Imigaqo Esekelweyo: Inkqubo Engalawulekiyo Yemiqathango Yonxibelelwano

Umgaqo wokuhlola nokulinganisela ubekwe kwi-U.S. njengendlela yokukhusela naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ukuba lifumane igunya elinganqandwayo. OoTata Abasunguliweyo, bedwelisa kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yeMontesquieu kunye namava abo angqalileyo nge-paramente eqhaga, beyilwe ngesakhiwo esinemiqathango yeLegislative (Conrective), uLawulo oluphezulu (Prenterrent), kunye noLawulo lwezahluleko (uMphathi). Isebe ngalinye limele linikwe amandla neembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo, kodwa ngalinye liphethe izixhobo ezithile zokulwa, okanye lizihlube ezinye izenzo ezidumileyo [FLD].[51]

Ingcamango engundoqo yeyokuba akukho sebe linokwenza ngaphandle komyinge wobuveleli okanye ukuchasa. IBhunga libhala imithetho, kodwa uMongameli uyakwazi ukuyifaka; uMongameli ugweba abagwebi, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyabaqinisekisa; iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyayichaza imithetho, kodwa iNkundla ephakamileyo iyakwazi ukuyilungisa okanye icebise ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo ayiyilwanga ukuphumelela kodwa ilungiselelwe ukukhusela inkululeko. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ngxoxo ezi zinto ezidlala ngayo kwiimfazwe zembali neemfazwe zowiso-mthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubuyiselwa nokusebenza kolawulo-demokhrasi lwaseMelika.

Umzekelo 1: Ukumisa iJaji Review – Marbury v. Madison (103)

Ngeli xesha ingaveli kungquzulwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo nawabekileyo, ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0] . Madison [1803] ngumzekelo wesiseko sovavanyo nolungelelwano kuba yamisa umgaqo wohlolo lomthetho. Lo mbandela wanika ingqwalaselo enamandla yawo kwiBhunga kunye noMongameli: amandla okuvakalisa uphando lomthetho ongekho mgangxunyeni.

Le mpikiswano yavela kuMongameli John Adams okokugqibela ukutyunjwa kwabagwebi abancinane abamanyeneyo. Ulawulo lukaThomas Jefferson oluzayo lwala ukunikela ezinye zezi ntlanganiso, lwabangela uWilliam Marbury ukuba anikezele kuNobhala weSizwe uJames Madison. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yajamelana nengxaki: ukuba wayalela ukuba ikomishini inikezelwe, umlawuli we-Jefferson angalihoya, athobeze igunya leNkuNkundla; ukuba akavumanga ukuva, wavuma ukuba iNkundla ayikhange ihlole umphathi.

Isisombululo sobukrelekrele sikaMarshall yayikukuvakalisa ukuba icandelo loMthetho weJadiciary ka-1789 ovumela uMarbury ukuba anyuke ngqo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo lalingavumelani nemithetho esesikweni. Ngokuwisa umthetho owiswe yiBhunga, iNkundla yawaqinisekisa amandla ayo okuchaza umGaqo-siseko njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe.

Impembelelo kwinkqubo yeetsheki

Esi sigqibo samisela ngokusisigxina isebe lejaji njengesebe elilinganayo elikwaziyo ukungasebenzi kwemithetho-siseko okanye uMongameli ogqitha imida yomgaqo-siseko. Lisesona sixhobo sinamandla ijudiary enalo ukukhangela amanye amasebe. Ngaphandle imarbury v. Madison, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyakuswela igunya lokugqiba iimeko ezifana United States v. Nixon okanye [FT:] FB. [iglb][FLT] [ius] (bona imizekelo engezantsi).

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: [[FLT: 0] Ugcino-lwazi lwamazwe – Marbury v. Madison (103)

Umzekelo 2: I-Impectingment ka-Andrew Johnson (1868)

Umthetho wokuqala womongameli wase-U.S. wabonisa ungquzulwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nomphathiswa. UMongameli uAndrew Johnson, umLamfamakazi owalandela uAbraham Lincoln, wangquzulana ngokuphindaphindiweyo neBhunga elilawulwa yiRiphabliki kumthetho wokuqulunqwa. Indlela kaJohnson yokuyekelela kumaphondo angaphambili akwiziko lomthetho wamalungelo abantu yacaphukisa uRhulumente.

UGqr. Johnson wakhawuleza wachasa uGawulayo woMthetho we-Ofisi (1867]), owafuna imvume yeNdlu yeQela phambi kokuba umongameli asuse abathile abalawuli. UJohnson wagxotha unobhala weWar Edwin M. Stanton, i-Riphabliki exhathisayo, kwaye wazama ukumbuyisela ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga. Indlu yabameli yavota ukubeka uJohnson amanqaku ali-11, anxulumene kakhulu nalo lwaphulo-mthetho.

