafundi, kodwa isikolo sidla ngokubunjwa ngamandla ezobupolitika nawezoqoqosho. Iimpembelelo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Uhlelo lwezifundo olufihlakeleyo: Imithetho nemilinganiselo engabhalwanga efundisa ukuthobela, ukugcina ixesha nokhuphiswano.
  • Ukuvavanya nokulandelela iinkqubo ezinokukhuthaza ukungalingani.
  • Izikolo njengeendawo zokuchasa, apho abafundi nabafundisi - ntsapho bacel ’ umngeni imigaqo ecinezelayo.
  • Ukukhula kwempembelelo yeenkampani zabucala neenkampani zobugcisa bemfundo ekulungiseni oko kufundiswayo.

Ngokomzekelo, iingxoxo ezingeengcamango zobuhlanga ezigxekayo kwizikolo zaseUnited States zibalaselisa indlela igunya lemfundo elichaswa ngayo, namaqela awahlukahlukeneyo azama ukulawula imbali nokwaziwa kwawo.

Imigaqo Yonqulo

Igunya lonqulo belisoloko lingundoqo kubomi boluntu. Iinkokeli zonqulo zinikela ukhokelo lokuziphatha, iinkonzo zoluntu, nokuziva uyinxalenye yoluntu. Noko ke, igunya lonqulo lisenokusetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukungalingani okanye ukuphelisa ukungavumelani. Iinkalo ezibalulekileyo ziquka:

  • Izakhiwo ezingoobhishophu: Igunya lobupopu leCawa yamaKatolika liphikisana nemizekelo yebandla kwiinkonzo zamaProtestanti.
  • Ukusebenzisana namandla ezobupolitika: Amaziko onqulo ngokufuthi aphembelela imithetho ehambisana neemfundiso zawo.
  • Imibutho ekhuthaza ukuma: Imfundiso yezakwalizwi yenkululeko eLatin America yasebenzisa igunya lonqulo ukuxhasa okusesikweni kwezentlalo.
  • Ukungakhathalelwa kwabantu: Kumazwe amaninzi anamhlanje, igunya lonqulo liye lancipha, kodwa lisenamandla kwimimandla ethile.

Igunya leze-media nelolwazi

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, amaziko eendaba aye aba ngowokuqala ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla olwazi. Iindawo zokuphuma kweendaba zesithethe, imigangatho yezentlalo-ntle, kunye nemithetho-siseko yemithetho-siseko igqiba ukuba ngawaphi amabali afumana udumo. Oku kuneziphumo ezinzulu zentetho yedemokhrasi. Imibandela engundoqo iquka:

  • Umanyano lwamajelo eendaba: Iinkampani ezimbalwa zilawula iindaba nokuzonwabisa okuninzi, zinikel ’ ingqalelo kwigunya kwiingxelo zikawonke - wonke.
  • Ukungafumani ulwazi kunye namagumbi eentloko: Inkcazelo yobuxoki inokusasazwa ngokukhawuleza, ibangele abantu bangabi nantembelo kwimithombo esemthethweni.
  • Ubujoni babemi nemithombo yezorhwebo: Igunya elipheliswe libangela ukuba abantu abangcayo bacel ’ umngeni ingxelo ebalaseleyo.

Isalathisi soLuntu neNkqutyana

Amandla negunya azizo nje kuphela eziphezulu. Iinkokeli zoluntu kunye nabaxhasi beengca badla ngokuphuma kwiingca ukuze bacel ’ umngeni izakhiwo ezimisiweyo. Aba bantu bafumana igunya ngokukholelwa kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ngokuphila, nangokuxhaswa ngoontanga babo. Iindima zabo ziquka:

  • Ukuthontelana kweqela labantu ukuze kutshintshwe imicimbi yoluntu ngokuqhankqalaza, ukuphangwa nokuphamba.
  • Amazwi acuthayo akhutshwayo kwimibutho yamandla.
  • Ukwakha amanye amaziko, anjengendawo yokuthembana kwebutho labantu, amashishini asebenzisanayo, okanye iinkampani zokuncedana.
  • Ukunxibelelana namagunya asemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho iinguqu ezikhoyo.

Intshukumo zangexesha elifutshane njenge Black Live Matter, ukuhlasela kwemozulu yomhlaba wonke okukhokelwa bulutsha, kunye namaphulo alwela amalungelo elizwe lemveli abonisa indlela igunya elinengca elinokumelana ngayo norhulumente kunye namandla eququzelela. Le ntshukumo isoloko isebenzisa udibaniso lwamandla agqithisileyo (inkokeli zezakha-lwazi) namandla olwazi (amajelo eendaba kunye namabali eentsholongwane) ukuze akhe ilungelo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lolawulo Negunya

Uhlolisiso lwembali lusenza siyiqonde kakuhle le misebenzi ichazwe ngasentla.

IMbutho yaMalungelo e-Ovinial (United States, 1950s-1960)

IKhunga lamaLungelo elikwiNtlanganiso yaBantu abaNtsundu eliNgqongqo lihlala lingomnye wemizekelo efundwayo yokungaxhathisi kobugxwayiba kwigunya lezequmrhu.

