Amandla Oorhulumente

Abalawuli ngabaphathi-mikhosi abayintloko kumaphondo abo, abasebenzisa uludwe olubanzi lwemithetho-siseko, imigaqo-siseko, namandla angacwangciswanga abumba inkqubo yorhulumente kunye nolawulo. La mandla akaphelelanga kodwa ayilelwe ukwenza ulawulo olusebenzayo lo gama eshiye umgangatho wokuhlola amanye amasebe kunye nonyulo. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bolawulo lwegunya lorhulumente kubalulekile ukuze kuxatyiswe indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente.

Amandla wanika igunya

Owona mbuso usisiseko werhuluneli kukuqhuba nokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente. Oku kuquka ukukhokela abameli namasebe karhulumente, ukuzalisekisa izindululo zomthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikawonke wonke ziphunyezwa ngokwenjongo. Iirhuluneli zinegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo, ethwala amandla omthetho kwiimeko ezithile, ingakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko okanye xa kulawula imisebenzi yolawulo. Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela abalawuli ukuba baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiziganeko ezingabonwanga kwangaphambili ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphunyezwa komthetho. Zikwanamandla okuphinda zimisele amasebe aphetheyo esebe, aphantsi kogunya lemithetho-Rhulumente kumaphondo amaninzi.

Irhuluneli zinikwe imbopheleleko yokulungiselela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, oludla ngokuba lolona xwebhu lunempembelelo enkulu kumgaqo-nkqubo oveliswa nyaka ngamnye. Isindululo serhuluneli soqingqo-mali simisela izinto eziza kuqala, icebisa iinguqu zerhafu, kwaye inikezela ngezixhobo ezingaphaya kwemfundo, ezonyango, izibonelelo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, nezinye iindawo. Ngoxa ekugqibeleni indlu yowiso-mthetho ixhasa uqingqo-mali, izicelo zokuqala zerhuluneli zinegalelo kakhulu kwiziphumo zokugqibela. Kumazwe amaninzi, irhuluneli ingasebenzisa amandla okusebenzisa i-mente-ekhomba-e-transferto ukubetha izinto ezithile ezithe ngqo kwimali yohlahlolo-mthetho, inika ingxuluxa-mali ebalulekileyo ekuthelekeleni uqingqo-mali.

Amandla oMthetho

Ibamba inxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokuyintloko ngamandla. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho igqithisa umthetho, irhuluneli ingawusayina umthetho, iwuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino, okanye iveto. I-veto ithintela umthetho ukuba ungaqhubeki ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ihlanganisa uvotelo oluphezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo ii-32 kwigumbi ngalinye) ukuyilawula. Lo mqobo ukhuthuzo udla ngokuba nzima ukufikelela, ngoko ke i-gubernernalitalial chureto isisixhobo esinamandla sokuthintela umthetho owe yirhuluneli ephikisayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, abalawuli banayo iprojenti yeminxeba-o-omfo-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono, ibavumela ukuba bawulahle ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali eninzi.

Irhuluneli zingabiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zendlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba zicombulule imibandela engxamisekileyo ephakamayo xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingekho kwintlanganiso eqhelekileyo. Bamisela ucwangciso lweentlanganiso ezinjalo, baqwalasela ingxoxo kwimibandela ethile efana noncedo lwentlekele, uqingqo-mali olusilela phantsi, okanye utshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo. Abanye abalawuli nabo banegunya lokuzisa umthetho ngokwabo, nangona inkoliso yenkcazelo yemithetho ishiyelwa kwimimiselo yemithetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abalawuli basebenza ngokusondelelene neenkokeli zowiso-mthetho ukuhambisela phambili inkqubo yabo.

Amandla Okugweba

Ibamba lisebenzisa igunya elilinganiselweyo lobulungisa ngamandla obulungisa, aquka ukuxolela, ukukhupha iimpepho, nokuxolela ukuhlawuliswa kwemali. IPardons ixolela ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ibuyisela amalungelo asekuhlaleni, ngoxa i-compostations inciphisa isigwebo ngaphandle kokuphelisa isiqinisekiso. Amagunya anika ulibaziseko lokwexeshana kwisohlwayo. La mandla avumela abalawuli ukuba balungise okungekho sikweni, babonise inceba, okanye basebenzisane ngomthetho. Kodwa ke, i-clemonency iphantsi kwemiqathango: kwezinye iindawo, ibhodi ejongelwa phantsi okanye i-paradooce okanye i-oveagroff kufuneka ancome phambi kwezenzo zerhuluneli. Amandla e-clemency icureant, njengenterfsssss.

