AmaPhepha Oluhlu Lolawulo - melo: Ushicilelo Olululo Lolawulo - melo LwaseMerika

Xa umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States wanikelwa kumazwelonke ukuze kukhutshwe inkcaso enkulu ngowe-1787, yajamelana nenkcaso ephawulekayo. Abahlalutyi boyikekayo ukuba urhulumente onamandla ombindi wengingqi wayeza kunyathela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye asebenzise ubuzwilakhe ababelwe ukuphuma. Ngomdla wazo, ezintathu ii-men —Alexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay —wrote utho lwezincoko ezingama-85 phantsi kwe-pesenti "Publius". Ezi zincoko, ezaziwa ziphela zisaziwa ngokuba [[FLT:] iPapers [[FLT: 1], ezihlala zikho kulwazi olugunyaze kakhulu lomGwano-mthetho kunye nokuqhubeka kobume kwendlela abantu baseMerika abawuqonda ngayo urhulumente wabo. Namhlanje, ukuhlolisisa ezi ncwadi akuziko ukulungiselela nje ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lwedemokhrasitiki.

Imeko Yembali Nenjongo Yamaphepha Amaqela

IiNkcukacha zoMgaqo-siseko, ezagunyaziswa ngo-1781, zadala urhulumente obuthathaka ozinzileyo owabonisa ukuba akanakukwazi ukusingatha iingxaki zohlanga olutsha. Ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho, ukungquzulana kwamagunya angaphandle, kunye nezisongelo ezivela kumagunya asemzini, kwabhenca imfuneko yesakhiwo esiqinileyo solawulo. IConvention yeMigaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yavelisa inkqubo entsha, kodwa impumelelo yayo yayixhomekeke ekuhlazisweni ngemiqathango ethobayo kumazwe alithoba elithobayo.

AmaPhepha oLungela apapashwa kwiNew York kumaphephandaba phakathi ko-Oktobha 1787 noAgasti 1788, ngenjongo ecacileyo yokuphembelela abemi baseNew York ukuba bawuguqule umGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, impembelelo yabo yaya idlulele ngaphaya kolo mbuso mnye. Izincoko zaphinda zaphinda zashicilelwa kwakhona kuwo wonke amathanga kwaye zaba yimfuneko ukuba abathunywa bafunde iindibano zokurhoxisa. Injongo ephambili yezi ncwadi yayikukuphikisa iimpikiswano zabachasi-Anti-Federa, ababesoyika ukuba uMgaqo-siseko uzakugxininisa ngamandla kakhulu kurhulumente wesizwe ekuhlawuleni ulawulo lwamazwe ngamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukuphelisa Ukoyika Ukuphangalaliswa Ngurhulumente

Enye yezingxinano ezizingisileyo zomGaqo-siseko ocetyiweyo yayikukuba yayingenayo iBhili yamaLungelo. AbaLawuli be-Anti-Federalis baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokhuseleko olucacileyo, urhulumente wesizwe ngokungaphephekiyo uya kuphazamisana nenkululeko esisiseko. Kumthetho ozinzileyo [ uHamilton waphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo wawuyimali yamalungelo, ekubeni wawubala amandla akhethekileyo anikwe urhulumente ngelixa ebeka onke amanye amagunya kumazwe nabantu. Wathi ukulungele ukudwelisa amalungelo athile anokuba yingozi, njengokuba kusenokubonisa ukuba amalungelo angabhalwangacinywanga akukho. Oku kuqiqaliseki kwamalungelo kaBhili ka-17911, okuye kwabonisa indlela anikwa ngayo incoko yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho eencwadi eencwadi eencwadi eencwadi eencwadi echaza indlela echaza ngayo inkcoqophetho.

Izincoko nazo zathetha inkxalabo ngobukhulu obuphezulu beli phecana licetyiswayo. Abahlalutyi babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente ozilawulayo angaphumelela kuphela kuluntu oluncinci, olufanayo apho abemi babeneenjongo ezifanayo. Federalist No. 10, uMadison uyiguqulele le ngxoxo edumileyo entloko yayo, ephikisa ukuba i-Riphabliki enkulu izakulawula iingozi zentelekelelo ngcono kunencinane. Waphikisa ngelithi kwi-Riphabliki ebanzi, izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo, zizakuqinisekisa omnye, oko kuyenza kube nzima ngakumbi nayiphi na into echaphaneyo. Oku kusemgangathweni ukuqonda ukwenziwa kwezopolitiki.