Indima yeBhunga njengeNjongo

IBhunga leNdlu yeNdlela yandula ke yaqhuba ityala. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko, iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimbi iyodwa inamandla okubanjwa nokususa umongameli. Johnson wasinda yivoti enye – 35 engenatyala ukuya kwi 19 emsulwa, isifutshane kwii-3 ezimbini. Oku kugwetywa kwabonisa ukuba ukugwetywa sisixhobo sezobupolitika, asisiso isixokelelwano solwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye uvavanyo lweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi ze-mthetho luxhomekeke kwizibalo zezobupolitika. Esi siganeko sakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwegunya lomongameli kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo.

Umzekelo 3: I-Scanal yeWatergate kunye ne-United States v. Nixon (1974])

Mhlawumbi umzekelo obalaseleyo wale mihla wovavanyo nolungelelwano wabonakala ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate. Umongameli uRichard Nixon wabandakanyeka kuthotho lwempatho erhabaxa, kuquka ukuqhekezwa ngo1972 kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic kunye nomphetho olandelayo. Xa iKhomishini yaqalisa uphengululo, uNixon wazama ukusebenzisa ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala iikhasethi zengxoxo zakhe kuphengululi nakumtshutshisi okhethekileyo.

Lo mbandela wafikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo . [FLT] United States v. Nixton [19974]. Iqela elisemthethweni liphikisa ukuba umongameli unelungelo elipheleleyo lolawulo oluphezulu kwaye iikhasethi zikhuselwe. INkundla zala ngazwi linye ukuba, xa kukho ilungelo eliphezulu, aligqibekanga kwaye kufuneka linikezele kwiimfuno ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo yobulungisa. IJaji eMphathi uWarren Burger wabhala ukuba "akuyiyo imfundiso yokwahlulwa amagunya, okanye imfuneko yokufihla unxibelelwano oluphezulu, lungaxhasa ilungelo elipheleleyo, elipheleleyo lomongameli wokhuseleko lwezomthetho phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko."

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Apha

IKhomishini yasebenzisa amandla ayo ophando yaza yakhupha ii-pricenans ezincinci. Ijaji yanyanzelisa loo mongameli ongaphantsi kwe-pona, imisela umda kwilungelo eliphezulu. UMongameli wathobela umyalelo weNkundla, ekhupha iikhasethi ezathi ekugqibeleni zabonisa ukuba ubandakanyeko lwakhe kwigquma. Ukujongana nomntu othile ongafundanga kwaye osusiweyo, uNixon urhoxile – umongameli wokuqala ukuba enze oko. Oku kungqina ukuba inkqubo inokuthwala isigqeba esinegunya xa onke amasebe esebenza kwindima zawo zomgaqo-siseko.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: Oyez – United States v. Nixon (1974)

Umzekelo 4: Umthetho we-Afford Care kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wezeejaji – NFIB v. Sebelius (202)

Xa iBhunga lalidlulise i-Pathient Protection and Afford Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010, lamela ulwandiso olukhulu lwamandla karhulumente ekunyamekeleni impilo. Umthetho wawuquka umyalelo onyanzelisa abantu abaninzi baseMerika ukuba bathenge inshorensi yempilo okanye bahlawule isohlwayo. Abachasi baphikisa ukuba iBhunga lalingenalo igunya elisemthethweni phantsi koMphathi-Mkhosi ka-Celaskomfaskoste ukunyanzela abantu ukuba bangene erhwebo. Umbambalo, . [FLT] umanyano lwe-Inters yomthetho-ost Ishishini ye-Entempty v. Selius[FLT][FLT:][5] [2010], baba luvavanyo lwe-judiac'umnic'umniat'iarenti.[FLT]

INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo esingu-5-4, yaxhasa umyalelo womntu ngamnye kodwa hayi phantsi koMphathi-mikhosi worhwebo uClaus. Endaweni yoko, uMahluleli oPhakamileyo uJohn Roberts wabhala ukuba umyalelo unokuzithethelela njengerhafu phantsi kwamandla eBhunga arhafisayo. INkundla yakwasilela nelungiselelo elaliza kuvumela urhulumente ukuba angayivumeli yonke inkxaso yemali yeMedicaid ukusuka kumaphondo angavumiyo ukwandisa – uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwinkcithotho yemali yeBhunga.

