Table of Contents
Kumele ukuba kumele awona malungelo asisiseko kuluntu lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini jikelele. Limela ilizwi labantu kwaye lisebenza njengesiseko sorhulumente ongummeli. Noko ke, eli lungelo libalulekileyo alingombandela wokubonisa indawo yokuvota ngosuku lonyulo. Isenzo sokuvota silawulwa yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yemithetho, imimiselo, kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko oluye lwaguquka kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Ukuqonda amalungelo okuvota kubaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke abami abanqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kwaye baqinisekise ukuba ilizwi labo liyaviwa.
Iinkalo ezisemthethweni zokuphatha izithuba zonke zenkqubo yokuvota, ukugqiba ukuba ngubani ofanelekileyo ukuphosa ivoti kwindlela ebaliwa ngayo kwaye iqinisekisiwe ngayo. Le mithetho ikhoyo ukukhusela ingqibelelo yonyulo, ukukhusela ukuqhatha, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kwibhokisi yokuvota, kunye nokucombulula iimpikiswano xa zivela. Nokuba ngaba ungumvoti wokuqala okanye ubunenxaxheba kunyulo kangangamashumi eminyaka, uluqonda ngokunzulu amalungelo akho okuvota kunye neemfuno ezisemthethweni omele uhlangabezane nazo ziyimfuneko ukuze ungenele kwindima yequmrhu.
Lo mkhokeli ubanzi uhlola imilinganiselo ehlukeneyo esemthethweni yokuvota eUnited States, ehlolisisa yonke into ukusuka kwiimfuno ezifanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokubhalisa ukuya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota kunye nesigqibo sempikiswano yonyulo. Ngokuqonda ezi migaqo-nkqubo zomthetho, ungayilawula kakuhle inkqubo yokuvota, ukhusele amalungelo akho, kwaye ufak'unegalelo kwimpilo yenkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi.
Ukuqonda Iimfuneko Zokoyisa
Ilungelo lokuvota alinikwanga ngokuzenzekelayo kubo bonke abahlala kummandla othile. Endaweni yoko, imilinganiselo ethile ebonakalisa ukufaneleka kufuneka ihlangatyezwane phambi kokuba umntu abe nenxaxheba kunyulo. Ezi mfuneko zimiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kunye nemimiselo karhulumente, ukwenza isakhiwo esimisela ukuba ngubani oza kusebenzisa unyulo.
Iimfuno Zobudala
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lweSiphendu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1971, lwaqinisekiswa ukuba abemi abaneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala okanye abakhulileyo abanakuphiwa ilungelo lokuvota ngenxa yobudala. Le mfuneko yesizwe isebenza kuzo zonke izinyuko, kuquka urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nokhuphiswano lwasekuhlaleni. Phambi kokupheliswa, ixesha lokuvota kumaphondo amaninzi yayingamashumi amabini anesibhozo, nangona amazwe ambalwa aye alihlise ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam.
Amanye amaphondo avumela abantu abaza kujika abalishumi elinesibhozo ngonyulo jikelele ukuba bavote kunyulo oluphambili, nokuba baneminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe ngexesha lesiqalo. Oku kubonakalisa ukuba unyulo oluphambili luyinxalenye yenkqubo yokukhetha jikelele ekhokelela kunyulo jikelele. Ngaphezu koko, amanye amagunya aye azama ukuthoba ixesha lokuvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, namadolobha ambalwa avumela ishumi elinesithandathu neshumi elinesixhenxe leminyaka ukuba livote kwimibango kamasipala, nangona oku kusoloko kunqabile.
Ubume Bobumi
Ukuba ngummi waseUnited States kuyimfuneko esisiseko yokuvota kunyulo lwamazwe, kwanakumazwe nasekuhlaleni kumazwe asekuhlaleni. Le mfuneko isekelwe phantse kuwo onke amagunya omGaqo-siseko kwaye iye yaxhaswa ngokungaguquki ziinkundla. Ukufanelekela ukuvota, umntu kufuneka abe ngummi wemvelo okanye ummi ogqibe inkqubo yobumi.
Abahlali abasisigxina abasemthethweni, abadla ngokuba ngabagcini bamakhadi aluhlaza, abafaneleki ukuvota kunyulo lwaseluntwini okanye lwaseburhulumenteni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala ixesha elingakanani eUnited States. Ukusebenza njengomntu ongengomzi kunokuba neziphumo ezinzulu ezingomthetho, kuquka ukugxothwa nokubekwa kwemivalo esisigxina ekungcoliseni. Noko ke, inani elincinane lemithetho-siseko yasekuhlaleni alivumelangangeni-zikovota kunyulo oluthile lwasekuhlaleni, olunjengemijaho yebhodi yesikolo, nangona lo msebenzi uqhubeka unempikiswano kwaye ungaqhelekanga.
