IBhunga lisisiseko sorhulumente ongummeli, kodwa abantu abaninzi bafumanisa ukuba iinkqubo namandla alo amfiliba. Enyanisweni, umsebenzi weBhunga ulolonga imithetho kunye nobuncwane obulawula uhambo lwakho, ihecker yakho yemali, inkathalo yempilo, nemfundo yabantwana bakho. Ukuqonda iBhunga ngendlela elula kukunceda ubone indlela izigqibo ezenziwe kwigumbi elikude ezichaphazela ngayo ngokobuqu bemihla ngemihla nomgangatho wobomi bakho. Eli nqaku liphazamisanako oko kukuthi iBharha, indlela esebenza ngayo, nesizathu sokuba isebenza ngayo, nesizathu sokuba ityala lalo kuwe.

Yintoni IBhunga LeNtlanganiso?

ICathene lilelinye lamagumbi amabini endlu yowiso-mthetho ye-badamaral, eli lisebe likarhulumente elijongene nokwenza imithetho. Isebe layo libizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yabameli, iNdibano, okanye iNdlu Yoluntu, kuxhomekeke kwilizwe. Indima yeNdlu yeNtsimbi kukukhonza njengelungu elilawulayo, amandla azinzileyo — uvavanyo kwindlu esezantsi ephendulayo ngqo. Abaquququzeleli banyulwa (okanye, kwiinkqubo ezimbalwa, abatyunjwe) ukuze bamele amaqela amakhulu omhlaba, njengamazwe okanye amaphondo, kwaye badla ngokusebenza amabinzana amade kunamalungu egumbi elisezantsi. Esi sakhiwo sasiyilelwe ukukhuthaza ukucinga nokukhusela izilangazelelo ezinkozo zexeshana.

EUnited States, umzekelo, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zine 100 ze-senantars — ezimbini ukusuka kwilizwe ngalinye — zisebenza amagama aneminyaka emithandathu. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ngamnye unomelo olulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba uphi na inani labemi bakhe, umgaqo owaziwayo njengo ngokulinganayo[. Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Australia, Canada, kunye neJamani, aneegumbi eliphezulu elinemimiselo nemithetho eyahlukileyo, kodwa ingcamango engundoqo ihlala injalo: iBhange inika ujongo lwesibini kumthetho kunye nemisebenzi engaqhelekanga. Ukuqonda olu cwangciso olusisiseko luyinyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda indlela i-State sylvesss.

IBhunga LeNdlu YeeNtlanganiso Liyiphembelela Njani Imithetho?

Ukwenza umthetho yinkqubo enyanzelekileyo apho iBhunga leNdlu yeMikhosi lidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngelixesha iNdlu yabameli idla ngokuqalisa ukuchitha amatyala, nawuphi na umthetho oba ngumthetho kufuneka uvunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi afanayo. Nantsi indlela iSentenala ebumba ngayo umthetho ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni:

Uhlolo lokwazisa nolokusebenza kweKomiti

I-senete ichaza ityala, elithi ngoko libelwe ikomiti ejongene nemali esemthethweni — umzekelo, impilo, imali, okanye imekobume. Iikomiti zilapho umsebenzi wokwenyani usenzeka khona. Amalungu aba namava apho iingcali nabagcini-mathiriyeli bangqina, ukupheliswa, nokubekwa uphawu lombhalo. Ikomiti ingawuvumela lo mthetho njengoko, iwuhlaziya, okanye iwubulale ngokupheleleyo ngokusilela ukuthatha inyathelo. Ukuba ityala aliphumi kwikomiti, alidli ngethuba lokuvota. Eli gunya lokugcina amasango lithetha ukuba iikomiti zeNtlanganiso zinempembelelo enkulu ekuthethwa ngazo kwaye zisombululwa njani.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Ukuba ityala liphuma kwikomiti, liya kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNyanga epheleleyo ukuze kuxoxwe ngayo. Kumagumbi amaninzi, impikiswano ingasikelwe umda, kodwa iNdlu yeNtlanga engokwembali ivumela impikiswano engapheliyo — inkalo eyenza ukuba i ibe yi-filibuster[, iqhinga apho i-ingingine ithetha kangangeeyure ezininzi ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala ukuvota. Ukuba i-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi kufuneka ivota, i-ivote i- indlu yendlu ye-khaya kufuneka ivotele , nto leyo efuna i-apolat-fy-fffy (amavoti-60). Xa iphela intetho yengxoxo, ii-costate, i-ontaxters.

