Table of Contents

IBhili yamaLungelo imele njengenye yamaxwebhu abalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMerika, esebenza njengesiseko senkululeko yomntu ngamnye nesivikelo nxamnye nokuqhatha kukarhulumente. Ukuqokelela iinguqu zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, olu xwebhu lwesiseko luye lwabumba ulwalamano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kubalulekile kumntu ngamnye waseMerika oxabisa inkululeko, idemokhrasi, kunye nomthetho.

Yintoni Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo?

Ishumi leenguquko ezili-12 ezacetywayo zavunywa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu-ne zikarhulumente ngoDisemba 15, 1791, zimisela oko sikubiza njengeBhili yamaLungelo. UJames Madison wabhala izilungiso njengesisombululo sokumisela igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngomGaqo-siseko. Ezi zindululo zazingeyonxalenye yomGaqo-siseko wokuqala kodwa zongezwa kwinkxalabo ephakanyisweyo ngexesha lengxoxo yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo.

Kwacetyiswa ukulandela ingxoxo edla ngokuba buhlungu ka-1787-88 emalunga nokubekwa komGaqo-siseko kwaye yabhalwa ukuphendula iimpikiswano eziphakanyiswe yiAnti-Federalist. AbaLanti-Federali babesoyika ukuba ngaphandle kokhuseleko olucacileyo, urhulumente omtsha wephondo uza kuba namandla kakhulu kwaye usongele inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukunyanzelisa kwabo kwirejista yamalungelo ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela komnye wezona zangezelelwano zibalulekileyo kumGaqo-siseko.

Imbali Nempembelelo

Iingcamango eziqikelelweyo kwezi zindululo zakhiwe kwezo zisemaxwebhuni angaphambili, ingakumbi isindululo samalungelo eVirginia (1776), kunye neNorthwest Ordinance (1787), iBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo (1689), kunye neMagna Carta (1215). Le migaqo yembali yaseka urhulumente olinganiselweyo kunye namalungelo obuqu abaDala ihambelana nomongo waseMelika.

Ngexesha leengxoxo eziphathelele ukwamkelwa komGaqo-siseko, abachasi bawo babesoloko betyhola ukuba umGaqo-siseko njengowabelwe ukuba uza kuvula indlela yokungcungcuthekisa ngurhulumente osembindini. Ukuhlulwa ezingqondweni zabo kwakuyinkumbulo yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu baseBritani ngaphambi nangexesha leMvukelo. Bafuna "iimali yamalungelo" eyayiza kuphelisa ukugonywa kwabemi ngabanye.

Indima kaMadison ekudaleni amaLungelo

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, uJames Madison ekuqaleni wayechasa ukwenza irejista yamalungelo. Ekuqaleni uMadison wayichasa ingcamango yokwenza irejista yamalungelo, ngokuyintloko ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: UmGaqo-siseko awuzange unike urhulumente wesizwe igunya lokususa amalungelo abantu. Amagunya karhulumente welo lizwe "awaphuthile kwaye achazwe". Noko ke, izinto zezobupolitika zamnyanzela ukuba aphinde ahlolisise isikhundla sakhe.

UMadison woyisa uMonroe emva kokunikela iphulo lokuqinisekisa ukuba uza kuzisa ukupheliswa kwamalungelo emGaqo-siseko kwiNgqungquthela yokuqala. Esi sithembiso sezobupolitika saguqula uMadison ekubeni ngumkhandi oyintloko weBhili yamaLungelo, samenza wagqalwa njengomnye wezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yezomGaqo-siseko waseMerika.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Isiseko Senkululeko YaseMerika

UHlomelo Lokuqala mhlawumbi lelona lungiselelo laziwayo nelikhankanywe rhoqo kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Lukhusela inkululeko esisiseko emininzi eyimfuneko kwibutho lobudemokhrasi. IBhunga aliyi kwenza mthetho ngokumiselwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha: Indawo Nokhuseleko

Inkululeko yokuthetha yenye yezona lungelo zixabisekileyo kulawulo-lwazi lwaseMerika. Olu khuselo luquka okungaphezulu kokuthetha nje kuphela ngamagama.

Ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo liquka iinkuselo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokungathethi, kuquka ilungelo lokungakhahleli kwindwe. Abafundi banokunxiba iintambo zengalo okanye ezinye izinto zomfuziselo ukuchaza iimbono zezobupolitika. Abantu bangasebenzisa intetho echaphazelekayo ukudlulisela imiyalezo yezobupolitika, kwanaxa abanye befumanisa ukuba ayithandeki okanye ayithandeki.