Xa kubhaliswa kwivoti, abantu kufuneka bangqine ukuba bangummi phantsi kwesohlwayo sobugwebo. Amanye amazwe afuna ubungqina obuyingxelo yokuba ngummi, nangona oko kuyimfuneko kuye kwangqinelana nocelomngeni olusemthethweni lwezizathu zokuba babangele imiqobo yokuba abavoti babhalise.
Iimfuno Zokuhlala Uhleli
Imfuno zocoselelo ziqinisekisa ukuba abavoti banonxulumano lokwenene nolawulo abavota kulo. Ukuvota kwilizwe elithile, kwiphondo, okanye kumasipala othile, kufuneka abe ngummi waloo mithetho. Inkcazelo ekhethekileyo yokuhlala ingahluka ngokwemeko, kodwa idla ngokuba kufuna ukuba umntu amise ikhaya lakhe kuloo ndawo enenjongo yokuhlala apho.
Urhulumente omninzi ufuna ukuba abavoti babe ngabemi kwixesha elithile ngaphambi konyulo, nangona ezi mfuneko zokuhlala ixesha elide ziye zalinganiselwa ngokuphawulekayo zisigqibo somthetho wesizwe nenkundla. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba akufuneki ukuba kufuneke iintsuku ezingamashumi amathathu zokuhlala phambi konyulo, njengoko iimfuno ezide zingavumelani nomthetho zithwalisa ilungelo lokuvota nelungelo lokuhamba.
Amalungiselelo akhethekileyo akhona kumaqela athile asenokuba akanawo amasiko okuhlala. Abasebenzi basemkhosini nabemi baphesheya bamazwe bangavota kunyulo ngonyulo lwabahambi phantsi kweSikolo samaZinga i-Abisee Voing Act. Abafundi baseKoleji bangakhetha ukubhalisa kwidilesi yabo yesikolo okanye kwikhaya labo, kuxhomekeka kwindawo abahlala kuyo abaqalayo. Abantu abangenamakhaya nabo banelungelo lokuvota kwaye bangabhalisa ngokusebenzisa idilesi yekhusi, ipaki, okanye enye indawo abahlala kuyo rhoqo.
Ikhono lokucinga
Ngokwembali, amaphondo amaninzi ayenemithetho yokuba abantu abaphazanyisiweyo abaneziphene zengqondo okanye abo baphantsi kogcino. Noko ke, le mithetho iye yavavanywa yaza yahlaziywa kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Utyekelo lwayo zombini imithetho nezigqibo zenkundla luye lwajongwa ngokweenkomfa ezithe zandiswa kubuchule bokuvota kunokuba kupheliswe ngokwezikhundla ezisekelwe kwisiphene okanye kumgangatho wokulondolozwa.
Umazwe amaninzi aye aphelisa okanye anciphisa iingcamango zawo ezingekho mgangathweni, eqonda ukuba ukuba nokukhubazeka okanye ukulondolozwa akuthethi ukuba umntu akanawo amandla okuvota. Amanye amaphondo afuna inkundla ukuba ifumane into ekhethekileyo yokuba umntu akakwazi ukuvota phambi kokuba elo lungelo lisuswe. Le ndlela ihambelana namaMerika noMthetho wesiphene kunye neminye imithetho yamalungelo okhubazeko egxininisa ukufaneleka komsebenzi kunye nelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kubomi bentlalonke.
Inkqubo yobhaliso lwe Voter
Ukubhalisa ngevoter kusebenza njengesango lokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo. Le nkqubo yolawulo yenza ingxelo esemthethweni yabavoti abafanelekileyo kwaye inceda amagosa onyulo alawule inkqubo yokuvota, athintele ukuqhatha, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba umntu ngamnye uvota kanye. Ukuqonda iimfuno zokubhaliswa kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwakho kubalulekile ekusebenziseni ilungelo lakho lokuvota.