Ukulungisa Umahluko Nendlu

Ngenxa yokuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zeNdlu kufuneka zidlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo, iingxubevange ziconjululwa ngekomiti yenkomfa okanye ngokutshintshisana ngezilungiso. Le nkqubo isoloko ilapho imo yokugqibela yomthetho idityaniswe khona, kwaye abaququzeleli bangabaququzeleli abaphambili. Utyikityo lokugqibela luyeye kumongameli (okanye intloko karhulumente) ukuze kutyikityelwe okanye kukhutshwe.

Kulo lonke ixesha — ukususela kumavoti achongiweyo ekomitini ukuya kwingqungquthela — kuvulelwa amathuba abo baququzeleli ukuba bafake amalungiselelo ayingenelo kumazwe abo okanye ahambelane neenkqubo zabo eziphambili. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela imithetho elawula ukhuseleko lwendawo osebenza kuyo, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, irhafu, nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Impembelelo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Imveliso yowiso-mthetho yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho iindawo ezingundoqo apho izenzo zeNdlu yeeNtlanga zineziphumo ezithe ngqo, ezibonakalayo kuwe nentsapho yakho.

Impilo

Iivoti zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zimisela inkxaso-mali kunye nesakhiwo seenkqubo zezempilo. Umzekelo, eUnited States, iNdlu yeNdlu inamandla okwandisa okanye okudibanisa iMedicaid, ukuguqula iMedicare, nokuvumela ukubonelelwa kweentengiso ze-inshorensi zempilo. Indlu enye yeQeta elawulayo ingatshintsha enoba amayeza akho agunyazisiweyo anokufumaneka kusini na, enoba isibhedlele sakho sihlala sivuliwe, okanye enoba abantwana bahlala bekho nge-inshorensi yempilo. Izigqibo zempilo yoluntu zikwachaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwezifo, ukufumaneka kwe-atomation, kunye nophando ezintsha zonyango.

Imfundo

Inkqubo yemfundo yomanyano — kuquka intlawulo yemali yomfundi, iimali zemali zemali kaPell Grant, kunye nenkxaso-mali kwizikolo ezihlawulwa kancinci — iqala kwiKhomishini phantsi kolawulo lweNdlu yeeNdlu. IKomiti yeNdlu yeKhala yezeMpilo, yemfundo, yeMsebenzi, neyePenssion ibhala imithetho emisela imfundo yesizwe ephambili. Xa iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanga enika uqingqo-mali enciphisa okanye enyusa imali echithwayo, isithilini lesikolo sakho sisenokubona utshintsho ngokwemigangatho yeklasi, imivuzo yomfundisi, kunye neenkqubo zekholejini emva kwesikolo. Kubafundi, izigqi zeKhatele, izigqibo zenkqubo zokukhongozela intelo okanye izikovo ezingenisa imali ezinkongozelweni zingathetha amawaka emalini okanye amawaka emali emalini.

Irhafu Nomvuzo Wakho

Imithetho yerhafu iqala eNdlu kodwa ilungiswe kakhulu yiBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu. IKomiti yezemali (eUnited States) idlala indima ephambili ekulolongeni izibiyeli zerhafu, iincopho, kunye neetyala. Ukuba uhlawula ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi konyaka ngamnye kuxhomekeke kwivoti yeBhunga lerhafu okanye ekunyukeni kwerhafu. Kwakhona iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba abameli beMbutho weMbali yeNtlanganiso yeNkonzo yeNqamfa kunye namanye amasebe agunyazisa irhafu, achaphazela indlela esetyenziswa ngokungqongqo ngayo imithetho yerhafu.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nokusesikweni

Ukususela ekulawuleni imipu ukuya ekuguquleni ugwebo lomthetho, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ibhala ize iphucule imithetho emisela izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, amasebe amapolisa asezimalini, kwaye ibonelela ngemali yeenkundla neentolongo. Iivoti zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neejaji zephondo eliphakamileyo — amandla akhethekileyo egumbi eliphezulu — imisela ukuba yiyiphi imigwebi echaza imithetho, kuquka leyo ichaphazela amalungelo akho, imfihlo, kunye nokhuseleko. Ijaji eqinisekiswe yiNdluneli ingubo ingulowo usebenza emsebenzini, isaziso somphathi wakho sokugxotha, okanye isaziso somthetho wengingqi.

Isiseko Semeko- bume Nesibonelelo

IBhunga leNdlu linesandla esingqalileyo kwimithetho elawula umoya ococekileyo namanzi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nenkqubo yamandla. Iindleko zokubonelela ngeemeko zemozulu — ezixhasa iindlela, iibhulorho, ibhanti, ibhanti elibanzi, kunye nokuthutha uwonke-wonke — kufuneka zidlule kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Ukuba uhola kummandla wakho uphinde wongezwe okanye kukho uqhushululu olutsha, kusoloko kungenxa yokuba iBhayisethi yemali elungele oko. Imithetho yendalo echaphazela ubunjani bamanzi owaselayo okanye umoya owuphefumlayo ibunjwa ngoomphathi beNtsila nomthetho.

