Ukwazisa: Indima esemgangathweni yamandla oMthetho kwimali echasene nemali

Imithetho elwa nemali esetyenziswayo elawulayo (AML) yenza isiseko sokhuseleko lwesizwe kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemali. Enyanzelweni yale migaqo-siseko ikhokelwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho ’ amandla okusebenza, nokucoca imithetho echaza imisebenzi engekho mthethweni, isohlwayo, kunye nemithetho yokunyanzelisa. Ngaphandle kwegunya elinamandla asemthethweni, imigudu yokufumana, ukukhusela, nokuvavanya imali engekho mandla asebenzayo kunye nokungaguquguquki. Imithetho ayibathathi baqwalaseli abagxeli-ntyelwa; ibumba imekobume esemthethweni apho amaziko ezoqoqosho, amaqulunqwenga, amaqumrhu, kunye nomthetho omthetho omthetho usebenza. Eli nqaku lihlola amandla axhamlathiswe yi-AML, iinkqubo zokusebenza ngawo loo mkhosi, iimbopheleleko ezihambisana noxandulo zihambisana noxandulo.

ISicwangciso soMgaqo-siseko sokuSebenza

Indlu yowiso-mthetho imisa ukwakhiwa okusemthethweni okuthi kusetyenziswe imali efunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokunikwa imiqathango yokulwa nayo. Esi sakhiwo siquka ummiselo oyintloko we-AML, imimiselo exhasayo, kunye neenkqubo zentsebenziswano zezizwe ngezizwe. Kwimiqathango emininzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho ichaza imali njengenkqubo yokufihla imvelaphi yemali efunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ngokufuthi ngothotho lwentengiso lwentengiso eyenza imali ibonakale isemthethweni. Izikofekethiso ezingundoqo ziquka ukufakwa (ukungenisa imali engekho mthethweni kwinkqubo yemali), ukukhomba (ukuqhuba intengiselwano enzima ukufihlwaywa kwemali ekhoyo ngokungekho mthethweni), kunye nokuhlanganisa (ukuguqula imali ekhuthuthwa ngokwemali esetyenziswa ngokwezoqoqosho njengezinto ezibonakala zisemthethweni).

Amalungu eqela eliphambili lommiselo

Imithetho idlulisela imithetho ethi:

  • Ulwaphulo - mthetho olugqithiseleyo lokurhwebelana ngemali luye luphangalalise netyala eliyintloko (elifana nokurhweba ngeziyobisi, ukunganyaniseki, ubuqhetseba nokuphepha irhafu).
  • Yenza imfuneko ezifunekayo kumthengi onyanzelekileyo (CDD) kumaqumrhu emali kunye namashishini angeyofashoni kunye nobugcisa (DNFBP).
  • Kufuneka unike ingxelo yentengiselwano ekrokrelayo kwigosa elisembindini, elinobuchule bemali (FIU).
  • Ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo yakho ekwaziyo isoli (KYC), kuquka uqinisekiso kunye nokujongwa okuqhubekayo.
  • Cebani izigwebo zokwaphulwa, ezisenokuquka intengiso, ukuphulukana nemali, ukuvalelwa entolongweni nokungafezeki kolawulo oluphezulu.
  • Yenza okanye umisele amaqumrhu ajongene nokugcinwa kwamagosa e-AML, njenge-FIUs, amaqumrhu aphetheyo, kunye neqela elikhethekileyo elikwimithetho esemthethweni.
  • Nika igunya elingokwasemthethweni lokuncedisana ngokusemthethweni ehlabathini lonke, ukunyanzelisa nokulungisa izinto eziluncedo.

Umzekelo, iBhunga laseUnited States lamisela uMthetho weBhanki weShibiliy Act (BSA) ngo1970, kamva omelezwe ngumthetho we-USA PARIOTT noMthetho we-Anti-Mali Laundering Act wonyaka wama-2020. Ngokufanayo, iPalamente neBhunga le-European Union lamkele uthotho lwee-AML derdified (ukuba yiSithandathu se-AMLD Directive) ilungu elithi lidlulisele i-Progilastiki kumthetho wesizwe. Ezi zenzo zowiso-mthetho zibonisa indlela isiseko se-AMLS ebekwe ngayo i-AMLS kuqululo lwemixokelelwano yemali.