Iindlela zobhaliso
UMthetho weSizwe weVoter Brigiod Act ka 1993, owaziwayo ngokuba nguMthetho we- Motor Voter, waseka iindlela ezininzi zokubhalisa kunyulo. Lo mthetho wesibonelelo ufuna ukuba kunikwe amathuba okuvota kumasebe emoto, amasebe oncedo lukawonke-wonke, nangeefomu zobhaliso lweposi. Umthetho wenzelwe ukwenza ubhaliso lube olufikelelekayo nolwandisa umvoti.
Namhlanje, abavoti bangabhalisa ngokusesikweni ngamaziko amaninzi. Ukubhalisa okungunozakuzaku kufumaneka kwiiofisi zikarhulumente ezimiselweyo, kuquka amasebe ezithuthi zemoto, iiofisi zonyulo zamaphondo, kunye namasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi ayakwamkela ukubhaliswa kwihlomelo lobhaliso lovoti eliqhutywa yimibutho yezentlalo, amaqela ezobupolitika, namaqela abantu.
Ubhaliso lwangaphakathi lomvoti luye lwaxhaphaka, ngobuninzi bamazwe ngoku anika olu khetho lulungileyo. Ukubhalisa ngekhompyutha kufuna izicelo ukuba nephepha-mvume lomqhubi okanye ikhadi lokwalatha, njengokuba inkqubo iqinisekisa uchazo kunye notyikityo kwiirekhodi zemoto. Le ndlela ibonise ukuba ixhaphakile ngenxa yoncedo lwayo kwaye iboniswe ukunciphisa iimpazamo kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nezicelo zolungiselelo lwephepha.
Xa kubhaliswa, abantu ngabanye kufuneka banikele iinkcukacha ezithile, kuquka igama labo elipheleleyo elingokwasemthethweni, idilesi yokuhlala, umhla wokuzalwa, nakumaphondo amaninzi, ii-digidi ezine zokugqibela zenombolo yabo yoKhuseleko loluntu okanye inombolo yelayisensi yomqhubi. Amanye amaphondo afuna ulwazi olongezelelekileyo okanye uxwebhu. Ii-application kufuneka zingqine ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokungafezeki, kuquka ubumi, ubudala, kunye nokuhlala.
Imigca ebhalisweyo
Uninzi lwamazwe lumisela ixesha elimiselweyo lokubhaliswa komvoti phambi konyulo, eliqheleke ukusuka kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kwezingamashumi amathathu ngaphambi kosuku lonyulo. Olu maxesha acwangciswayo amagosa onyulo avumela ixesha lokuqhuba izicelo, lokuhlaziya uvota, nokulungisa iindawo zokuvota izinto. Ukungabhaliswa kwexesha lokubhalisa ngokuqhelekileyo kuthetha ukuba umntu akanakuvota kolo nyulo luthile, nangona engakwazi ukubhalisa unyulo lwexesha elizayo.
Ngoko, inani elandayo lamazwe lamkela ubhaliso lwamini enye, lwaziwa ngokuba lubhaliso lwemini yonyulo, oluvumela abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba babhalise kwaye bavote ngosuku olunye. Le nkqubo ibonisiwe ukwandisa umvoti, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantu abaselula nabo basandul' ukufuduka. Amazwe anokubhaliswa kwaloo mihla enye afuna abavoti ukuba banikezele ubungqina bokuhlala nokuzichaza kwindawo yokuvota okanye kwindawo yokuvota yangaphambili.
Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lovoti, apho abemi abafanelekileyo babhaliswa ngokuzenzekela ukuba bavote xa besebenzisana namasebe athile karhulumente, njengesebe leemoto, ngaphandle kokuba akhetha. Le ndlela iguqula ityala lokubhaliswa komntu kurhulumente kwaye iye yaphumelela ekunyuseni isantya sokubhalisa.
Ukulondoloza Ubhaliso Nokuhlaziya
Ubhaliso lwe Voter asisosiganeko esinye. Abavoti ababhalisweyo banoxanduva lokugcina ulwazi lwabo lokubhalisela ngoku, ingakumbi ukuba baya kwidilesi entsha, batshintshe igama labo, okanye banqwenela ukutshintsha idityaniswe nabo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuhlaziya ulwazi lobhaliso lungaphumela kubunzima ngexesha lonyulo, njengokuyalelwa kwindawo engalunganga yokuvota okanye ukungaveli kwirola.