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagxininisa ngokuzingisileyo ukuba kubanzi kokukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha. UMthetho Wokuqala Wolwandiso ukhusela intetho kwanaxa iingcamango eziveziweyo zicingelwa ukuba azinangqiqo, ziyacaphukisa, ziziphatha kakubi okanye zinentiyo.

Imida Kwinkululeko Yokuthetha

Ngoxa uMphetho Wokuqala unikela inkxaso eqinileyo, inkululeko yokuthetha ingekho ngqiqweni.intetho ezikhuselwa kancinane okanye ezingakhuselwanga yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala (ngako ke zisenokuthintelwa) ziquka ukungcoliswa, ukuqhatha, ukuphosa amanyala kwabantwana, intetho ekhuthaza ihambo engekho mthethweni esondeleyo, intetho ephazamisana nomthetho wempahla, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, nentetho yentengiso efana nezibhengezo.

Enye yezona zithintelo zibalulekileyo ibandakanya ukuphembelela ugonyamelo. EBrandenburg v. Ohio (11969), oku kwancitshiswa kumgangatho "ongenamgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho", kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo ihlenga-hlengisa ngamxhelo mnye ukuvunywa kweqela le Ku Klux Klan ku "ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo ... njengendlela yokuphumeza utshintsho lwezobupolitika" ngenxa yokuba amazwi abo kwintlanganiso awaluchananga, okanye injongo esondeleyo, ukwenza ugonyamelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente unokuthi uyakwazi ukuvala kuphela intetho eqhutywa ekukhuthazeni ukuchasana kwangoko kwaye mhlawumbi avelisa isenzo esinjalo.

Ukungahloneli kumela olunye uhlobo lokuthetha okungakhuselekanga. Ubuxoki bokungakhuseleki (obubizwa ngokuba "libel" ukuba kubhalwe kunye "nomqhubi" ukuba kuthethwa), ukuxoka phantsi kwesifungo, nokuqhatha kusenokusohlwaywa. Noko ke, oku kungachazwa ngokufutshane ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemithetho karhulumente yokunyelisa abagxeki.

Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga enokuthiwa yintetho yentiyo. Izisongelo zobuhlanga azikhuselekanga kuMphetho wokuqala kwicala lezisongelo, kwaye ukuthukwa kobuhlanga ngokobuqu kungasohlwaywa ngamanye amazwi okulwa. Kodwa intetho enjalo ayinakohlwaywa ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba inobuhlanga, i-synostic, ichasene nonqulo oluthile. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona intetho yentiyo isenokuba netyala ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, isoloko ifumana ukhuseleko loMphengululo wokuqala ngaphandle kokuba iwele komnye umbutho ongakhuselekanga.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Urhulumente ungayimisela imiqathango jikelele yexesha, indawo, okanye indlela yokuthetha, ukuba imiqathango ayihambelani noko kuthethwa yintetho kwaye ishiya abantu benendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuchaza iimbono zabo. Le mimiselo iqulethweyo ivumela urhulumente ukuba agcine ucwangco kwaye akhusele ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iimbono ezithile okanye imiyalezo.

Ngokomzekelo, isixeko sinokufuna imvume yokubonisa ingxolo enkulu, yokumisela imithetho yengxolo, okanye yokumisela iindawo ezithile zokuqhankqalaza.

Inkululeko Yonqulo: OoClaus Ababili Ababalulekileyo

Amacandelo onqulo oluHlaziweyo lokuqala amisela imigaqo emibini esebenzisanayo ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo. La malungiselelo athintela urhulumente ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni ngoxa ngexesha elinye ekhusela amalungelo abantu okuqhelisela ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekileyo.

Ukusekwa KukaClaus

IBhunga alivumelekanga ukwenza imithetho yokuseka unqulo okanye inkululeko yokuthetha ebekelwe umda. I-Gawulayo ka-Claus ithintela urhulumente ekudaleni unqulo olusemthethweni, ukuxhasa olunye unqulo ngaphezu kwezinye, okanye ukukhuthaza unqulo ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphezu konqulo. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala engoondilele kwimicimbi yokholo.

ISindululo sikaClaus siye sachazwa sikwalela iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokubandakanyeka koorhulumente kunqulo, kuquka umthandazo onyanzelekileyo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, ukuxhasa iimfundiso zonqulo nokwenza imida yonqulo kwizinto zikawonke wonke ezixhasa ukholo oluthile.