Imigaqo yeCore Ixhotyiswe Kwiphepha Loluhlu Loluntu

Kuzo zonke izincoko ezingama-85, imigaqo emithathu enxulumeneyo ivela njengesiseko senkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Le migaqo yayingeyongcamango yobulumko kodwa yayizizicombululo ezisebenzisekayo kwingxaki yokudala urhulumente onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba asebenze ngokunempumelelo kodwa yanyanzelwa ngokwaneleyo ukuba ilondoloze inkululeko.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwahlula urhulumente wezwe ibe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nekomiti yokugweba. Isebe ngalinye linamandla alo akhethekileyo kunye neembopheleleko, lithintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuqokeleleni igunya elingathintelwanga. u-Federalist No. 47, Madison wasebenzisa intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yeMontesquieu ukuphikisa ukuba "ukuqokelela onke amagunya, uwino-mthetho, isigqeba, isigqeba, kunye ne-judiary, nokuba ngomnye, okanye ngomnye, okanye omninzi, kwaye nokuba lilo, ukumiselwa, okanye unyulo, okanye unyulo, uzakuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo inkcacilo ye-ulawulo."

Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba ukwenza umthetho kulula kunokungxama. IBhunga licebisa lize lidlulise umthetho, uMongameli uyayiphumeza aze ayinyanzelise loo mithetho, kwaye ijaji ichaza ubugqeba bayo. Isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngeqondo lokuzimela, kwaye amalungu alo akhethwa ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo — unyulo olungqalileyo, ikholeji evoliji ekhethekileyo, kunye nokumiswa komongameli kunye nesiqinisekiso seNdlu. Ezi nkqubo zokhetho zomahluko zikhusela amasebe kwelinye nakutyekelo oluqhelekileyo lokwexeshana.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Ngoxa ukwahlukana kwamagunya kusasaza igunya, uhlolo kunye nolungelelwano lunika isebe ngalinye iindlela zokuxhathisa ukungenelela kweminye. UMadison wachaza le ndlela yokwenziwa [ku-FLT:0] umgangatho onguNo. 51: "Isigqibo kufuneka sicelwe ukulwa nephulo. Inzala yomntu kufuneka idibane namalungelo omgaqo-siseko wendawo. Ukuqhelisa, uMongameli uyakwazi ukumiswa umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, kodwa iBhunga linokuyisusa loo nto ngenani elibini eliyisithathu. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano. I-judiary ingavakalisa imithetho engaqukiyo ngokokuhlaziweyo, kodwa abagwebi borhulumente bamiselwe yiBhunga elingqineyo kwaye bamiselwe yiBhungane.

Le nkqubo idala ungquzulwano ngokuyila. Ibangela ulawulo olucothayo kwaye ifuna ulalaniso phakathi komdla okhuphisanayo. Ngelixesha abagxeki besenza i-cryplock lock eWashington, amaPhepha asikhumbuza ukuba olu khupho luyimpazamo. Abalahli bomGaqo-siseko benza ngabom ukuba kube nzima ngorhulumente ukwenza, ukukhetha uphando kunye nokuvumelana ngesantya esingaphezulu. Njengabemi, ukuqonda le ndlela kusinceda ukuba sihlolisise ukuba ukungabikho kwemithetho engoorhulumenteni kuluphawu lwempilo okanye ukonakala kokwenyaniso.

Umanyano

Umanyano lumele umgaqo ophakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye nokuququzelelwa kolawulo oluzimeleyo. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko, igunya lahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente besizwe, kunye negunya ngalinye elingqalileyo kubemi kwimimandla ethile. Urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi exhaphakileyo kwi-— inkqubo yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, i-— ngoxa amazwe agcina igunya kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni enjengemfundo, umthetho wempahla, kunye nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ku u-Federalist No. 39, uMadison wachaza urhulumente ocetyiswayo njengo "ngalulo lonke okanye luluhlanga nolawulo loluntu lonke." Olu hlelo lwe-projekthi lwenzelwe ukugcina iinzuzo zobuzwe boburhulumente ngexesha lokwakha umanyano olomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba lusebenze kwiqonga lehlabathi. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwamandla esizwe nelorhulumente utshintshile ngendlela ephawulekayo kwimbali yaseMelika, ingakumbi emva kwemfazwe ye-Politiki ne-New Dec, kodwa umgaqo wolawulo loluntu uhlala uluphawu oluchazayo lolawulo lwaseMelika.