Kwakhona iiRhuluneli zimisela abagwebi kwiinkundla zephondo kumaphondo amaninzi, enoba ekuqaleni okanye ukuzalisa izigxina. Oku kumiselwa kubumba ngokuphawulekayo isigwebo iminyaka, njengoko abagwebi abamiselweyo besoloko besebenzisa izindululo ezinde kwaye kamva baqinisekiswa ngamaqumrhu abavoti okanye amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho. Ubuchule bokukhetha abagwebi bunika impembelelo engangqalanga kwiintanda-bulumko zomthetho neziphumo ezingomthetho.

Amandla Edinga

Isixhobo esigxekayo serhuluneli ligunya lokumisela amagosa kwizikhundla eziphambili kurhulumente wezwe. Oku kuquka oomatshini bobukhabhathi, iintloko zamasebe, iibhodi kunye namalungu othunyelelwano, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abagwebi. Amadinga avumela abalawuli ukuba bajikeleze namahlakani abo basebenzisanayo ulawulo lwabo kunye neengcali ezifanelekileyo. Umlinganiselo wamandla okumisa umahluko ngokwesizwe: kwezinye, irhuluneli imisela iintloko ezingundoqo zombutho; kwezinye, amanye amagosa anyulwa ngokwawo ngokwawo (umz., igqwetha jikelele, unobhala-mthetho) okanye unyulwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. I-mthetho ye-Galisa i-mthetho isoloko ibekwa phantsi kwegunya ukuba ikhuselwe ukuqinisekiswa ngurhulumente okanye ibhungamela-gosaventi, inikela uhlolo olunolwazi kwi-gcisa-ofisi.

Ngokumiselwa, abalawuli bangayiphembelela inkqubo yokulawula, ukunyanzelisa ukulondolozwa kwemekobume, imigangatho yemfundo, nezinye iindawo ezininzi. Bakwamisela namalungu kwiibhodi zesebe kunye neekomishini ezijonge ulawulo lwezifundiswa, izinto ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente kunye neenkqubo zemfundo ephezulu.

Amandla Eengozi

Ngexesha leentlekele zemvelo, iingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke, okanye iziphithiphithi zezoburhulumente, abalawuli banamandla ongxamiseko okukhusela ukhuseleko nocwangco lukawonke-wonke. La mandla aquka igunya lokuvakalisa ulawulo longxamiseko, ukulungiselela umkhosi wesizwe, ukumisela imithetho yokuphuma ekhaya, ukucwangcisa imiyalelo ethile, nokumisa imimiselo ethile. Irhuluneli ziyakwazi ukujolisa ubuncwane nemali kumazwe achaphazelekayo ngaphandle kokulinda ukuvunywa kwemithetho yomthetho. I-CHOVID-19 ibala elibalaselisa ngamandla ongxamiseko, njengoko abalawuli bekhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala ekhayeni, ukuthunga isigqubuthelo, kunye nokugawulwa kwemiqatha. Noko ke, amandla ongxamise ulawulo aphantsi komthetho, imidabalo yexesha lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kunye nolawulo lwemithetho-omthetho.

Ulungelelwano phakathi komsebenzi wolawulo oluphezulu okhawulezileyo nokuziphendulela ngolawulo lobudemokhrasi lusaqhubeka ingxoxo eqhubekayo kulawulo olungxamisekileyo. Iinkundla ziye ngamanye amaxesha zangenelela xa imiyalelo yongxamiseko icetyiswa njengemida egqithileyo emgceni okanye iphazamisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Imida Yamandla Erhuluneli

Ngeli xesha abalawuli besebenzisa igunya elinamandla, amagunya abo abotshelelwa ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, imiqathango engomthetho, iingqikelelo ezidibeneyo, kunye nezinto zeli zobupolitika. Le mida iqinisekisa ukuba akukho nkokeli inye enamandla kakhulu kwaye loo mlawuli uhlala esebenzisana kwaye enetyala.

Imiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaza ngokucacileyo umda kunye nemida yamandla ombuso. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi karhulumente uqulathe ukwahlulwa komgaqo-siseko wamagunya okwahlula irhuluneli ekwenzeni imisebenzi yemithetho okanye yokugweba. Irhuluneli ayinakuyidlulisa imithetho ngaphandle kokuphela; umthetho ufuna imvume ngawo omabini amagumbi endlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye, ukuba ithe yabekwa, i-moduratity enkulu mayibekwe endaweni yayo. Imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu mayibekwe kwimithetho ekhoyo okanye kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko-siseko.

IMigaqo-siseko ikwamisela imida yegama kubalawuli kumazwe amaninzi. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo ngumlinganiselo wexesha elibini (ukutshutshiswa okanye ubomi), nangona amanye amazwe emisela umda wemithetho emibini elandelelanayo elandelwa lixesha phambi kokuba kubuye uvuselelwe. Imida yegama ikhusela nabani na umntu ekubambeni iofisi ngokungenasiphelo, ekhuthaza ukujika kunye neembono ezintsha.

Imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kaMasipala iyasebenza: abalawuli abanako ukuvukela umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., imithetho karhulumente, okanye izivumelwano. Umzekelo, irhuluneli ayinakuyiphelisa imithetho yesizwe yokufuduka okanye iphazamisane norhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. ISupremacy Claus iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uyaqhubeka xa kuvela iimfazwe zikarhulumente norhulumente.

IiNkqutyana zoMgaqo-siseko

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe isebenza njengobunzima obuyintloko bokuphikisana namandla equarnator. IiLegislatures zingawususa umgangatho ophezulu we-gabernonatorial with ngokuvota okunamandla, ngokunempumelelo ukumiselwa kwemithetho engaphaya kokuchasa kwerhuluneli. Kwakhona zilawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe kwimeko yalo yokugqibela, ngelixa irhuluneli icebisa, i-controlmential. Amagunya angaphengulula izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, abambekelele amaxwebhu, kunye namangqina. Kwamanye amazwe, i-pane yowiso-mthetho-mthetho ingalubala ukumiswa kwe-graferatories, ikhanyele izigqi zezikhulu.

Amagosa angomthetho asenokumisela imithetho ethintela indlela yokulawula yerhuluneli, njengokufuna imvume yomthetho egunyazisayo engaphaya kwexesha elithile. Asenokumisela izindululo zomgaqo-siseko okanye ii-arhente ezimisela igunya lolawulo.

Ulawulo lwezomthetho

Iinkundla zinikela omnye umda obalulekileyo wamandla eenkqubo. Ijaji ingavakalisa izenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni okanye ngokwaphula imimiselo karhulumente. Umzekelo, ukuba irhuluneli ikhupha umyalelo wegunya ongaphezulu kwegunya elisemthethweni, amaqela achaphazelekayo angamangalelwa, kwaye iinkundla zingakhupha imiqathango yokuthintela ukunyanzeleka kwayo. Uhlolo lwejaji luqinisekisa ukuba amabamba asebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla zisombulula iinkundla phakathi kwerhuluneli nendlu yowiso-mthetho ethetha ngokwahlulwahlulwa amagunya.

Iirhuluneli azinakuphazamisana netyala okanye zigqithe izigwebo zenkundla. Ngoxa zinokunikela ingxengxezo engqongqo, eli gunya libekwa ngokungqongqo kwaye alinakusetyenziswa ukuvala okusesikweni okanye ukuzixolela kumaphondo amaninzi. Izicelo ezingezo zokulwa namabamba zidla ngokuqaliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye zivavanywe yinkundla ephakamileyo okanye inkundla ekhethekileyo yesizwe, igunyazisa ukubandakanyeka kwetyala.

IiNqamlezo eziManyeneyo

Urhulumente wesizwe ubeka imiqathango ebalulekileyo kubalawuli belizwe, ingakumbi kwiimeko zemali ezidityaniswe nemali karhulumente. Iinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente . "ezinjenge-Medicaid, ezothutho, kunye nemfundo] ngokunzima nge-dola karhulumente. Ukufumana le mali, iirhuluneli kufuneka zithobele iimfuno zikarhulumente, ezinjengokugcina imilinganiselo yokunganeliseki okanye ukubambelela kwimimiselo yemeko-bume. Ukungathobeli kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni yimali okanye ekusebenzeni ngokusemthethweni ngamasebe karhulumente.