Ukuzilolonga Ngokukhululeka

I-Free Execree Claus ikhusela amalungelo abantu okuqhelisela unqulo lwabo ngokweenkolelo zabo. Olu khuselo luquka unqulo lonqulo, isikhumbuzo, kunye nendlela yokuqhelisela, ivumela abantu ukuba balandele ukholo lwabo ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente. Eli binzana liyavuma ukuba inkululeko yonqulo lilungelo elisisiseko urhulumente wangaphambi kwexesha lakhe kwaye alinakuthatyathwa ngezenzo zowiso-mthetho.

Noko ke, iFree Execle Claus ayiyikhuseli ngokupheleleyo imithetho. Urhulumente unokunyanzelisa imithetho yobundilele yokuba ngqongqo kwanaxa kusenzeka uqheliselo lonqulo olunzima.

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba isebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente ngokuqinisekisa ukuba intatheli zinokuphanda zize zinikele ingxelo ngemibandela exhalabisayo kawonke wonke ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezelela kukarhulumente.

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba eqinisekiswe yiFirst Amendment ivumela iintatheli ukuba zigxeke amagosa karhulumente, zibhence urhwaphilizo, zipapashe inkcazelo urhulumente asenokukhetha ukuyigcina iyimfihlo.

Inkululeko Yendibano Nesibongozo

Amalungelo okuhlanganisana ngoxolo nokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalo avumela abemi ukuba badibane kunye bachaze iimbono zabo baze bafune iinguqulelo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. La malungelo aye enza indima ebalulekileyo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ukusuka kumbutho wamalungelo abantu ukuya kwimibhiyozo yale mihla kwiimbambano ezahlukeneyo.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo wanendima ebalulekileyo kumbutho wamalungelo abantu, njengoko le ntlangano yayisebenzisa inkululeko eninzi yokuHlaziywa Kokuqala — ngokuyintloko intetho, indibano nesicelo — ukuze iqhankqalaze ubugqwetha bobuhlanga ize ikhuthaze ukulingana kweentlanga.

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa liquka ukulungiselela izikhalazo, ukuqhuba iintlanganiso, ukuthatha iintlanganiso, ukuhlanganisana kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ukuze kuvakaliswe iimbono ezidibeneyo. Ilungelo lokucela kungekuphela nje izibongozo ezisemthethweni eziya kumaqumrhu karhulumente kodwa kwanokwenza izicelo, amaphulo okubhala iileta, neminye imigudu yokuphembelela izenzo zikarhulumente.

UMthetho Wesibini Wokwenziwa Komthetho: Unelungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

UHlomelo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo. Olu tshintsho belungumbandela wengxoxo ebanzi yomthetho nezobupolitika malunga nobungakanani bayo kunye nenkqubo yayo. Imbekiselo zombhalo zombini imikhosi elawulwa kakuhle kunye nelungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinkcazelo ezahlukileyo malunga nokuba eli lungelo lingumntu ngamnye okanye liqela kwindalo.

Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yakutshanje zichane ukuba uHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nemipu ngeenjongo ezisemthethweni, kuquka ukuzixhobisa ngokwakhe ekhaya. Noko ke, eli lungelo alingomda, kwaye urhulumente ungayimisela imithetho esengqiqweni kwimipu, efana nokungavunyelwa kwemiqathango yokuphatha izixhobo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo ezinjengezikolo nezakhiwo zikarhulumente.

UMthetho Wesithathu Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamajoni

ISithathu soHlaziyo sithintela urhulumente ukuba anyanzelise amajoni ukuba asebenzise izindlu zawo. Ngaphambi kweMfazwe yendaleko, imithetho yanika amajoni aseBritani ilungelo lokuthatha izindlu zamadoda. Oku kulungisa kuchaza isikhalazo esithile sale mihla yamathanga yaye akufane kube yinto ekhatywayo kule mihla.

Ngeli xesha uHlaziyo lwesithathu lusenokubonakala lungenamsebenzi namhlanje, lubonakalisa imbopheleleko yabaseki yokukhusela impahla yabucala nokuthintela ukungenelela kukarhulumente kwikhaya. Utshintsho lumisela umgaqo wokuba urhulumente akanakulawula impahla yabucala yenjongo yomkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo ngexesha loxolo.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Ukukhuselwa Kuphando Nezinto Ezingekho Mthethweni

UMthetho weSine Wokwenziwa kwemida uthintela urhulumente ekuphandeni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuphathweni komntu othile okanye izinto zakhe.