IRepublicanism

AmaPhepha oManyano awenza umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwedemokhrasi neriphabliki. Kwidemokhrasi egqibeleleyo, abemi bavota ngqo kwimithetho nemigaqo-siseko. Kwiriphabliki, abemi balapho bakhetha abameli abamenzela izigqibo. Abameli belifa lebhuliki babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente weRiphabliki uphakamile kwisizwe esikhulu, ezahlukahlukeneyo kuba beya kucombulula kwaye bakhulise uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngesihluzi sabameli abanyuliweyo.

Ku uGcino-lwazi uNo 10., uMadison waphikisa ngelithi "iriphabliki, endithetha ngayo urhulumente apho udweliso lomelo lwenzeka khona, uvula ithemba elahlukileyo, kwaye uthembisa ukunyanga esifunayo. Ukumela kunceda abami ukuba bakhethe "obulumko babo obunokuwuqonda kakuhle umdla wokwenyaniso welizwe labo, kwaye ulawulo lwabo nokuthanda kwabo okusesikweni kuzakungabi nokwenzeka kangako ukuba luncame ulwaniso lokwexeshana okanye ngokungenamkhethelo. Lo mbono ubeka uxanduva kubameli abanokhetho ukuba bafumane ubuchule kunye nengqibelelo, kwaye ubeka uxanduva kubameli abasebenzisa ugwebo oluzimeleyo kunokuba bacingele.

Ukuthotywa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kwamaphepha Aseburhulumenteni Aya Kuba Ngabemi Banamhlanje

AmaPhepha aManyano asoloko efundiswa kwiiklasi zezemfundo yezemfundo yezopolitiko yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo ephakamileyo, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kudlulela kude lee kwiklasi. Kubemi abafuna ukuzalisekisa iimbopheleleko zabo kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko, ezi zincoko zinikela ukhokelo oluhlala luhleli. Ukuqonda imigaqo yamaphepha orhulumente kuguqula iingcamango ezicacileyo zomgaqo-siseko zibe zizixhobo ezisebenzisekayo zokuvavanya isenzo sikarhulumente nokusebenzisa ugwebo olunolwazi.

Ukwenza Izigqibo Ezisekelwe Kulwazi Kwibhokisi Yebhola

Ukuncoma kusesona senzo sisisiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, kodwa ukufaka ibhola ebhaliweyo kufuna ukuqonda oko urhulumente anokukwenza kwaye amele akwenze. AmaPhepha aManyano anika isiseko sokuhlola abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Xa umtshayeli ethembisa ukwandisa amandla karhulumente kwiindawo ezingokwesithethe ezigcinelwe amaphondo, ummi oqheleneno norhulumente angabuza enoba olu lwandiso luwuchasa umGaqo-siseko kusini na. Xa umongameli efuna igunya lokusebenza ngaphandle kokuthetha ngemicimbi yemfazwe okanye yorhwebo, ummi owaziwayo ngokwahlulwahlulwa kwamandla angavavanyanisa enoba oko kuhambelana nocwangciso lomGaqo-siseko.

Izincoko zikwanceda abavoti bahlule iimpikiswano ezisemthethweni kunye nezisongelo ezisisiseko kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Iingxoxo malunga nobungakanani obufanelekileyo begunya lesizwe, imida yamandla olawulo oluphezulu, nendima yejaji aziyontsha. Zibe yinxalenye yentetho yezopolitiko yaseMerika ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo, kwaye iiManyano zeFederali zinika ingongoma yokuqala yokuqonda ezi ngxoxo nyaka ngamnye.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kubomi Bomsebenzi Ongathethekiyo

Idemokhrasi ifuna okungaphezulu kunokuya kwibhokisi yokuvota. Izakhamuzi ezithatha iimbopheleleko zazo ngokunzulu zibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi emininzi yezentlalo-ntle: ukuya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yasedolophini, ukusebenza kwimibutho yamatyala, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yoluntu nokuhlala zinolwazi ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke. IManyano yeFederalist Papers ikhuthaza ngokupheleleyo ukuba lo mba wokuba ngummi ngokugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthenjiswa kwemali noluntu ngokuba nolwazi.

