Ingxelo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika ayihlukani nembali yemibutho yamalungelo abantu. Le asiyonto ethetha ukumanyana okumileyo, okufezekileyo, kodwa yeyomzabalazo onamandla, odla ngogonyamelo wokwandisa imida yenkululeko nobumi. Intshukumo yophakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20 yayingesosiganeko sasodwa kodwa yayiyincopho yesiphelo selizwe kodwa yayikukuchasana okude, ukuchasa ngokuchasene nokungcangcangcazeliswa kwesakhiwo kunye nokukhuselwa ngonya kukaJim-row. Impembelelo yayo iguqula indlela yokulawula kweMelika, ingqiqo yabantu bayo, nentsingiselo yedemokhrasi ngokwayo. Ukuqonda iUnited States namhlanje, izahlulo zayo, iinjongo zayo, kufuneka kuqale kuqonde ukuguqula amandla nokulwa kwentlalo yamalungelo abantu.

Izizathu Zokuchasa: Imbali ende Yamalungelo Abantu

Isivumelwano sexesha esiqhelekileyo seNtlanganiso yaMalungelo ePhakamileyo siqala ngo1954 Brown isigqibo okanye u-19555] okanye ukungabikho kweMontgomey Busbott. Kodwa, ingcambu zayo ide ifikelele ekungaphumelelini kwe-console. Isithembiso se 13th, 14th, kunye ne 15 zoHlaziyo zacinywa ngokulahlela ngo1877, ezathi zarhoxa imikhosi yesizwe eMzantsi. Le nkqubo yobuphekula, yavela, yanyanzelelwa yiKlan, eyaqiniswa [[FLT:] PyPy].[FLT], kunye no-15 zagcinwa ngokucanda amatyala kunye namatyala. Le nkqubo ye-Melikan" ayizange idisana ne-Bhaving.

Iqhinga leNAACP lomthetho, elenziwe ngobuchule nguCharles Hamilton Houston noThur Good Marshall, yayiluhlaselo olude lwexesha kwisiseko esisemthethweni sokwahlulwa. Uloyiso lwabo Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (1954]) yayilutshintsho olukhulu, ivakalisa ukuba amaziko emfundo awahlukeneyo ayengalingani ngokwemvelo. Le sigqibo, ngexa idityaniswe ne "sichasi somxhasi somthetho" ukusuka kumazwe aseMazantsi, yanikela iqonga lemilinganiselo yokuziphatha neyasemthethweni yephulo-enzakalo elithe ngqo. Ukubulawa kweEmmattlethi ngo19555 kunye nokurhoxina kwababulali bakhe abalandelayo, ukungqina ukuba iinkundla zodwa zazingenakudlulisela okusesikweni. Iqonga lokulwa kwemeko.

Ilizwi Leqela: Iinkokeli, Abaququzeleli, Neengcinga

IKhunga lamaLungelo langaphakathi lagunyaziswa ziinkokeli ezininzi. Ukusuka kwiqonga ukuya kwibala lomntu osebenza kunye nelayisense, ukusuka kwithala leencwadi lomthetho ukuya kwindawo yokulayishela ukudla kwasemini, amazwi ahlukeneyo avakalisa imfuneko eqhelekileyo yesidima. Iintanda-bulumko zabo zomahluko wanika injini esebenzayo eqhubela phambili.

UGqr. Martin Luther King Jr. noMphathiswa woLuntu wokungaphazanyiswa

UGqr. King waphakamisa ukuvelela kwesizwe ngexesha leMontgomery Bus Boycott, kodwa intanda-bulumko yakhe yokuchasa okungekho mdlalisweni yayisekelwe ngokunzulu kukholo lwakhe lobuKristu kunye neemfundiso zikaMahatma Gandhi. Waphikisa ngelithi injongo yokuqhayisa yayikungathobi umcinezeli, kodwa ukumkhulula ngamandla atshintshayo okubandezeleka nothando. Njengonkokeli weNgqungquthela yamaKristu yaMazantsi (SCLC), uKumkani ocebisileyo eBirmingham noSelma owanyanzela uhlanga ukuba luchase ukungaphumeleli kwalo ngokokuziphatha. "Ndinephuphaza" kwiSikolo sikaMatshi ka19666, ndisaqhubeka ndingubuchule obucacileyo bokwenza amaphuphaphu. UKumkani kamva utshintshe kwiNgqungquthela yamaKristu (SLCCCC), ebhekisa phambili kwimithetho yezoqoqosho kunye nenkcawaleko yemfazwe yase-Vietnam, wabonakalisa umbono wakhe wokulwa kwemfazwe.