  • [[FLT: 0] uMartin Luther King Jr. - - Waxhasa ukungathobeli kwemiphakathi okungenabundlobongela, ezoba kwimfundiso yamaKristu kunye nentanda-bulumko kaGandhian. Igunya lakhe eliphambili nelemilinganiselo yokuziphatha laphefumlela izigidi.
  • [[NT.0] Rosa Parks – ukwala kwakhe ukunikezela kwisihlalo sakhe kuduladula iMontgomery kwabangela ukuba idemonthi yoduladula yosuku ezingama-381. Isenzo sakhe sokungathobeli sifuzisela amandla enkalipho nxamnye negunya lobudlelane.
  • MPALILK X – imela indlela yokungquzulana, igxininisa amandla okuzilawula nawoMnyama. Wabalaselisa imida yokungaphazamisi gonyamelo nemfuno yenkululeko yezoqoqosho neyopolitiko.

Le nkqubo yaphumelela kwiziphumo eziphawulekayo zomthetho, kuquka uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965. Noko ke, yakwatyhila ukukhuthazwa okunzulu kwezakhiwo zobuhlanga kunye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulingana kokwenene.

Iqela Lamabhinqa Elinesantya (19th·20)

Ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kwamabhinqa kubonisa indlela asemthethweni ngayo negunya elisemthethweni. Kangangeenkulungwane, amabhinqa ayengafunwa igunya elisesikweni lezobupolitika ngomthetho nangesiko. Umbutho wokuzimela ulwaphulo-mthetho wacel ’ umngeni oku ngokuzimela:

  • Inkokeli ezifana ne [[NT.[FLT:] .Anthony kunye Elizabeth Cady Stanton[[FLT: 3] ezilungiselelweyo iindibano, izibongozo, kunye namaphecana. UAnthony wabanjwa ngenxa yokuvota ngokungekho mthethweni, esebenzisa ityala ukupapasha injongo.
  • Izakhono zaziquka ukuqhankqalaza kwabantu abaninzi, ukubulawa yindlala (eBritani), nokungathobeli kwemithetho yabantu.
  • Eli butho ladibana nezinye izinto ezibangela ukuba kubekho okusesikweni, kuquka ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abasebenzi, kodwa kwakhona lajamelana nokwahlukana kwangaphakathi ngenxa yohlanga nodidi.

UMthetho - siseko we - 19 ohlaziyiweyo kuMgaqo - siseko waseUnited States, owavunywa ngowe - 1920, wawandisa ngokusemthethweni amalungelo okuvota kumabhinqa. ukanti, njengokuba imbali yalo mbutho ibonisa, iinguqulelo ezingokwasemthethweni azizenzeki ziguqule igunya lenkcubeko. Amabhinqa aqhubeka ejongene nemiqobo yempembelelo yezobupolitika kangangamashumi eminyaka.

IApartheid Movement (eMzantsi Afrika, 1948-19994)

Icalucalulo yayiyinkqubo yokubekwa kohlanga olunobuhlanga kunye nobukhulu obumhlophe obugcinwe ngamandla ombuso onxulumeneyo. Umbutho ochasene ne-aparad umela umzabalazo wehlabathi lonke nxamnye negunya lobugqwirha. Iziqalelo ezingundoqo:

  • [[NTL:0] Nelson Mandela - ekuqaleni wakhuthaza ukuxhathisa okungenabundlobongela, kodwa emva kweTrorfeville yokubulala, wadibanisa iphiko leSizwe sase-Afrika. Ukuvalelwa kwakhe entolongweni kwamenza waba luphawu lokuxhathisa, yaye kamva ukukhululwa kwakhe nomongameli wabonakalisa amandla ocamlo.
  • Ukumanyana kwezizwe ngezizwe: Abathathi - nxaxheba, abathathi - nxaxheba, nabagwebi banyanzela urhulumente wocalucalulo, bebonisa indlela ibutho labantu elisemhlabeni wonke elinokulicel ’ umngeni ngayo igunya lesizwe.
  • IKhomishini yeQiniso neyoNquliso: IPost-apartheid yaseMzantsi Afrika yazama ukuphendula ukuxhatshazwa kwangaphambili ngokulungisa okusesikweni kunokuba iphindezelele, inikela omnye umzekelo wokuguqula igunya.

Isiphelo: Ukuqonda Izinto Ezinamandla

Amandla negunya azizizinto ezingekho ngqiqweni ezifumaneka kwiincwadi zencwadi, `zizinto eziphila ngokwenene ezichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi boluntu. Ngokuhlalutya iintlobo zamandla, ulawulo, imibutho yentlalo, kunye nentshukumo yengca, sifumana uluvo oluchanekileyo lomntu olawulayo nendlela lolawulo olunokucelw'ishwa okanye luhlaziywe ngayo. Kubafundi nakubafundisi- ntsapho, olu lwazi sisixhobo sokuzibophelela ngokunenkcaba. Kusikhuthaza ukuba sibuze: Ngubani ongenelwayo kusasazo lwamandla? Ngoobani abaphulaphulwayo? Singaba na inxaxheba ekulungiseni okusesikweni nokungalinganiyo?

Ukufundwa kwamandla negunya ekugqibeleni kusisicelo sokuba ngummi okhutheleyo. Kusikhumbuza ukuba igunya, enoba kurhulumente, esikolweni, okanye kwintsapho, alikho ngokwemvelo okanye aliphepheki, ngoko ke lakhiwe ukuze liphinde lichazwe. Ngokuqonda ezi mpembelelo, sizenza sibe namandla kunye nabanye ukuba negalelo elinenjongo kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yobomi bedemokhrasi.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uphando lwe ngcamango kaMax Weber yegunya (efumaneka kwi [[FLT: 0] iEncyclopedia yeFilosophyia), umbhalo we U.S. umGaqo-siseko[ kunye nokupheliswa kwawo, kunye nohlalutyo lwembali lwemibutho yentlalo ukusuka kwi [[FLT:]]] Ingqameko yembali .