Amandla oMthetho asebenzayo: Ukugunyazisa nokunika Igunya

Amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okunyanzelisa imithetho ye-AML akapheleliselwanga ekuchazeni ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukubeka iimbopheleleko zokukhuthala nezichazayo

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zowiso-mthetho yimfuneko yokuba amaziko emali kunye nezinye iziko ezigqunyiweyo zisebenzise ukhuthazo olusekelwe kumngcipheko. Imithetho inganika imilinganiselo encinci yokufanisa abathengi, ukuqonda iiprojekthi zabo zemali, kunye nokuhlola imisebenzi engaqhelekanga. Kubathengi abaphezulu, abafana nabantu ababhentshwe ngokwezobupolitika (IZIP) okanye izinto ezikhoyo ezivela kwimithetho elawulayo ezilawulayo, eziphuculiweyo ezinokusebenza ngokukhuthathiswa kwenkuthazo ezifanelekileyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwayalela ukuxelwa kwentelekelelo kwi-FIU, ngokufuthi ngesakhelo esingqongqo sexesha kwaye kunye neso sikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni ukwenzela ukuba abachoshe ukuthobela.

Ukuseka unyanzelo lwezibonelelo kunye noovimba abalawulayo

Ngomthetho, isebe elilawulayo ligunyazisiwe ukwenza nokumisela amaqumrhu asebenza ngezimali. Imithetho yokwabela uqingqo-mali, i-ofisi evumela abasebenzi, imisele igunya namandla abameli abafana ne-Financial Crimes Enforcementment Nenethwekhi (FinCEN) kwi-U.S., i-Fintarentelligence Union (FIU) kumazwe amaninzi, kunye ne-Ofish Prigal Office (SFO) e-U. Indlu yowiso-mthetho inganika la magunya okukhupha i-SChopystena, i-ficenal-ocenals, i-ocene, kunye nokwabelana ulwazi noogciso olungenagunya lamazwe angaphandle.

Ukubeka iimali kunye nokuhlahlela

Iziphumo zemali zimisela ubungqingqwa bemiqathango yemali esetyenziswayo ekuhlawuleni amacala emali , kwimibutho yabantu kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo. Le mijelo isebenza njengendlela yokuthintela kunye neyokuphindezela. Zingaquka iintengo zezolwaphulo-mthetho ezininzi, izigwebo zemali, ukulahlekelwa kwempahla ezithathwe kwizivumelwano zemali okanye ezisetyenziswayo ekusebenziseni imali, kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni ukususela kwiminyaka ukuya kwimiqathango yobomi, kuxhomekeka kwisikali solwaphulo-mthetho. Ukongeza, imithetho yowiso-mthetho isenokugunyazisa abalawuli ukuba barhoxe amalayiselo, imiqathango yokusebenza kwicandelo lemali, kwaye ikhupha intlawulo kwizivumelwano zikarhulumente. Igunya lokukhupha izigwebo-mthetho zemali zivumela ukuba zithumele uphawu olucacileyo malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemali.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komatshini: Ukusuka Kumthetho Ukusa Kwinyathelo

Amandla omthetho abonwa ngokusetyenziswa komthetho ogunyazisayo. Ezi nkqubo zingunxibelelwano oludibanisa umthetho okwiincwadi nokuthathwa kweziphumo ezingekho mthethweni.