UMalcolm X noXothulo loBukhosi obuMnyama

UMalcolm X wanikela indawo enamandla yokuphikisana nentanda-bulumko kaKing yomanyano. Njengommeli wesizwe wesizwe sesizwe sobuSilamsi, washumayela u-Black ozithembayo, ikratshi, nelungelo lokuzikhusela ngokwakhe nxamnye nogonyamelo lobuhlanga. Walugatya uMatshi eWashington njenge "Inkqubela eWashington," ephikisa ukuba inkululeko yokwenyaniso ayinakunikwa ngumchasi kodwa imele ithatyathwe ngabacinezeli. Ukuqhekeka kwakhe nohlanga lwamaSilamzimli ngo1964 kunye nohambo lwakhe lobungcwele eMecca wamkhokelela ekuthabatheni isakhiwo esibanzi sokulwa notshabalaniso, amalungelo abantu. Ukubulawa kwakhe ngo1965 kuthomala ilizwi eligxekayo, kodwa impembelelo yakhe kwiqela le-Blarm kunye ne-awstyy.

Izakhiwo Ezingalawulekiyo: UElla Baker, uFannie Lou Hamer, noJohn Lewis

UElla Baker, umlungiseleli nomfundisi okrelekrele, wayekholelwa ku "iqela eliphakathi" kunokuba abe ngumphathi onamandla, owenziwe ngumntu onegunya. Wanceda ukufumana iStudents Nonlig Coordinating Cooding Committee Committee Commoriting Com), eyaba yimfazwe, ingcangca eqinileyo yokuhamba. uFannie Lou Hamer, owayesakhelwa i-'cropper', i-Missississippis Free Democratic Party Party's kwaye wangqinela phambi kowethu lwe-1949 Democracratic National Convention malunga nokubethwa ngeng'iphango kwenkohlakalo awayinyamezela ukuzama ukubhalisa i-mvume yokubhalisa i-mvume. Inkalipho yakhe yabhejala i-demo-mvume yokulwa kwe-mthetho phakathi kwe-mthetho-siseko soburhulumente. [FF] Layinterse i-evice, ilungu se-mali yeNc ephambili yeNc neNc, eliphambili leN

ISiphakamiso EsingooNobumba

A. Philip Randolph, intloko yeBhunga loBuzalwana laseSleeping Car Porter, wayengumphathi-mikhosi omkhulu wale nkonzo. Isisongelo sakhe soMatshi wango1941 eWashington enyanzelekile ukuba abe nguMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ukuphelisa ishishini lokuzikhusela. Bayard Rustin, umlawuli oyintloko nosondeleleneyo noKumkani, walungiselela umhla ka19636663 eWashington. Njengendoda engumfana namafanasini, uRustin wasebenza ngokungakhathali nangona yayinyanzelekile kwimithunzi. Iminikelo yabo isikhumbuza ukuba le ntshukumo yayingabhekisi nje kubathethi abathetha izinto ezitshisi, kodwa ikwangumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokulungisa nokuqululisa i-Grone.

Uqeqesho Lokungakufuni Ukuqhutywa: Ukuqhelisela Ukungaphazanyiswa

Isenzo esingqalileyo esingekho mdla yayingeloqhinga nje elingekho mthethweni kodwa icebo elibaliweyo, elinobundlobongela elilungiselelwe ukudala uxinezeleko olwakhayo. Njengoko uKumkani wabhala kwi "ILetter ukusuka eBirmingham Jail," injongo yayikukunyanzela uluntu ukuba lujamelane neengxaki ebeluzityeshele ixesha elide. Icebo lalixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwabaqhankqalazi ukuxhathisa ugonyamelo ngaphandle kokuziphindezela, ngaloo ndlela libhenca ukuziphatha okubi kwenkqubo ngexa usebenzisa uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho nolpolitiko ngexesha elinye.