Imisebenzi emininzi Yokukhangela Kumdlalo

Eli tyala libonisa indlela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ehlola ngayo zombini iiKhonkxa (ngokuqwalasela umthetho womgaqo-siseko) kunye nesebe eliphetheyo (ngokulinganisela indlela iSebe lezempilo neeNkonzo zoluntu ezawusebenzisa ngayo umthetho). Ikwabonisa ukuba iNkundla ayithathi nje kuphela ipesenti yerabha okanye iwuphelise umthetho; ingaxhasa umthetho kwimiqathango eyahlukileyo kunaleyo icetyiswe yiBhunga, ngaloo ndlela ilungisa inkqubo. I-ACA yasinda, kodwa umlinganiselo wayo wachazwa yi-judiary, hayi kuphela yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye umongameli.

Umzekelo 5: Umongameli Vetoes kunye neKhonklatha

Amandla eveto yenye yezona ndlela zilula zokuhlola uMongameli ephethe iKhontrakthi. Icandelo I, Icandelo 7 lomGaqo-siseko linika uMongameli iintsuku ezilishumi ukutyikitya okanye ukukhupha umthetho. Ukuba igatyiwe, ityala libuyela kwi Congress, enokuthi igqithe iveto nge stifrears ezininzi. Le mikhosi inamandla ithetha ngokuphicotha kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho inenkxaso ebanzi.

Umzekelo obalaseleyo wakutshanje wenzeke ngo 2015 xa uMongameli Barack Obama wazama ukukhupha S. 2085, umthetho ozakuba uphinde wawa amanani abalulekileyo oMthetho wesikhathalelo weAffordible. IBhunga loMbutho weRiphabliki lazama ukukhupha iveto, kodwa iNdlu yehla ifinyele kwii-3 ezimbini ezifunekayo (ivoti yayingu 241/186). Iveto ima, igcina umthetho wempilo eseleyo ye-Obama's Hue.

Ezinye Iibhokisi Eziphawulekayo

Ekuqaleni kwembali yase-U.S., uMongameli Andrew Jackson wakhupha ikharethi elidumileyo leBhanki yesibini yaseUnited States ngo-1832, eqinisekisa uvavanyo olunamandla lwegunya kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. Kutshanje, uMongameli uDonald Trump ukhuphe i-vetoes ezininzi, kuquka irekhodi yemali ye-bipartisan evala uncedo lomkhosi kuSaudi Arabia ngokubulala, okuthi kungoko iNgqungquthela ingakwaziyo ukuphelisa. Umzekelo ngamnye ubonisa ukuba iveto ayingomthetho we-procedialcom kodwa i-examp encinci enokuthi iphinde ifumane inkqubo yolawulo kawonke xa uMongameli noMngxube

Umzekelo 6: Isigqibo samagunya emfazwe nesenzo somkhosi

Isigqibo semfazwe samagunya emfazwe yeYambulo ka 1973 (egqithe kuMongameli Nixon's vento) yayililinge leBhunga lokuphinda lifumane igunya layo lomgaqo-siseko ukuvakalisa imfazwe emva kwemfazwe eqhubekayo eKorea naseVietnam. Esi sigqibo sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga ngeyure ezingama-48 zokufaka amajoni axhobileyo kwimfazwe nokususa amajoni akwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga ligunyazisa ulwandiso. Lo mthetho ulu vavanyo oluthe ngqo kumandla kaMongameli njengomphathi-mphathi-ntloko.

Ngokwendlela esisebenza ngayo isigqibo, siqhubele phambili. Abameli bobabini baye baphikisa ngokuthi iphazamisana negunya elilawulayo, kwaye basoloko bethumela amajoni ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yangaphambili yequmrhu. Umzekelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama's 2011 ungenelelo lomkhosi eLibya lwaqhubeka ngaphaya komda weentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso lomthetho, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwimingeni esemthethweni. Kamva inkundla yesithili yephondo yawisa umthetho ukuba urhulumente akalwaphulanga isigqibo semfazwe kuba imisebenzi ayizange iveze "irhumele" ngengqiqo esemthethweni – ukutolikwa komthetho okuvumela isigqesho esiphezulu ukuba sidlulisele imida yomthetho.

Ukuxinezeleka Okuqhubekayo

Lo mzekelo ubalaselisa ukuba uphando nolungelelwano alusoloko lusebenza. Xa amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nezomthetho engafuni ngamandla ukucel ’ umngeni isenzo somkhosi ophezulu, inkqubo ingangalungelelananga. Noko ke, iSigqibo seWar Powers soMkhosi sisengumthetho onyanzelisa oomongameli ekufuneka bawuqwalasele, kwaye ulungiselela iqonga lengxoxo kunye nolawulo, kwanokuba uhlolo lokugqibela ludla ngokuba lwezopolitiko kunokuba lube ngolumthetho.