Imveliso Nemisebenzi

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho e-Macro yezentengiselwano — njengezivumelwano zorhwebo, imiqathango yezorhwebo, imimiselo yezoshishino, kunye nemali encinane ehlawulwa ngurhulumente — iphenjelelwa yivoti yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi. INdlu yeNtsimbi iqinisekisa izihlalo zeFederal Reserve, iKhomishini yeSizwe ne-Exchange, kunye neminye imibutho elawula izoqoqosho. La magosa enza izigqibo ezichaphazela inzala, isimilo semali yemali, kunye nokukhuselwa kwabathengi. Xa iNdlundlu yeeNtsibeko zikhupha umthetho owenzisa ishishini amancinane okanye zinika izisusa zerhafuthelo, umsebenzi kunye nemivuzo yasekuhlaleni inokurhola.

Bakhethwa Njani Abanyuli?

Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi, iziqu zinyulwa ngabantu ngokuthe ngqo. EUnited States, urhulumente ngamnye uba nonyulo lweNtlanganiso rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini kwisihlalo esinye sesithathu, eqinisekisa ujikelezo olushukumayo. Unyulo lwelizwe lonke luthetha ukuba isinxulumanisi kufuneka sibhenele kububanzi bobugocigoci bomhlaba, hayi kwisithili esinye. Oku kwenza iziququ zijolise ngakumbi kwimiba yeqondo elikhulu efana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, urhwebo lwamazwe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali yorhulumente.

Inkqubo yonyulo iquka unyulo oluphambili, unyulo jikelele, yaye ngamanye amaxesha lubavumela ukuba isihlalo esikhethekileyo sibe singenamntu. Unyulo lwezihlalo zeNtlanga yeQela lungaphakama ngenxa yokuba olu khuphiswano lusoloko lutsala ingqalelo yesizwe kwaye lunemiqathango ecacileyo yenkqubo. Ubude begama le-intenerector — iminyaka emithandathu e-U.S. — lubavumela ukuba bajolise ingqalelo kwiingxaki zexesha elide ngaphandle kwengcinezelo eqhubekayo yonyulo, kodwa kwakhona luthetha ukuba abavoti mabahlale bebophelele phakathi kokhetho.

Amazwe amancinane afumana amandla angenakulinganiswa kwiBhunga leNtsimbi kuba urhulumente ngamnye unee-senate ezimbini kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Le ndlela, eyamkelwa kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. njengokwalatha okuKhulu, ithetha ukuba umvoti eWyoming umele iNdlu yeCalifornia ngaphezu komvoti weKhalifoni. Oku kungalingani kuneziphumo ezisebenzayo: iCantenete isoloko inika ubunzima obungakumbi kwimicimbi yasemaphandleni neyolimo, enokuthi ibumbe imithetho yokulima, yokusebenzisa umhlaba, nokuphuhlisa amandla.

Amandla Akhethekileyo eBharte: Angaphezulu Kuphela Kokwenza Umthetho

Ngaphandle kokudlula kwamatyala, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga isebenzisa amandla akhethekileyo achaphazela ubomi bakho, enoba awuyiboni incwadi yemithetho.

Icebiso Nemvume

Kwinkqubo ezininzi zomongameli, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kufuneka ivume ukumiselwa komongameli. Kwi-U.S. Oku kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe (kuquka amaJaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo), oomatiloshe, namagosa aphezulu emikhosi. Umzekelo, unobhala wemfundo owevayo ezindabeni kufuneka aqinisekiswe yiBhayibhile. Ongakufanelekanga kakuhle okanye unyulo lwengqiqo olungakumbi lungaguqula ulwalathiso lwesebe lonke, oluchaphazela indlela imithetho enyanzelelwa ngayo kunye neenkonzo ozifumanayo.

Ingcebiso neMicimbi yaMazwe angaphandle

IBhunga leNtsimbi livumela izivumelwano ezixoxwe ngumongameli, ezifuna isibini-sithathu soninzi. Eli gunya linika iNdlu yeQela isandla esinamandla ekulungiseni izigqibo zezizwe ngezizwe ezichaphazela urhwebo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentsebenziswano yemozulu. Isivumelwano esinciphisa iintambo zezinto ozithengayo, okanye esisebenzisayo imikhosi kwimfazwe yamanye amazwe, siqala ngovoti yeBhunga. Nangona ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esisemthethweni, izigqibo zexesha elifanelekileyo zeNdlundlwane yeCante ezichaphazela izivumelwano ezichaphazela urhwebo, ukhuseleko nentsebenziswano yezo zelizwe lasemzini. Isivumelwano esinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinxulumene nezizwe ezisebenzisanazo, ezichaphazela umanyano lwehlabathi kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho.