INashville Ehleli Ekhaya Noqeqesho Lwesizukulwana

INashville yahlala-phantsi ka1960, ilungelelwaniswa nguJames Lawson, ichaza indlela yokuzingisa ekwakungavumi ngayo. Abafundi abafana noJohn Lewis noDiane Nash baqeqeshwa ngamandla kwintanda-bulumko engenabundlobongela, bedlala iimeko apho babegculelwa, bebethwa, benikwa nentyondye. Injongo yabo yayikukususa iitheko zesidlo sasemini esiphakathini. Iphulo laphumelela kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuqhankqala, kodwa ngenxa yokukhatha kwamashishini asembindini, okwathisela abarhwebi kwipopu zabo. Abafundi baseNashville baba ngumthombo weSNC kwaye basasaza la maqhinga kuMzantsi.

Inkululeko Igaleleka Yaye Iphulo LeBirmingham

IFreedom Rides yowama-1961 yavavanya ukuvalwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo kulawulo lwezikhephe eziphakathi komhlaba. Abakhweli bajamelana nogonyamelo olumanyumnyezi lwehlokondiba eAnniston naseBirmingham, eAlabama. Ulawulo lweKennedy lwanyanzeleka ukuba lungenelele, luthumele amaqela karhulumente ukukhusela abakhweli. IMirmingham Campaig, nokokuba, yayiyeyona nto isebenzayo ekuhambiseni kwecebo lokungaphazamisi. Ngokundulula "Projectdi C" (Ingxpost) nokuvumela uMphathiswa wamapolisa Bull Connor ukuba asebenzise izinja zamapolisa kunye noophayidi zabantwana, iSCLCCreace yadala imifanekiso enzulu yokungabi nako ngoko nangoko kangangokuba ihlabathi lingayijongi.

Ukusuka Ezitratweni Ukuya Kwiincwadi Zemithetho: Imvukelo Yomthetho

Ukucaca kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yokuqhankqalaza, kudibene neqhinga lezobupolitika likaMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson, wavelisa owona mthetho ubalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwakhona. Le mithetho ayizange iluphelise ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, kodwa yachitha ukwakhiwa okusemthethweni kukaJim Crow yaza yenza izixhobo ezinamandla zokulwa kwixesha elizayo.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Lo mthetho ubalulekileyo, odluliswe emva kwexesha elide kwimbali yeBhunga leeNtlanganiso, ucalucalulo olungekho mthethweni kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, umsebenzi, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. ISihlomelo salo VII sadala iKhomishoni elinganayo yeMsebenzi. Esi senzo saba yimpendulo engqalileyo kwiphulo leMirminghamhamhamhams kunye ne-Matshi eWashington. Ugcino-Maziko-mali luphethe uxwebhu lokuqala [[, isivumelwano kumandla eqela lokuguqula ulwaphulo-mthetho.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

ISelma ukuya kuhambo lweMontgomey, ingakumbi ugonyamelo lwe "Blody Sunday" kwiBridge kaEdmund Pettus, yothusa ilizwe kwaye yavuselela inkxaso yomthetho wamalungelo okuvota. UMthetho wamaLungelo wonyaka ka-1965 owalelweyo wokuvota oonogada njengovavanyo lokuvula intetho ebhaliweyo nokubhala kwaye unikezelwe ukulungiselela ukuvelela (ukuqalisa) kovota kwimbali kunye nembali yocalucalulo. Impembelelo yakhawuleza: ngo-1968, ubhaliso olumnyama eMississippia lwakhawuleza ukusukela ngaphantsi kwe 7% ukuya ngaphezu kwe-60%. IVRA iqwalaselwe ngokubanziswa kakhulu njengowona mthetho wakha waphumelelayo. [[FLT:] Ukukhutshelwa komthetho wamaLungelo oluphambili [Foct:1]