ISichibiyelo sesine sikhusela ilungelo lokukhululeka ekungeneleni korhulumente okungekho ngqiqweni emakhayeni abantu ngokusemthethweni. Le mfuneko isebenza njengesiqinisekiso sokuqwalasela igunya lamapolisa, ifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuze yeyise umantyi ongathathi cala ukuba kunokwenzeka akholelwe ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buya kufunyanwa ngaphambi kokuphanda.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSine lufuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula nokuxhuzula, iinkundla ziye zaphawula iziganeko eziliqela ezingafaniyo kulo mthetho. Ezi ziquka ukuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuphanda kweenqwelo - mafutha phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukuphanda ngemvume, kunye neemeko apho ukufumana isiqinisekiso kungenakusebenziseka okanye kuyingozi.

UHlomelo lwesi-4 luyasebenza nakubugcisa bezi mini, nangona iinkundla ziqhubeka zixhathisa indlela imigaqo yesithethe yoHlaziyo yeSine esebenza ngayo kwizixhobo zekhompyutha, kunxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki, nakubugcisa bokuhlola. Amatyala akutshanje aye achaza enoba amapolisa afuna imvume yokufumana inkcazelo ekwiselfowuni, ukuphengulula iifowuni okanye ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokubonisa ubushushu ukufumanisa umqondiso wobushushu ovela emakhayeni.

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu: Ukukhusela Okuninzi Kwalowo Umangalelweyo

ISiHlayisho seNhlanu sinikela ukhuseleko oluninzi kubantu abatyholwa ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Sichaza ukuba izityholo ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho zimele ziqaliswe ngabachopheli-mthetho abaphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuzisa izityholo ezinzulu zezaphuli-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba aqale ayisele iqela labemi ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuqhubeka nokumangalelwa.

Umntu akanakuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye (ingozi ephindwe kabini) okanye athatyathwe impahla ngaphandle kwembuyiselo. I-Reopardy Claus ephindwe kabini ithintela urhulumente ukuba amangalele ngokuphindaphindiweyo umntu ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo, akhusele abantu ekuxhatshazweni ngurhulumente nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba ugqibele ekuphathweni ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Abantu banelungelo lokuchasene nokuziphikisa kwaye abanakuvalelwa ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho (iinkqubo kunye nezilingo). Ilungelo elichasene nokuzimela ngokwabo, elisoloko libizwa libinzana elithi "ukuthabatha owokwesihlanu," likhusela abantu ukuba banganyanzelekanga ukuba bangqine ngokuchasene nabo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imodeli yeNkqubo kunye nokuthatha

ISiHlayisho seNkqutyana yeNkqutyana ka-Claus yesihlanu sifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu othile ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafumana isaziso kunye nethuba lokuphulaphulwa ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente athathe inyathelo elichaphazela amalungelo abo asisiseko.

Ukuthatha uClause kufuna ukuba urhulumente anikeze imbuyiselo xa kufunwa ifashoni yempahla yabucala ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kukawonke-wonke kwimimandla ephakamileyo. Eli lungiselelo lilinganisela imfuneko karhulumente yokufumana impahla ngokweenjongo zikawonke-wonke kunye namalungelo abanini-mpahla ukuze bahlawulelwe ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwabo.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Wokwenziwa Kwezaphuli - mthetho: Amalungelo Ezaphuli - mthetho

ISiHlanulo soMphengululo weSithandathu sinikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi kubantu abamangalelwa ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, njengelungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke, lichotshelwe lilungu letyala elingakhethiyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye lixelelwe ngezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza lithintela urhulumente ekulibaleni ityala, elinokucaphukisa ukukwazi kommangalelwa ukukhusela ngokunempumelelo. Ilungelo lokuvavanya uwonke wonke liqinisekisa ukubonakala kwenkqubo yobulungisa obugweba kwaye lithintele imicimbi efihlakeleyo enokukhokelela ekuxhatshazweni.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunceda kwisiluleko kumatyala. Eli lungelo liye lachazwa lifuna ukuba urhulumente anike amagqwetha abamangalelwa angakwaziyo ukuqesha amagqwetha abo kwiimeko apho ukuvalelwa kunokwenzeka. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kwanabamangalelwa abagwebi abangoovimba basemthethweni banokufumana imvume esebenzayo.