Xa behamba kwilizwe elinye, abavoti kufuneka bahlaziye ubhaliso lwabo ngedilesi yabo entsha. Uninzi lwamazwe luvumela oku ukuba kwenziwe kwi Internet, ngeposi, okanye ngomntu. Xa befudukela kurhulumente omtsha, abavoti kufuneka babhalise kwimo yabo entsha yokuhlala, njengokuba ubhaliso lovoti lungadluliseli kwimigca yengingqi. Ubhaliso kumbuso ongaphambili luzakurhoxiswa ngenkqubo zogcino-lwazi lwamazwe okanye iinkqubo zogcino lwemithetho.
Amagosa okhetho asoloko eqhuba uluhlu logcino logcino-lwazi ukugcina umqulu ochanekileyo kwaye ufikelele kumhla. Le nkqubo isenokubandakanya ukususa abavoti abafileyo, abarhoxiswe ngaphandle kolawulo, okanye bagwetywe ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olungafanelekanga. Noko ke, uludwe loqheliselo lokulungisa luye lwaphikiswa, ngenxa yenkxalabo yokuba ukukhupha ngamandla kakhulu kunokususa ngokuphosakeleyo abavoti abafanelekileyo kwiiroli. Umthetho weFederal, kuquka iNational Voter Religister Act, imisela iinkqubo kunye nemiqathango kwindlela enokuthi ikhutshwe ngayo kwaye xa abavoti benokususwa kwimibalo.
Iimfuno zokwahlula
Nangona ingeyonxalenye yobugcisa kwinkqubo yokubhalisa, iimfuno zokwahlula abavoti kuhlolisiso zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokubhaliswa kwaye ziye zaba ngumba obalulekileyo womthetho nowezobupolitika. Amazwe ahluka-hluka kakhulu kwiimfuno zawo zokubonakalisa, kunye nezinye ezifuna ukuchazwa kwefoto, ezinye ezamkela amaxwebhu angeyofoto, kwaye ezinye azinazo iimfuno zokwahlula eziziintlobo konke konke.
Iingxelo ze-ID zefoto zifuna abavoti ukuba banike uchazo lwefoto karhulumente, njengephepha-mvume lomqhubi, ikhadi le-ID likarhulumente, isindwendwe sokundwendwela, okanye i-ID yasemkhosini. Ukuba umvoti akakwazi ukunikela i-ID efunekayo, bangavunyelwa ukuba baphose i-odoli yelungiselelo, eyakubalwa kuphela ukuba umvoti kamva unika ulwamkelo olwamkelekileyo okanye amagosa onyulo angaqinisekisa ukuba ayamkeleka ngokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela.
I-ID engeyoyonxalenye yesicelo kodwa ivumela abavoti abangenayo i-ID ukuba bafake ivoti eqhelekileyo emva kokutyikitya i-affidavit okanye banikeze olunye ulwazi. Amanye amazwe amkela uludwe olubanzi lwamaxwebhu, kuquka iindleko zezekholi, iingxelo zebhanki, okanye ii-chendo zikarhulumente ezibonisa igama nedilesi yomvoti. Amazwe ambalwa akanayo imfuneko yokuchaza, endaweni yoko axhomekeke kutyikityo olufanayo okanye kwezinye iindlela zoqinisekiso.
Imithetho ye-Voter ibiphantsi kwemithetho ebanzi yokuvota, kunye nabachasi bephikisa ngokuthi bathwele umthwalo ongathethekiyo kubavoti abambalwa, abemi abakhulileyo, abantu abafikayo, nabanye abasenokuba nobunzima ekufumaneni ulwahlulo olufunekayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iimfuno ze-ID ziyimfuneko ukukhusela ukuqhatha umvoti nokugcina intembelo yoluntu kunyulo. Iinkundla ziye zafikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo kule mithetho, ngokuxhasa abanye bebabetha phantsi njengabangathathi bamele i-Rhulumente okanye ngokuchasene noMthetho wamaLungelo.
Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko ekuhlawuleni amalungelo
UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States kunye nokutshintshwa kwawo kunika isiseko samalungelo okuvota eMelika. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo washiya iimfaneleko zokuvota ubukhulu becala kwii-odoli, ukurhoxiswa nokumiswa komthetho wesizwe olandelayo kuseke ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo nxamnye nocalucalulo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukufikelela okubanzi konokuvota.
IsiHlomelo Seshumi elinesihlanu
Ngo-1870 ngexesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uMphengululo weshumi elinesihlanu uthintela urhulumente wesizwe yaye uthetha ukuba angamvumeli ummi ukuba avote ngesizwe, ngebala, okanye ngemeko yobukhoboka yangaphambili. Le njongo yayikukukuqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota abantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili yaye imela ukwanda okusisiseko kwenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.