Ukuzama Ukuvavanywa

Xa iNdlu ikhupha igosa lesizwe — kuquka umongameli, isekela likamongameli, okanye ijaji — iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso iqubisana ukuba igqibe ukuba ingalisusa na elo gunya eofisini. Ityala lifuna ukuba libe lineenyawo ezimbini eziphezulu. Nangona ukunyanzelisa kunqabile, kunguvavanyo olupheleleyo kwigunya eliphetheyo nelokugweba. Umgwebo weBhunga kumatyala anjalo ungayixhasa okanye uwiselhisi igunya legosa likarhulumente, okuneziphumo zento yonke esuka kwigunya lobumongameli.

Inkqubo yeKomiti: Apho Iinkcukacha zigqitywe khona

Ukuze iqonde indlela iNdlu yeeNdlela echaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, kufuneka uqonde iikomiti eziziikomiti ezili-16 ezimileyo e-U.S., nganye inegunya kwiindawo ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo ezifana nezolimo, ezorhwebo, ulwalamano lwangaphandle, okanye impilo. Iikomiti zinokuphulaphula nokuphanda okunokuthi kuphengulule uluntu kwaye kukhokelele kwimithetho emitsha. Zikwaqhuba ulawulo lwamaqumrhu aphetheyo, zibiza amagosa ukuba aphendule ngenkcitho, aphathele phantsi, okanye angasebenzi ngokungekho mthethweni. Umzekelo, uphando lwekomiti yeNtentetho kwimiba yeziyobisi ezisetyenziswa ngugqirha lungakhokelela ekuwiseni imithetho enciphisa iindleko-amayeza akho. Ngenxa yokuba abaququzeleli besebenzisa iikomiti ezininzi, bavelisa ubuchule obuncedayo ukuba abhale imithetho eluncedo ngakumbi. Kodwa kwakhona bayakwazi ukuphendula okanye bavimbe umthetho ongquzukisa iinjongo ezinamandla.

Indlela Yokuhlala Unolwazi Uze Uve Ilizwi Lakho

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lisenokubonakala likude, kodwa unazo iindlela ezingqalileyo zokuliphembelela. Nazi amanyathelo asebenzisekayo:

  • [[UMTLL: 0] Yazi ii-senate zakho. Fumana amagama abo, ulwazi loqhagamshelano, kunye nezabelo zeekomiti. Indwendwe Ishente.gov kuluhlu olupheleleyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ulandela umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho. Sebenzisa .Gov ukulandelela amatyala, amavoti, kunye neenkqubo zekomiti. Ungatyikitya izilumkiso kwimixholo efuna umbandela, njengemfundo okanye inkathalo yempilo.
  • Ukudibana nee-senator zakho. iminxeba, ii-imeyili, kunye noonobumba kuhlala kusebenza. Yiya kwiintlanganiso ze-holo yedolophu okanye ucwangcise utyelelo kwi-ofisi yabo yobulali. Umngenisi osele esele ephilile angaphembelela ukuma kwe-senator kwimali.
  • Unyulo lweNkangeleko lugqiba ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo eza kuqhubekeka. Unyulo lwe-Plare lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuba lugqiba abaza kungena kunyulo oluza kuvela kwivoti jikelele.
  • I-'i-Advocation' amaqela. Imibutho ye-Nopartistan njenge Brennan Center yeJaji kunye ne Brooking Institution[ ipapasha uhlalutyo kunye nengcebiso lenkqubo enokukunceda uqonde intsingiselo yezenzo zeCandelo.

Abantu abambalwa abazinikeleyo banokuyiguqula impikiswano engombandela wasekuhlaleni, yaye loo tshintsho lunokuba ngumgaqo wesizwe.

Isiphelo

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lingaphezulu kakhulu kunequmrhu lowiso-mthetho elikude — lilungiselelo elinamandla elinezigqibo ezichaphazela impilo yakho, ubutyebi, namalungelo akho. Ngokusebenzisa amayeza oya kwiindlela ohamba ngazo, ukusuka kwirhafu ohlawula ngayo kubagwebi abachaza imithetho, indima yeBhunga ixhaphakile. Ngokuqonda indlela eliyiyo, inkqubo yalo namandla akhethekileyo, uxhotyiswe bhetele ukuze ubendakanye nenkqubo kunye nomxhasi wezilangazelelo zakho. Ngelixa elizayo ubona ingxelo yeendaba engoRhovisi, khumbula ukuba ayiyo nje ibali lezobupolitika — libali nje elingobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.