Ilungelo lokujolisa kumangqina livumela abamangalelwa ukuba banqamleze i-eximine abo bangqinayo ngokuchasene nabo, bavavanye ukuthembeka nokuthembeka kobungqina bokungxengxelelwa. Ilungelo lenkqubo yokunyanzeleka linceda abamangalelwa ukuba babe ngamangqina angaphantsi kwepona kunye nobungqina obuxhasayo, beqinisekisa ukuba banganikela ukhuseleko olupheleleyo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesixhenxe: Izilingo Zomtshato

ISichibiyelo seSexube sidlulisela ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Oku kukhusela ilungelo lokungavumelani phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo agqitywe ngoontanga kunokuba kugqitywe kuphela yijaji. Le ngxelo isebenza kumatyala karhulumente abandakanya imicimbi yomthetho oqhelekileyo neempikiswano ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwemali ethile.

ISiHlayiso-Mpanzi seSexubi sibonakalisa inkolelo yabaQhingi ukuba amajaji asebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente kwaye aqinisekise ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo baba nenxaxheba ekulawuleni okusesikweni. Nangona eli lungelo lisebenza kuphela kwinkundla yephondo, amazwe amaninzi anemiqathango efanayo kwimimiselo yawo eqinisekisa iityala zabachopheli-tyala kwabemi.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesibhozo: Imilinganiselo Elinganiselweyo Kwisohlwayo

Le nto ikhusela urhulumente ekubekeni isohlwayo esingekho sikweni okanye esichasene nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha engafanelekanga.

Ukwalelwa kwebheyile eninzi kuqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa ababanjwanga ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngenxa nje yokuba bengenakukwazi ukuthenga imali eninzi ngokungekho ngqiqweni. Ukuvalwa kwemali eninzi kakhulu kuthintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni isigwebo semali njengendlela yokucinezela okanye yokuvelisa ingeniso ngokulahlekelwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Isohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothusayo

ISigwebo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothusayo uClaus siye sachazwa njengesithintela ukuthuthunjiswa, isigwebo esingekho mthethweni nesokuba nengcwangu. Iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa eli lungiselelo kwimibandela eyahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka isigwebo sokubulawa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, nokugwetywa ubomi bonke kwabangabanjwayo kwabangabanjwayo.

Intsingiselo "yobundlobongela kunye nengaqhelekanga" iye yavela ngokuhamba kwexesha, ibonisa ukutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yoluntu kunye namaxabiso. Oko kusenokuba kwathathwa njengesohlwayo esamkelekileyo kwinkulungwane ye-18 kungagqalwa njengenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga namhlanje, ibonakalisa amandla omGaqo-siseko okuziqhelanisa neemeko zale mihla ngoxa kugcinwa imigaqo engundoqo.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - Ninth: Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

ISindululo seNinth sithi ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuthethi ukuba abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angazange achazwe. Eli lungiselelo lithetha ngenkxalabo ephakanyiswe ebudeni beengxoxo zokwahlula: ukuba ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kusenokuchazwa njengokuthetha ukuba abo kuphela kwabantu abanamalungelo.

ISichithi soMphetho se-Ninth sicacisa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo ayigqeba yaye abantu balondoloza amanye amalungelo asisiseko angakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Oku kulungiso kuye kwakhankanywa ekuxhaseni amalungelo ahlukeneyo angachananga, kuquka ilungelo lokuhamba wedwa, ilungelo lokuhamba, nelungelo lokutshata.

Nangona iSiHlaziyo seNinth sinqabile ukuba sibe sesizinzi sokuphela sezigqibo zogwebo, sisebenza njengesikhumbuzi esibalulekileyo sokuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko adlulela ngaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo kumbhalo. ISindululo sibonisa ukuqonda kwabaseki ukuba amalungelo emvelo akhoyo ngaphandle korhulumente nokuba injongo yomGaqo-siseko kukukhusela loo malungelo, kungekhona ukuwenza.

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo: Ulawulo Olugciniweyo

ISindululo seSihlalo seshumi sithi uRhulumente woManyano kuphela ogunyazisa loo mandla kumGaqo-siseko. Eli lungiselelo liqinisa umgaqo woburhulumente ngokugcina kumaphondo okanye kubantu onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente okanye awalelweyo kumazwe.

ISihlaziyo seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuba urhulumente wesizwe ungomnye wamagunya alinganiselweyo, adwelisweyo. Naliphi na igunya elinganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente womGaqo-siseko lihlala lihleli noorhulumente okanye abantu. Esi sakhiwo sasilungiselelwe ukuthintela ukubekwa kwamandla kurhulumente wesizwe nokugcina ulawulo lwesizwe kwimicimbi yenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni.