ISebe leMithetho yeSigwebo laseUnited States lingase liwise umthetho wokwaphula imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Abalawuli abanako ukwahlukana nakancinane kwinkqubo karhulumente ukuba ukwenjenjalo kuchasene nomthetho okanye nezibophelelo zikarhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla zephondo zinegunya kwiingxelo zomGaqo-siseko, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente eziphazamisa amalungelo orhulumente zinokucelw ’ umngeni zize zitshatyalaliswe.

Ukungaqiniseki, Ukukhumbula, Nokunye Ukuphendula

IRhuluneli zifanele ukususwa kwisikhundla ngokungagunyaziswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, ilandelwe lukholoselo kumzimba wesizwe okanye olinganayo. Iziseko zokungagunyaziswa ziquka “ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungagunyaziswanga, ukonakala,” okanye ukutyeshelwa komsebenzi. Ukungagunyaziswa kungumcebisi onqabileyo kodwa onamandla ujongisiswe ngokuchasene neqaqobana leerhuluneli kwimbali yeMelika.

Amaphondo amaninzi ayaluvumela unyulo, apho abavoti banokucela ukususa irhuluneli phambi kokuphela kwegama labo. Khumbula kufuneka kuqokelelwe inani elibalulekileyo lotyikityo kwaza kwangoko kusenziwa unyulo olukhethekileyo. Bambalwa abalawuli abakhe bakhunjulwa, kodwa isisongelo sokukhumbula sinokunyanzela irhuluneli yezenzo. Ngaphezu koko, abameli bemithetho nemigaqo-siseko ezimeleyo bangahlola ukuziphatha okubi kwegunya kwaye bancomele ukugwetywa.

Indima Yokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isekelwe kurhulumente waseMerika. Ithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekulawuleni kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba igunya lisasazwa phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo, lowiso-mthetho, kunye namasebe agwebayo. Kwirhuluneli, uhlolo nolungelelwaniso luthetha ukuba kwanelona linegunya elinegunya elingqongqo kufuneka lithethe nendlu yowiso-mthetho, imigaqo yenkundla ehlonelayo, kwaye liphendule kunyulo. Esi sakhiwo sikhuthaza ukulalanisa, ukucazulula, nokuphendula kombuzo.

Ii-checks nolungelelwano lusebenza ngokuthe tyaba ngaphaya koorhulumente borhulumente worhulumente. Iirhuluneli kufuneka zilungelelanise nabanye abalawuli borhulumente ngemibutho enjenge iGatya lohlanga loMbutho , eyenza ukuba kubekho ulwazi olwabelanayo kunye nokungahambelani kolwazi kwezona ziphambili ezahlulweyo. Inkqubo karhulumente idala umboniso onamandla apho abalawuli basoloko belwela amalungelo exa kuxhomekeke kulawulo lorhulumente ngexesha elinye.

Ulawulo lwamihla le lufuna abalawuli ukuba bakhe imibutho kunye nabaququzeleli bomthetho, amaqela abantu abanomdla, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Irhuluneli engaluhoyi olu lwalamano luzibeka esichengeni iqhina lowiso-mthetho, imingeni yenkundla, kunye nolokuwiswa kwelo tyala. Imida yamandla e-gabernerator ayingomqobo nje kuphela kodwa ikwazimemo zokuncedisana, yenza urhulumente alawule inkqubo eqhubekayo yokuxolelwa nokuzivumelanisa.

Umahluko EMazweni

Amagunya nemida yabalawuli ayahluka kakhulu ngokwesizwe ngokweemeko ngenxa yokwahlukahlukana komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, izithethe zomthetho, kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika. Amanye amazwe anika abalawuli bawo amandla awo omelele ngendlela ekhethekileyo, ngoxa amanye echitha ngabom igunya phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo okanye amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho.

Ngokomzekelo, abalawuli baseNew York nase Texas banegunya elikhulu elilawulayo, kuquka amandla amakhulu eveto kunye nolawulo oluphangaleleyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, abalawuli kwamanye amazwe asezantsi banamandla abuthathaka ngokwendlela esesikweni kuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngokwembali ujolise ekubekeni umda wegunya elinegunya emva kokulungisa. [ii-Ballotia] izibonelelo zinika uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha lwamandla e-gabernratery anqamlezayo, kuquka imida, iquka iveto ededede kwimida, imida yomgca-veto efumaneka kuyo, kunye nemida yexesha.