Umzekelo 7: Ukungagqibeki kukaBill Clinton (1998-1999)

Uphazamiso lukaMongameli uBill Clinton lwavela kulwalamano lwakhe noWhite House intern Monica Lewinsky kunye nokuthintela izityholo zobulungisa. Indlu yabameli, elawulwa ngabameli baseRiphabliki, yavotela ukupheliswa kweClinton ngoDisemba 1998 kumanqaku amabini: ukuqhatha phambi kwejaji elikhulu kunye nesithintelo sokugweba. Oku kwabonisa amandla endlu ukuzisa izityholo kumongameli ohleliyo ngenxa yokutyholwa kokungalungisi kakuhle.

Ityala leNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi laphela ekuthethelelwani ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1999, linesifungo esingama-50 sokuchola amabanjwa kwityala le-petroli, kunye nama-50 ekuthinteleni – kufutshane kakhulu kuma-67 afunekayo ukuze asuswe. Isiphumo saqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokungagunyazi ifana nesixhobo sezopolitiko esisemthethweni. Kwaye kwabonisa ukuba iBhunga, njengeyona ingenaziphene, isebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola indlu ye-Rhosastern. Clinton yashiya iofisi eneziqinisekiso eziphezulu zemvume, kwaye ityala alizange libangele urhulumente ukuba aphinde angene.

Umzekelo 8: Inkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neMithetho eLawulayo – Trump v. Hawaii (208)

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ivumela uMongameli ukuba alathise imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe ngaphandle komthetho omtsha, kodwa baphantsi kokuhlolisiswa kwetyala. Ngo-2017, uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhupha uLungelelo oluPhezulu 13769, ngokuqhelekileyo olubizwa ngokuba luluthintelo "lokuthintelwa," lokuthintela ukungena kumazwe amaninzi angummi. Iinkundla zomanyano zakhawuleza zavala umyalelo ngezizathu zokuba mhlawumbi waphula umthetho wokumiswa kuka-Celaska ngokususa ityala ngesizinzi sonqulo.

Urhulumente waluhlaziya ulungiso lomyalelo kaninzi, yaye ekugqibeleni ityala lafikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo njenge [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii [2017]. INkundla yaxhasa uhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo loluthintelo lokuhamba, ukubhekisa kwigunya elibanzi loMongameli phezu kokhuseleko lobugcisa nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa, imo ibonise ukuba i-judiary inganqumama kwaye iphinde ihlole izenzo zequmrhu, inyanzelela umphathi wesebe ukucotha imithetho yakhe ukuze ahlangabezane nomgaqo-siseko. Ikwabalase ukuba ukhangelo lwejadicary alugqibekanga ngokupheleleyo; urhulumente uyakwazi ukuphumelela ukuba uthetha kwimicimbi yenkundla.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: Izimvo zeNkundla ePhezulu – Trump v. Hawaii (Hayi. 17-965)

Isiphelo: Imbonakalo Enamandla Nebalulekileyo Yokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Le mizekelo yobomi bokwenene esuka kwimbali yase-U.S. ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana ayiyongcamango nje yengcinga ekhoyo kwincwadi. Lilungiselelo eliphilayo, elinamandla elisoloko liguquka kwiimeko ezinzima, kwiingxaki zomthetho, kunye nengxoxo yezopolitiko. Ukusuka ekusungulweni kovavanyo lwezomthetho ngo-1803 ukuya kulwa lwakutshanje kwimiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo kunye notshintsho lwezempilo, isebe ngalinye liye lavavanya amandla alo laza lanyanzela ukuba lichasane namanye.

Inkqubo ayifezekanga. Ngamanye amaxesha oomongameli baye bangaphaya kwegunya labo; iBhunga maxa wambi liye lasilela ukuhlola umphathi onegunya eliphezulu; ijaji maxa wambi iye yacotha ukuthatha inyathelo. Kodwa amaxesha amaninzi, isiseko somGaqo-siseko siye salungiselela iindlela zokulungisa. I-Impeating, i-vetoes, uhlalutyo, iSigqibo se-War Powers, kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa zonke ezisebenza njengezikhuseli ekuthinteleni amandla angathintelwanga.

Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda abemi baqonde isizathu sokuba umGaqo-siseko wase-U. unyamezele ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Yenzelwe ukuba ingenze lula urhulumente, kodwa iyenze ibe nzima ingcinezelo. Njengokuba uhlanga lujongene nocelomngeni olutsha – ukusuka kulwazi lwezimvo zobugcisa ukuya kumandla olawulayo kwixesha eliphakathi-lembali isikhumbuza ukuba ukulungelelanisa amandla kumele kugcinwe ngokuphandle ngawo onke amasebe amathathu kunye nonolwazi olunolwazi.

Ukuphinda ufunde, i [[FLT: 0] Iziphumo zobuNtloko kwiphepha lokuhlola nokulinganisa inika ushwankathelo olufutshane. Ingxelo yembali engoAndrew Johnson inikeza umongo owongezelelweyo.