Umanyano lwamaBhunga kaRhulumente

UHlaziyo lweshumi leSindululo luquka inkqubo karhulumente karhulumente omiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko, apho igunya lahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe. Eli gunya livumela amazwe ukuba abe yimizi - mveliso yedemokhrasi, azame imigaqo eyahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokulawula ngoxa urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe esingatha imicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe.

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ukulungelelana kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente kuye kwatshintsha ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko nokuchazwa kwegunya lomGaqo-siseko. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weSihlalo weSihlalo uyaqhubeka unendima kwiingxoxo ezingomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamandla karhulumente kwimimandla enjengezempilo, imfundo, imiqathango yemekobume, kunye nokugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamalungelo Elizwe

Ulungiso olucetyiweyo lukaMadison lwaluquka ilungiselelo lokwandisa ukhuseleko lweBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe, izilungisi ezathi ekugqibeleni zanikelwa ukuze zihlawulwe zasetyenziswa kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Ngentla, iBhili yamaLungelo yanyanzelisa urhulumente wesizwe kuphela, hayi urhulumente okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Isango lokusetyenziswa koorhulumente belizwe lavulwa kwiminyaka yee-1860, kulandelwa ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-wine. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 iinkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente ziye zasebenzisa uLawulo lweSindululo lweshumi elinesine ukusebenzisa iinxalenye zeBhili yamaLungelo kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kukuququzelelwa.

Ngemfundiso yokungeniswa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe iye yasebenzisa inkoliso yamalungiselelo eBhili yamaLungelo kumaphondo ngeSicwangciso soLawulo seshumi elinesine sika-Claus. Le nkqubo iqinisekise ukuba amalungelo asisiseko akhuselwe ekuphathweni ngurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, hayi urhulumente wesizwe kuphela.

Namhlanje, phantse onke amalungiselelo eBhili yamaLungelo asebenza kumaphondo ngokubandakanya. Ezi zinto zimbalwa ezingaphandle ziquka uthintelo lweSihlalo sokuHlaziya umgaqo-nkqubo wamajoni owesithathu kwikota, imfuneko enkulu yesihlanu yokuqulunqa iJaji yeNkqubela-mthetho, ukuvavanywa koMgwebo-mthetho weSebentebe, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwentlawulo yeSebelelo, nangona ezinye zezi zikhuseli zisenokubakho phantsi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Kumazwe Anamhlanje AseMerika

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokuhlaliswa kwayo, iBhili yamaLungelo iseluxwebhu oluphilayo olusaqhubeka lubumba umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika. Iinkundla zisoloko zichaza ezi zindululo ngokubhekisele kubugcisa obutsha, ukutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, nokuqondwa okugqwethiweyo kwamalungelo abantu kunye negunya likarhulumente.

Imingeni yale mihla yenkululeko yabemi iquka imibuzo ephathelele ukuzimela kwabantu ngemivo, ukugadwa ngurhulumente, ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokuthetha kumajelo eendaba, inkululeko yonqulo kwibutho labantu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko ngexesha lobugrogrisi. Imigaqo emiselwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo inika isiseko sokulungisa le mibandela yanamhlanje ngoxa ithembekile kumbono woorhulumente abalinganiselweyo nakumalungelo abo baqulunqileyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye namalungelo omgaqo-siseko

Isizukulwana samanani siye sanika ucelomngeni olutsha lokusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko yenkulungwane ye-18 kubugcisa benkulungwane yama-21. Iinkundla ziye zaxabana nemibuzo efana nokuba uLawulo lwesine lufuna imvume yokufumana i-imeyili, ugcino-lwazi lwendawo ekuyo icell phone, okanye ulwazi olugcinwe efihlweni. Ukusetyenziswa koMphetho wokuqala kwi-media yezentlalo-ntle, intetho ye-intanethi, kunye nokuchazwa kwamanani kuyaqhubeka kuguquka njengoko ubugcisa budala iindlela ezintsha zonxibelelwano nolwabelano.

Olu phuhliso lobugcisa lufuna ukuba iinkundla zilungelelanise imigaqo esisiseko esekelwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezona zinto zikhoyo kule mihla. Nangona ubugcisa busenokuba butsha, imibuzo esisiseko ngolwalamano phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu negunya likarhulumente ayiphezi.

Iingxoxo Nenkcazelo Eziqhubekayo

IBhili yamaLungelo iyaqhubeka ingumbandela wengxoxo enzima notoliko. Iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo zogwebo zisebenzisa utoliko lomgaqo-siseko ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimfundiso yoqobo (efuna ukusebenzisa intsingiselo yantlandlolo yoluntu ebhaliweyo) ukuya kukuphila ngomgaqo-siseko (ukuchaza umGaqo-siseko ngokwemilinganiselo neemeko zanamhlanje).