Iiyunithi zobuntlola bezimali (FIUs)

I-FIUs zizinto ezisembindini wayo nayiphi inkqubo yokunyanzelisa i-AML. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ichaza ubume bayo obusemthethweni, ilungelo labo lokwamkela iingxelo zentengiselwano ezikrokrelekayo (i-STRS), negunya labo lokuhlalutya nokusasaza ubukrelekrele kumthetho onyanzeliswayo. Kwimimandla emininzi, i-FIUs ikwanamandla okubelana iinkcukacha ne-FIUs yangaphandle phantsi kwemisebenzi e-FUDA yolwazi (i-MOUS) okanye ukuchanaba kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezinjenge-Egmont Groug. I-Gragislatures ingabeka iimbopheleleko ekunikeni iziqinisekiso ezikhoyo zokuphendula izicelo zolwazi eyongezelelekileyo.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho nokutshutshiswa

Xa kuthe kwafunyaniswa ityala, amagosa agunyazisa ukugcinwa komthetho anokuqhuba uphando, aphumeze imiyalelo yokufuna, abophe, athabathe izinto. Indlu yowiso-mthetho imisela imithetho yobungqina, umthwalo onzima, kunye nemigaqo elawula ukuphengululwa nokuchotshelwa. Umzekelo, eUnited States, amatyala afuna ukuvalelwa kwemali emali ekwabelwe imali ekhongozelelwa ngemali ngeziphumo zomsebenzi othile obekiweyo.

Ukuchacha

Ukungawi kwemithetho kusisixhobo esinamandla sokuthintela nokususa iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ii-mthetho zidla ngokugunyazisa iindidi ezimbini: ukulahlwa kwezaphuli-mthetho (njengenxalenye yesigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho) nokulahlwa kwabemi (ngokuchasene nempahla ngokwayo). Indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwamisela imigaqo yokulahlekelwa ```````ifuna ukunyanzeliswa kolwaphulo-mthetho'' okanye ukuqhubekeka kokungaqiniseki kobungqina obukhoyo'.) kwaye inika ukunikezelwa kweemali ezilahlekileyo, isoloko izikhokelele ekunyanzeleni umthetho okanye iinkqubo zembuyiselo. Izindululo zakutshanje kumazwe amaninzi ziye zafuna ukukhuselwa ngokungqongqo kokuxhatshazwa kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngenxa yokuba ukugatywa kwemali kudla ngokunqumla imida, izibonelelo zendlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka zinikeze isiseko esisemthethweni sentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kuquka ukumisela imithetho evumela uncedo lomthetho (MLA) kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthatyathwa kweembacu, nokuqatshelwa nokugcinwa kwemiyalelo yamanye amazwe. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi ziye zafaka imigaqo ye-Malifeal Action Task Force (FATF) kumthetho wesizwe, uqinisekisa ukuthotyelelwa kwemilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke. Umzekelo, i-FATFF Commentau Igamend 29 ibiza ukusekwa kweFATFS, kunye nemithetho yokumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni kumazwe angamalungu e-FATFFFF.

Ulawulo loMthetho: Ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula nokuphumelela

Ukumisela imithetho ye-AML kusisiqalo. Iimithetho zikwalawula amaqumrhu aqikelelayo awenzayo. Oku kujongwa kubaluleke ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe njengoko kucetyiwe, ukuba oovimba basetyenziswa kakuhle, kwaye kuxutyushwa nezisongelo ezivelayo.

IiNkcukacha neNjongo zeKomiti

Iikomiti zePalamente okanye zombutho ezilawula ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali zisoloko zithwala ukuchotshelwa apho iintloko zemibutho zingqinela imisebenzi yonyanzelo, imingeni, kunye neemfuno zoovimba. Ezi zicelo zingakhokelela ekunconyeni ukubuyiselwa komthetho, inkxaso-mali eyandayo, okanye iinguqu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngokomzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi kunye neKomiti yeeNkonzo zezemali zeNdlukwano zeNdlukwano ze-FinCEN, kunye nezinye ii-AML

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Imithetho ingafuna ii-accounts ezizimeleyo okanye uvavanyo lweenkqubo ze-AML. Ii-ofisi zorhulumente zokuphendula iityala (njenge-ofisi yoManga yoLawulo loMbuso wase-U.S.) ziqhuba izifundo zokuphumelela komthetho we-AML, ukusetyenziswa koovimba, nomlinganiselo apho icandelo labucala lizibophelele khona iimbopheleleko zokuthobela intlanganiso. Ezi ngxelo zazisa isenzo sexesha elizayo sowiso-mthetho.