Madison wabhala ku [[NTL:0] uLuhlu lwezempuma No. 14 ukuba impumelelo yomGaqo-siseko ixhomekeke "kumandla oluntu olawulo lwawo siqu" lo msebenzi awuzenzekeli; kufuneka uhlakulelwe ngemfundo, incoko, kunye nokuqhelisa. Xa abemi benenxaxheba kubomi boluntu, bavelisa imikhwa nobuchule obufunekayo ukuze bazilawule. Bafunda ukuphulaphula ukuphikisana neembono zabo, ukuchaza iimfuno zabo ngokoyikisa, kwaye bamkele ukulalanisa njengophawu olufunekayo lwezoburhulumente bedemokhrasi.

Ukuphendula Kurhulumente

Inkqubo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano ayisebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo. Ifuna abemi abalumkileyo abajonga izenzo zikarhulumente kunye nokufuna ukuphendula. AmaPhepha aManyano aqikelela ukuba abemi baya kuba ngabagcini abalumkileyo benkululeko yabo. Kumgangatho ophezulu. Ku-FLT:0] u-No. 51[, uMadison waphawula ukuba "ukuxhomekeka ebantwini, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kukulawulwa okuyintloko kukarhulumente; kodwa amava afundise uluntu imfuneko yamanyathelo okubanceda.""

Ezo zilumkiso zoncedo ziquka iinkalo zokwakha zomGaqo-siseko, kodwa zikwaxhomekeke kwimibutho yamaphephandaba akhululekileyo, imibutho yabemi, kunye nakubemi abakhutheleyo. Xa abemi benikela ingqalelo koko kwenziwa ngurhulumente wabo, xa bebuza izenzo ezisemthethweni, kwaye xa belungiselela ukuvakalisa inkxalabo yabo, baphefumlela ubomi kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko. AmaPlayitimente asikhumbuza ukuba umGaqo-siseko awungomatshini ozinqumlayo; kufuneka umgudu oqhubekayo womntu ukuze usebenze njengoko kucetyiwe.

Ukusebenzisa Imigaqo Yomanyano Kwimibandela Yangexesha Elidluleyo

Imigaqo echazwe kwiMaphethisi yoManyano lwamafama asiyomizi yogcino-lwazi. Isoloko inxulumene phantse nayo yonke ingxoxo engundoqo yezopolitiko eUnited States. Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo le migaqo zingabandakanyeka ngokucamngca ngakumbi kwiziganeko zangoku zize zibe negalelo ngokunempumelelo kwintetho yesidlangalala.

Amandla oLawulo oluPhezulu nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Iingxoxo eziphathelele umgangatho wegunya lomongameli ziye zakhula kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Xa isebe eliphetheyo lisithi linegunya elingokwemvelo lokuqhuba ukhangelo, ukuhlasela kotshaba oluvaliweyo, okanye ukusungula imisebenzi yomkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho, ezi ngxelo zinokuvavanywa ngokuchasene nesiseko esisungulwe kwiPulathi yoLawulo lomongameli. Hamilton waphikisana [[FLT: 0] kuluhlu lwesizwe uNo. 70 uluvo oluthi amandla kumphathi-mikhosi ayimfuneko ekukhuseleni uhlanga, kodwa kwakhona wacinga ukuba iBhunga lalo lizakusebenzisa amandla alo ekunyanzeleni umongameli. Abahlali beqonda ukuba ngaba izenzo zolawulo zimele bhetele kusini na ukutolika okusemthethweni okanye ukusetyenziswa kobungozi.

Amandla eejaji nengcaciso yomGaqo-siseko

Indima yejaji ibingumthombo wempikiswano kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. AmaPhepha oManyano anika ukuqonda ngendlela abalawuli abacinga ngayo amandla ogwebo. [[FLT: 0]] u-Federalist No. 78, Hamilton wachaza isebe lejaji njenge "elinobungozi obuncinci" kuba line "amandla kwaye alisayi kuthanda, kodwa liza kugweba nje." Waphikisa ukuba iinkundla zimele zibe namandla okuvakalisa imithetho engavumelani nemithetho, kodwa kwakhona wagxininisa ukuba igunya lokugweba lixhomekeke kwigunya elivela ekugqityweni kwesigqibo.

Iingxoxo zale mihla ezimalunga nokuthintelwa kwekomiti egwebayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho egwebayo, ubuQaphi bokuqala kunye nobuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuhlola imigaqo yezeentloko yonke echazwe kwiManyano yoLawulo loMasipala. IMisebenzi eyiqondayo le ngxoxo kwimbali yayo inokuba neenguqu ezintsonkothileyo kwimibandela esukela kumalungelo okuqhomfa ukuya kumgaqo wemali.