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yezindlu yowe - 1968

Umthetho wokugqibela ongundoqo ka-1960 wamalungelo abantu, i-Fair House Act, wadlula iintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokubulawa kukaKumkani. Wawulwalela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, nasekuxhasweni kwezindlu. Noko ke, ukungena kwemiqathango nokunyanzeliswa kwezindlu kusikelwe umda, kwaye ukwahlulwa kwezindlu kusekukhuleni okunzulu kwiindawo zedolophu yaseMerika, isikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sokuba umthetho kuphela ongenakuphelisa ukungalingani kweenkulungwane zokwakha.

Ukulungisa idemokhrasi yaseMerika: Ilifa Lesi qela Lezobupolitika

IMbutho yaMalungelo e-Civil yawuguqula ngokusisiseko umsebenzi wedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Yandisa ukusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi, yaphula ulawulo lomkhosi woMzantsi ocalucalulwe ngokweenkqubo zesizwe, yaza yasasaza amandla ezobupolitika. Noko ke, yabangela ukuphindwa kwezixhobo ezinamandla ezaguqula inkqubo yeqela kwaye iyaqhubeka ichaza ukuhambelana kwemimandla yemimandla yaseMelika.

Ukwanda Kwesi Silwanyana

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1965, izigidi zama-Black America kuMzantsi zakhutshwa ngokulandelelanayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Umthetho weVoting Rights (VRA) wakutshintsha ngokusisiseko oku. Yabangela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba angqubane ngqo nokhuphiswano lomvoti wemigangatho karhulumente, imisela umgaqo wokuba ilungelo lokuvota likhuselwe ngurhulumente. IVRA ayingomntu onegunya elimnyama kuphela kodwa ikwanokumisela iqhinga lokukhusela amalungelo okuvota olwimi oluncinane namanye amaqela aphantsi komthetho.

Ukuhlonelwa Kwezobupolitika ZaseMerika

Ukuxhasa kweDermocratic Party yamalungelo asekuhlaleni kwahlukanisa isiseko sayo sesithethe selungu laseMazantsi. URichard Nixon's "Mazantsi Strategy" kunye noRonald Reagan walandela amaphulo abhenela ngabom kwaba bavoti ngokusebenzisa ulwimi olunekhowudi yezizwe ezijolise kumalungelo, umthetho, kunye nocwangco, kunye notshintsho lwentlalo-ntle. Oku kuyila imaphu yale mihla, apho uMzantsi umkhosi uyindawo ekhuselekileyo kunye nohlanga lumgca ongundoqo owahlulayo kwi-Melika. Utshintsho lubonisa indlela umbutho wezobulungisa onokuthi ngexesha elinye uphumele ngayo utshintsho olunzulu nolwando olunamandla.

Isiqinisekiso Esingeyomfuneko Samalungelo Abantu Ehlabathi

IZiko lamaLungelo laseMelika laphembelela ezinye iimfazwe ezingenakubalwa ehlabathini lonke. Umbutho ochasene ne-aparatheid eMzantsi Afrika wafumana izifundo ezithe ngqo kumacebo namacebo awo. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu waseNorthern Ireland ekupheleni koo1960 wazibonakalisa ngokucacileyo kumzekelo waseMerika. Iinkokeli ukusuka kwiNguquko yeVelvet eCzechoslovakia ukuya kuvavanya iindlela zokuchasa ngaphandle kogonyamelo nguKumkani neSNC. Umbutho wabonisa ukuba umbutho ongowodwa, ongenamvukelo ungavavanyanisa ngokunzulu iinkqubo zengcinezelo.

IAgenda Engazange Ibhangi: Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni Ngenkulungwane Ye - 21

Uloyiso lwee-1960 aluyiphelisanga imfuneko yombutho wamalungelo abantu; batshintsha inkcazo yawo. Isakhiwo somthetho esimiswe yile nkqubo ngoku sinikezela ngebala eliphambili lemidlalo yanamhlanje. Abaxhasi banamhlanje balwela ukukhusela impumelelo yangaphambili ngoxa bethetha ngomahluko okhoyo kwinkqubo.