Ezi mpikiswano zibonisa ukubaluleka okuhlala kuhleli kweBhili yamaLungelo nendima yayo ephambili kulawulo - melo lwaseMerika. Ngoxa amaMerika esenokungavumelani ngentsingiselo engqalileyo nokusetyenziswa kwamalungiselelo athile, kukho ukuvumelana okuninzi ngokubaluleka kokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko nokumisela imiqathango igunya likarhulumente.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho: Iimpendulo Eziluncedo

Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo asiyonkqubo nje yemfundo kuphela, kwaye le migaqo ichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukwazi amalungelo akho esiseko somthetho-siseko kungakunceda uhambe nomthetho onyanzelisayo, uqonde imida yegunya likarhulumente, kwaye ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Xa Usebenzisana Nomthetho

IsiHlanziso sesine, sesihlanu, neseSithandathu sinikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo xa udibana namapolisa. Unelungelo lokungavumi ukuphengulula umntu wakho, imoto okanye ikhaya lakho ngaphandle kokuba amagosa enelungelo lokuphendula imibuzo enokuthintela. Ukuba ubanjwa, unelungelo lokucela igqwetha phambi kokuba uphendule nayiphi na imibuzo.

Ukuqonda la malungelo kunokukukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho mthethweni, ekuvumeni izono nasekuphuleni ezinye izinto ezikhusela umGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, umele uwasebenzise ngentlonelo nangokuzolileyo amalungelo akho ukuze uphephe ukunyuka kweemeko okanye ubangele iingxaki ezingakumbi ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Okuhlaziywa Kokuqala

UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela amandla akho okuvakalisa iimbono zakho, ukwenza izinto ngendlela ozithandayo, nokuba nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala. Ungawagxeka amagosa karhulumente, uqhankqalaze imigaqo ongayivumelani nayo, usekelele iinguqulelo ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo karhulumente. Kodwa ke, la malungelo ahambisana neembopheleleko, kuquka ukuhlonela amalungelo abanye nokuthobela ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nemiqathango elungeleleneyo.

Xa usebenzisa amalungelo oMbekelo wokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda umlinganiselo wokhuseleko kunye nezithintelo. Xa ungazichaza iimbono ezingaqhelekanga okanye eziphikisanayo, awunakwenza izisongelo zokwenyaniso, ukhuthaza ugonyamelo olusondeleyo, okanye ubandakanyeke ekunyeliseni. Ukuqonda le mida kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ungawasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokuphepha ityala elingokwasemthethweni.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nobumi Obulawulwa Ngoomoya

IBhili yamaLungelo ibonisa imbopheleleko esisiseko kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye norhulumente olinganiselweyo ochaza idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokuba nenxaxheba ekuzilawuleni, bagcine amagosa ephendule, kwaye bagcine imimandla yenkululeko yabo ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente.

Ukuba ngummi wedemokhrasi akufuni nje ukwazi amalungelo akho kuphela kodwa kwanaxa ungavumelani namalungelo abanye, kwanaxa ungavumelani nendlela abawasebenzisa ngayo loo malungelo. IBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela amancinane angathandwayo kwingcinezelo yabantu abaninzi, iqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko esisiseko ayinakususwa ngenxa nje yokuba abantu abaninzi bengavumelani nendlela asetyenziswa ngayo.

Imfundo yelungu kunye nokufunda okubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Imfundo ye-Civic inceda abemi baqonde xa amalungelo abo ephulwa, beyiqonda indima efanelekileyo karhulumente, yaye benenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ukufunda umGaqo-siseko kunceda abantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezithelekelelwa ngolwazi ngenkqubo karhulumente, bahlolisise izenzo zikarhulumente, kwaye bagcine amagosa ebeke ityala ngokuhlonela imiqathango yesiseko.

Izikolo, imibutho yoluntu, nemibutho yezentlalo neyamaphondo zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuqondwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko neembopheleleko. Ngokufundisa abemi ngeBhili yamaLungelo, la maqumrhu anceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziya kuqhubeka zixabisa yaye zikhusela inkululeko echaza ulawulo-melo lwaseMerika.

Ucelomngeni Lokukhululeka Kwamakhaya

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ukhuseleko oluqinisekiswe yiBhili yamaLungelo luye lwajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi. Ngexesha lemfazwe, ungxamiseko lwesizwe, okanye lezentlalo, bekukho iingcinezelo zokumisela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni egameni lokhuseleko okanye ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki zembali kunceda abemi bazibone baze baxhathise izisongelo ezifanayo kule mihla.