Umanyano kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo weNkcubeko

Ukungavisisani okukhoyo ngorhulumente kuvela kwimiba emininzi yezoburhulumente: unyango, imfundo, imiqathango yemekobume, umthetho womtshato, kunye nokugweba, ukukhankanya nje ezimbalwa. Xa urhulumente wesizwe egunyazisa ukuba kwenziwe isenzo sikarhulumente phantsi kwesongelo semali, ngaba oku kuyaluhlonela ulungelelwano lomgaqo-siseko phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelorhulumente? Xa amaphondo ebeka imithetho engqubana nemigaqo karhulumente, ngaba iinkundla zifanele zinyanzelise igunya lorhulumente okanye zishiye igumbi lokuzama ukuzama urhulumente?

AmaPhepha oLungela akanikezi mpendulo ziqinisekileyo kule mibuzo, kodwa anika isiseko sokuhlalutya. Abahlali abaqonda amaxabiso asetyenziswa yi-unistism — ukuhlaziywa, ukulingwa, ukusabela kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, ukukhuselwa kwiinkcubeko ezisembindini zobuzwilakhe i-— isican bavavanya izicelo zenkqubo ngobuchule obukhulu.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okuqinisa Ukuqonda Kwakho

Ukufunda amaPhepha adweliswe ngamaFederal yindlela elungileyo yokuqonda iimpikiswano zawo nokuxabisa ukubaluleka kwawo okuqhubekayo. Izincoko zifumaneka ngokubanzi kwi-intanethi ukuze zifumaneke ngesisa, kwaye iinkupho ezandisiweyo zinika umxholo wembali oluncedo. Ukufunda isincoko esinye ngeveki kungagqiba ungcelele lwezincoko kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka emibini, kwaye kwanokufunda ukhetho lwezona zincoko zidumileyo — amanani 10, 39, 47, 51, 70, 78, kunye no-— kuzakunikezela ngesiseko esiqinileyo.

Amaqela eengxoxo kunye neenkqubo zemfundo yezentlalo-ntle zinika amathuba okusebenzisana nezi ndinyana. Iintlangano kulo lonke iqela leendidi zezobupolitika ezinamaqela okufunda kunye neengqungquthela ezisemaxwebhuni okusungula, kwaye amathala eencwadi amaninzi kunye namaziko oluntu anikela iinkqubo ezikhululekileyo ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko. Ukunxulumana nabanye abazisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunokuqinisa ukuqonda nokuhlalutya.

Ekugqibeleni, abemi bangasebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ngokuba nenxaxheba kwingxoxo eqhubekayo yomgaqo-siseko. Ukubhalela abahleli iileta, ukuthetha ngeentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukubandakanyeka namagosa anyuliweyo, nokuxubusha ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko nabahlobo kunye nentsapho konke oku kunegalelo kwinkcubeko yebutho elixhasa urhulumente. IFederalist Papers isikhumbuza ukuba umGaqo-siseko awulo nje uxwebhu olusemthethweni kodwa uluxwebhu olunesabelo esifuna ukuba sibandakanyeke kuzo zonke isizukulwana.

Isiphelo

AmaPhepha oMbutho amela impumelelo ephawulekayo kwingcamango yezobupolitika nakwimfundo yezentlalo. Ebhalwe ngobushushu bedabi lezobupolitika, nokokuba afumana umlinganiselo wokuqonda nobuchule obuye bafumana indawo yabo kuluhlu lwentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika zaseMerika. Kubemi namhlanje, ezi zincoko zinika umdla ongaphezulu kunembali; zilungiselela ukuqondwa korhulumente wezomGaqo-siseko kunye nesikhokelo sokuphumeza iimbopheleleko zobumi bedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda imigaqo yokwahlula amagunya, ukujonga nokulinganisela, uburhulumente, kunye noburiphabliki kuxhobisa abemi ukuba bavavanye inyathelo likarhulumente, babe nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu, bagcine abameli babo benetyala. IManyano yeFederali likwasikhumbuza ukuba urhulumente ufuna ulwazi, ukuphapha, nokuzibophelela okusebenzayo. Kodwa oku kusisimo esinyanzelisayo esenza ukuba ubumi boburhulumente bedemokhrasi bube yingenelo. Imivuzo yokuphila kwibutho elikhululekileyo ifumaneka ngomgudu ofunekayo wokubulondoloza.