Imithetho Egqwethekileyo Yokuvala Imida

Ukulawula kusoloko kutyhila izithuba okanye ubuthathaka kwimimiselo ekhoyo. Umzekelo, emva kokuvuzwa kwePanama kunye nezinye ii-data, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zatshintsha imithetho yazo ye-AML ukuze zifune ukuba luncedo kokubonakala ngaphaya kwe-asmoll shorts. Ngokunjalo, ukunyuka kwempahla yenene ekhokelwayo yendlu yowiso-mthetho ekhokelwe ukuhlaziya imithetho yokudibanisa iintengiso ezifihlakeleyo njengezinto ezikhoyo. Umthetho-omthetho onamandla okulungisa nokuzilungisa kufuneka ugcine izakhelo ze-AML zinjalo.

Ucelomngeni Nolwazelelelo Ekunyanzelweni Komthetho

Nangona amandla owiso-mthetho omeleleyo, awanamiqathango nabuntsonkothileyo. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka basebenzise uluhlu lwezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo nemiqobo esebenzayo.

Ukulungelelaniswa Komsebenzi Namalungelo Abantu

Imithetho ye-AML ifuna ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olungenazintloni-lwazi qha, njengokuqinisekiswa, ukugcinwa kwentengiselwano, kunye nokugcinwa kwengxelo ngokomthetho, okunokungqubana namalungelo obuqu. Iimithetho kufuneka zifake ulungelelwano phakathi kokunyanzeliswa nokuhlonelwa kwenkululeko yabemi. Iinkqubo zemithetho esemthethweni ezifana ne-General Data Protection Regastification (GDPR) kwi-European Union ibeka imida ekuqhubekekeni kogcino-data, ifuna imithetho ye-AML ukuba ilungelelanise kwaye ibekwe phantsi. Iinkundla maxa wambi ziye zabetha phantsi kwemiqatha ekwayo yomthetho e-AMLML, zigxininisa imfuneko yokulungisa i-R.

Ukuvumelana kwehlabathi neMida yeNkcubeko

Abaxhasi bemali basebenzisa umahluko phakathi kwemimiselo esemthethweni. Iimithetho azinakusombulula iingxaki ezinqamlezayo ngokusuka emva koko; kufuneka basebenzisane ngezivumelwano, uncedo olungokwasemthethweni, kunye nolungelelwaniso nemigangatho yeFATF. Noko ke, amanye amagunya ahlala engadibani, evumela iindawo ezikhuselekileyo kwimali engavumelekanga. Isenzo somthetho kwelinye ilizwe silinganiselwe ngaphandle kwemigudu efanayo kwenye indawo. Uluhlu lweFATF lwemiqathango ephezulu ye-risk nemithetho engekho ngquzulaneyo ibala elibalaselisa apho izikhewu ezibukhali kakhulu.

Ukuqhelanisa Nobugcisa Obutsha Bezemali (I-pintech Ne-Crypto)

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezobugcisa bezemali .Ntophozo ezithiyekileyo ngokwentengo yemali (DeFi), i-cypocurrences, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlawula ezingachazwanga zinika intlawulo olubalulekileyo. Imithetho kufuneka iqonde ezi zixhobo zobugcisa kwimithetho esebenzayo engathinteli ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Ezinye imikhosi idlulise imithetho enikezelweyo yemali, ngelixa ezinye ziguqule imithetho ye-AML. Umgaqo we-MiCA kunye nemigaqo yoMthetho woLawulo lweNdlela-mthetho kufuneka abanikezeli be-ogxampto ukuqokelela nokunika ulwazi oluthengiselwano. Imithetho yemithetho kufuneka iqhubeke ihlaziya ulwazi lwayo kunye nokuphendula kwayo ngokwasemthethweni njengoko ubugcisa buguqula.