Amanye amaphondo anyula abalawuli bawo phakathi okanye kumhla wonyulo, oluchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwerhuluneli kwezobupolitika. Irhuluneli enyulwe ngonyaka xa iqela eliphikisanayo lilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho ingajamelana neengxaki ezizingisileyo. Amanye aneenqanawa zephondo ezineenqanawa ezilawulayo eziziintloko ezithe ngxi nabasebenzi abanoqingqo-mali abaninzi, ngoxa amazwe amaninzi aneejaji zexesha elithile ezilawulayo ezilawula imisebenzi yempangelo nezinye iziqesho.

Amandla exesha lengxaki ayahluka: amanye amazwe afuna uvumo-mthetho emva kweentsuku ezimiselweyo, ngoxa amanye evumela abalawuli ukuba bandise izinto ezingxamisekileyo ngaphandle kwethuba. ICHOVID-19 ibhenca ezi zinto zingaqhelekanga, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho lowiso-mthetho kumazwe amaninzi ukuphinda kulungelelanise igunya longxamiseko.

Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zingafaniyo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ohlolisisa inkqubo karhulumente, oqikelela ukuba uziphatha ngendlela engaqhelekanga, okanye obandakanyeka ekusebenziseni i-athom. Iingqikelelo nezilinganiselo ezinyanzela irhuluneli kwelinye ilizwe zinokuba buthathaka okanye zomelele kwelinye, zichaphazela yonke into ukususela kwiingxoxo zoqingqo-mali ukuya kutsho kwintlekele.

Imeko Yembali Nendaleko

Amagunya ombuso aye atshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni kwe-United States. Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente wangaphambili wawudla ngokulawula kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye wanika abalawuli igunya elilinganiselweyo, elibonisa ukungathembani igunya lolawulo oluphezulu elizuzwe njengelizuzwe ngamava obukoloni. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba namashumi amabini, abalawuli ngokuthe ngcembe bafumana amandla angakumbi ngokulungisa umgaqo-siseko, iinguqu zomthetho, kunye nolwandiso lweembopheleleko zikarhulumente. INkathi Yexesha Lenkqubela Yokwenza inkqubela yabona utshintsho olwaqinisa ulawulo oluphezulu lwezwe, kuquka ukusungulwa kolawulo lweziko lolawulo lwamazwe, kuquka nokumiswa koorhulumente kunye nolawulo olulawulayo.

Kule mihla, abalawuli baye baba ngamagunya aphambili kwezobupolitika zikarhulumente, ngokufuthi besebenza njengemiqathango yokuguqula kunye nobuso bukarhulumente. Ukudodobala okukhulu, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, kunye nokurhoxa kolawulo lwezikhundla zolawulo. Namhlanje, iirhuluneli ziphembelela imigangatho yemfundo, ulwandiso lwezempilo, ulawulo lwemeko-bume, kunye norhwebo lwezibonelelo kunanini nangaphambili. Ukanti uxanduva olusisiseko phakathi kwegunya lesebe elilawulayo kunye nolawulo lwemithetho lusaqhubeka, kwaye izindululo ziyaqhubeka zinyusa ulungelelwano.

Isiphelo

Abalawuli banamandla kodwa babotshelelwe. Amagunya abo anikwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko , ukwenza imithetho yoqingqo-mali, ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali, ukumisela imithetho, ukumisela amagosa, ukunikezela, nokusingatha iimeko zongxamiseko(*) bavumele ukuba babumbe inkqubo yorhulumente baze baphendule kwiimeko ezinzima. Noko ke, la magunya athintelwe yimiqathango yemithetho-siseko, ii-ocesters zomthetho, ulawulo lomthetho, ulawulo lwezolawulo, ukunqandelwa kwemithetho, ukunyanzelelwa kwemithetho-mthetho, nokuziphendulela ityala kwezopolitiko. Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso lwezopolitiki iqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli abanakulawula kuphela; kufuneka basebenze ngemithetho yoomthetho, iinkundla, amasebe, nabantu abakhonzayo. Ukuqonda amagunya kunye nemidanti yemithetho eempumfama.