Ukulwela Igalelo: Iphondo laseShelby Nangaphaya

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2013 iSinyuko seNkundla esiPhezulu [Sumvo] sesaphula isicwangciso sokuchola kwasekuqaleni soMthetho wamaLungelo, siphumele ukukhupha eyona ndlela yaso yokunyanzelisa. Isigqibo sakhupha igandla lemithetho yokucinezela etsha yokuvota kumazwe onke , iimfuno zovota, kunye nokucola ii-vtists. Ezi milinganiselo ngokungenakuthelekiswa zichaphazela iBlack black, Latino, neNative American Potive Copeting. Umlo wangoku wokuphumelela i-John Lewis Revices Revement Activement Active Actal ngumbono ongqalileyo kulo hlaselo oluthe ngqo kwilifawa ka-1965. [[FL:]

Ipokotho, Ukuhamba Ngesantya Esiphezulu, Nenkqubo Emnyama Yobomi

Umbutho weBlack Lives Matter (BLM) uye wavela njengowona mkhosi ubalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu kwinkulungwane yama-21. I-BLM ithetha ngobuhlanga obusekwe kwinkqubo yokulawula, ukusuka ekuphumeni kwesizwe kunye nenkohlakalo yamapolisa ukuya ekuboshweni kwabantu abaninzi. Ngoxa i-BLM isebenzisa ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo, ulungelelwaniso lwezentlalo-ntle, imfuno yayo engundoqo yokufumana isidima, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kunye nesiphelo sokuphelisa ugonyamelo oluseburhulumenteni oluphenjelelwe kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, lulifa elithe ngqo kwimibutho yamalungelo oluntu kunye ne-Black Powe. Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Flond, Bremna Tayloy, kunye nabanye abangenakubalwa-bala baye bakhuthaza incoko ngezo-ntlalo-ntle ngohlanga.

Okusesikweni Kwezoqoqosho Nesenzo Esizinzileyo

Umahluko wobutyebi bobuhlanga, ilifa lokubuyisana nocalucalulo, kuhlala kungumsantsa ohlaziyiweyo. UCandelo lwaMahlwempu kaKumkani, olunenjongo yokumanyanisa amahlwempu azo zonke iintlanga, yayilishishini elingagqitywanga lentshukumo. Namhlanje, ingxoxo yokuvuma isenzo semfundo ephezulu kunye nomsebenzi yimfazwe yomthetho yekhompyutha yomntu onegunya lokulingana. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezinqumla uhlanga ngokuphandle, eziye zabeka umthwalo kumaqonga neecawa ngokuxhasa intlukwano kunye namaziko okufumana iindlela ezintsha zokukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana kwamathuba. INaACPUPUPU.[FLT: 1] ishiye imfazwe yomthetho yokulwela ukulingana. [FLT]

Ilifa Elisemsebenzini: Umsebenzi Ongapheliyo Wolawulo-melo

IKhunga lamaLungelo langaphakathi yayilixesha lokuguqula imbali yaseMerika, kodwa umsebenzi walo awukagqitywa. Langqina ukuba idemokhrasi asilolifa elisisigxina kodwa liyiprojekthi ephilayo, ephefumlayo efuna ukuhlala iphaphile, imigudu yokulwa, nokuncama. Lo mbutho awuzange utshintshe nje kuphela imithetho; waguqula indlela yokuziphatha yohlanga, umisela ukuba ukulingana kwesizwe yimeko efunekayo kwibutho elinobulungisa.

Umva othe wabangela, ukuqhubekeka kokungalingani, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokucinezela ukuvota zizikhumbuzo ezingenakuze ziqinisekiswe. Olona xabiso lukhulu esinokuluhlawula kwiinkokeli nakumajoni ahamba ngeenyawo alo mbutho kukuqaphela ukuba isibane sidluliselwe kwisizukulwana esitsha. Umzabalazo wamalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nomanyano olugqibeleleyo luyaqhubeka.