Indleko yoqoqosho noncedo lwezoqoqosho

I-AML ibeka iindleko ezinkulu kumaziko emali, adluliselwa kubathengi kwaye angachaphazela ukhuphiswano. Imithetho mayiqwalasele enoba umthwalo onyanzelisayo ulungelelaniswa na kumngcipheko nokuba unegalelo ngokungeyomfuneko kumaziko amancinane okanye abangenisi bemarike abatsha. Ezinye izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zasungula imfuno ezithengwayo okanye ukukhulula amashishini amancinane. Ukukhupha intengiso exabiso eliphantsi korhwebo olunento yokwenza nemali lucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lwemithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Ukuthanda Kwezobupolitika Norhwaphilizo

Ukunyanzelisa okunempumelelo komthetho kufuneka ukuthanda kwezobupolitika. Kumazwe apho urhwaphilizo lusasazeke khona, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zisenokungabi nazintshukumisa zokukhupha imithetho eyomeleleyo ye-AML okanye zokwalathisa imithetho engqongqo yamasebe okuqinisekisa ukuba ingcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe, njengengqwalasela yoontanga, inokuba luncedo ekuqhubeni utshintsho lwemithetho-siseko, kodwa ukuzinikela kwasekhaya kuyimfuneko. Imithetho kufuneka ilumkele nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla e-AML kulawulo lwezopolitiko, oluye lwabhalwa kwiiminye imimandla.

Imfuneko Yokuhlaziywa Komthetho Okuqhubekayo

Iindlela zokuthunga imali zitshintsha ngokuthe rhoqo, ziqhutywa bubugcisa kunye nomanyano lwehlabathi. Iimithetho azinakuxhomekeka kwiziphumo ezidlulileyo. Uhlaziyo oluthe rhoqo luyimfuneko ukuvala izikhalazo, ukuquka imilinganiselo emitsha yehlabathi, kunye nokuthetha ngezisongelo ezivelayo ezifana nokuthuthwa kwemali esekelwe kurhwebo, ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni kwezakhiwo ezicetywe ngokwenyani, nokuxhatshazwa kwezakhiwo ezisemthethweni njengokuthengwa kunye nesiseko. Ngoku imigaqo-mthetho emininzi ifuna uhlolo lwexesha ngalinye lomthetho wabo we-AML / ngokomzekelo, njalo kwiminyaka emihlanu

Uhlaziyo lomthetho lukwaphendula nakwiimeko ezimanyumnyezi. Ihlazo le-1MDB eMalaysia, i-Danske Bank imali ehlasiswayo e-Estonia, kunye ne-Odebrecht yokunyoba eLatin America konke kwabangela ukuba kubekho iimfuno zomthetho kunye neenguqu ezilandelayo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ubuchule bokufunda kwiimpazamo nokulungisa imithetho ngokukhawuleza buphawu lwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho eqolileyo.

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Abangelwa Ngumthetho

Amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho echasene nokuthuthwa kwemali ahlala ebalulekile ukugcina ingqibelelo yemali, ukukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokukhusela uqoqosho lwesizwe nehlabathi. Ngegunya lawo lokuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthobela, ukugunyazisa amasebe, ukunikezela oovimba, nokuphatha, ukuhlalisana, indlu yowiso-mthetho ihlala kwincopho yesiseko se-AML. Noko ke, eli gunya liza neembopheleleko: ukulinganisela ukugcinwa komthetho kunye nenkululeko yabemi, ukusebenzisana ngempumelelo, ukuqhelanisa notshintsho lwezobugcisa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokusesikweni nokusebenza okunempumelelo. Njengoko iinkqubo zemali ziqhubeka zintsontasa, i-applitine, kwaye zisabela.

Inkxaso-mali yangaphandle

  • [[UMTL:0] Ezezimali Umkhosi womsebenzi (FATF) – imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe kwi AML/CFT
  • [[UMTL:0]IMF – Alwa nemali eLayishwayo nokulwa ipetroli yobuGrogrisi
  • [[UMTL:0]UNODC – Ukuhlawuliswa kwemali nokubuyiselwa kwakhona
  • Iqela le-Egmont – Iiyunithi zobuntlola bemali