Imizekelo yokwaphulwa kwenkululeko yabemi kwangaphambili iquka iAlien neSedition Acts yowe-1798, eyathi yahlahlela urhulumente; ukusetyenziswa kwamaJaphani aseMerika ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II; nemiqathango eyahlukahlukeneyo yokuthetha nengqungquthela ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo. Ezi ziganeko zisebenza njengezikhumbuzo zokuba amalungelo omGaqo-siseko afuna ukuhlala ephaphile nokuzikhusela, kwanakumaxesha anzima.

Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nenkululeko

Olunye ucelomngeni oluhlala luhleli kulawulo-mgaqo-siseko kukulinganisela inkxalabo yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo kunye nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngoxa urhulumente enembopheleleko yokukhusela ukhuseleko loluntu nokhuseleko lwesizwe, olu sukelo alunakuzithethelela ukungenelela okungenamiqathango kwinkululeko yomgaqo-siseko.

IBhili yamaLungelo iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo athile asisiseko yaye akanakuncanywa kwanaxa kufunwa iinjongo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo. Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngenyameko kokubini ukusebenza kwemilinganiselo ecetyiweyo kunye nempembelelo yayo kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngamalungelo kunye nomthetho-siseko, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Abalawuli belizwe banikezela ukufikelela kumaxwebhu antlandlolo kunye nezinto zokufundisa malunga neBhili yamaLungelo. IZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ inikela imiboniso edityanisiweyo neenkqubo zemfundo ezibandakanya imbali nenkcazelo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko.

Imibutho esemthethweni enjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), iSekela-Malungelo Omntu ngamnye kunye ne-Frection (FIRE), kunye neZiko leJaji zinika inkcazelo ngemibandela yakutshanje yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni nentetho. Iinkqubo zomthetho kunye nezikolo zinikela izifundo, iintetho, neempapasho ezihlola umthetho-siseko kunye neBhili lamaLungelo.

Xa sifunda iimbono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo sinokuyiqonda indlela iinkundla eziyichaza ngayo yaye ziyisebenzisa ngayo iBhili yamaLungelo. Nangona iimbono zomthetho zinzima, amatyala amaninzi abalulekileyo anokufunyanwa ngabafundi ngokubanzi yaye anikela imbono eluncedo ngemigaqo yomGaqo-siseko nendlela eziyisebenzisa ngayo kwiimeko ezithile.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli LeBhili Yamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo imela enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yenkululeko yabantu. Ngokumisela imigaqo ecacileyo yenkululeko esisiseko nokubeka imida kumandla karhulumente, ezi zindululo zilishumi zadala isiseko samalungelo omntu ngamnye ebesele enyamezele ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Ukhuseleko oluqinisekiswe yiBhili yamaLungelo − inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, kunye nemithombo yezindaba; ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokucela; ukukhusela ekuphandeni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni; ilungelo lokufumana inkqubo kunye nokuvavanywa okufanelekileyo; kwaye ummiselo wamagunya kumaphondo nabantu uyaqhubeka ubumba umthetho nebutho lamaMerika. La malungelo akayomiqathango nje yembali kodwa ayimigaqo esebenzayo kwiingxaki zanamhlanje nakwimeko ezigqwethayo.

Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kubalulekile kumntu wonke waseMerika oxabisa inkululeko nedemokhrasi. Le migaqo yezokhuseleko yeyeyabo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki iimbono zabo zezobupolitika, iinkolelo zonqulo, okanye isikhundla sentlalo. Ngokwazi nokukhusela la malungelo, abemi banokuqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso senkululeko esimiselwe ngabaseki siyaqhubeka sizaliseka kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

IBhili yamaLungelo isikhumbuza ukuba igunya likarhulumente limele lilinganiselwe, amalungelo omntu ngamnye asisiseko, kwaye inkululeko ifuna ukuhlala iphaphile kwaye ikhuselekile. Njengoko sijamelene neengxaki ezintsha kunye namathuba kule nkulungwane yama-21, imigaqo ekwizi ziphumo ezilishumi iyaqhubeka ifanelekile kwaye ibalulekile njengaxa yagunyaziswa okokuqala ngo1791. Ngokuqonda, ukuqonda, nokukhusela uBhili wamaLungelo, siyalibeka ilifa labo babelwela inkululeko yaye beqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko ihlala ililungelo labo bonke abantu baseMerika.