Phezu kwalo nje ulwimi olucacileyo loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesihlanu, amaphondo amaninzi, ingakumbi eMzantsi, asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphepha ukukhusela kwawo, kuquka iimvavanyo zokubhala nokubhala, iirhafu zovolo, iirejistao, kunye nemigangatho emhlophe. Le nkqubo yokukhetha ulwaphulo-mthetho yaseAfrika yasusa ngokunempumelelo iMelika phantse malunga nenkulungwane de ekugqibeleni iqumrhu lamalungelo abantu nomthetho worhulumente walungiselela ukunyanzelisa okunentsingiselo kwezi siqinisekiso sokulungisa.
IsiHlomelo Seshumi Elilithoba
ISichithi seSihlaziyo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1920 emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuzilolonga ngumbutho wamabhinqa, sithintela ukukhanyelwa kwamalungelo okuvota ngesizinzi sesini. Oku kulungisa kwamela impumelelo enkulu ekungeneleni kolwando lwedemokhrasi, ngokunempumelelo kuphinda-phinda-phinda unyulo olufanelekileyo ngokunika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota kuzo zonke iinyulo.
Indlela yokufumana ukhuphiswano lwamabhinqa yayinde kwaye inzima, kunye nabaxhasi bezobudlelane besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kuquka amaphulo karhulumente, ukubhenela, ukuqhankqalaza, nokungathobeli kwemibutho yabemi. Ngexesha lokuvunywa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesithoba, amazwe amaninzi ayesele ewanike amalungelo okuvota apheleleyo okanye angenamkhethe, kodwa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lwaqinisekisa eli lungelo kwilizwe lonke.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine
Ngo-1964, uHlaziyo lwama-20 lweNkcubeko lwamaFolar luyalela ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yonyulo kunyulo. Iirhafu zerhafu zaziyirhafu abemi ababefanele bayihlawule ukuze bavote, kwaye zazisetyenziswa ngokuyintloko kumaphondo aseMazantsi njengendlela yokususa amaMelika ase-Afrika kunye nabavoti abamhlophe abangemi abalungileyo. Ngokufuna ukuhlawulwa kwelungelo lokuvota, ukuvota kwabangela umqobo wezoqoqosho owathintela abemi abaninzi ekubeni bangene kuvotelwa.
Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuba uHlaziyo lwamaFourth Amendment luvunyiwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela ukuba irhafu yonyulo inikwe urhulumente kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni kwityala likaHarper v. Virginia Board of Evotions, iwisa umthetho wokuba ukwenza amalungelo okuvota axhomekeke ekuhlawulelweni kwerhafu kwaphula umthetho we-Actal Protection Claus eMthethweni we-14.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1971, lwanciphisa ixesha lokuvota ukusuka kumashumi amabini anesibhozo ukuya kumashumi asibhozo. Oku kulungisa kwakuqhutywa kakhulu ziimpikiswano zokuba ukuba amashumi asibhozo eminyaka ubudala ngokwaneleyo ukuba afumaneke kwaye alwe kwimfazwe yaseVietnam, ayemdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba akhethe. Intengiselwano yaqinisekiswa ngokukhawuleza, ithabatha malunga neenyanga ezintathu ukusuka kwisivumelwano sokuvunywa kwemvume yamazwe afunekayo.
Ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo
Ngapha koko kulungiswa kwamalungelo okuvota, uKhuselo olulinganayo lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine kunye noMsebenzi kaCelas weNkqubo ka-Celas utolikwa ukulungiselela ukukhusela amalungelo ovota. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavuma ukuba ukuvota kunelungelo elisisiseko, nto leyo ethetha ukuba imithetho ebeka iliso elinzulu ilungelo lokuvota iphantsi kokuhlolwa ngokungqongqo kwaye kufuneka ilungiselelwe ngokucuthayo ukuze incede umdla karhulumente onyanzelisayo.
Ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kukaClaus kufuna ukuba amavoti abalwe ngokulinganayo, njengokuba kucaciswe kumgaqo "womntu omnye, ukuvota omnye". Lo mgaqo, omiselwe kwiimeko ezifana noBaker v. Carr noReynolds v. Sims, ufuna ukuba imimandla yemithetho yowiso-mthetho itsalwe nabemi abalinganayo ukuze ivoti yomntu ngamnye ithwale malunga nobunzima obufanayo. I-Ukhuselo lwe-Claus ekwalela ukuvota ngesiquphe ngesizathu ekuvoleni kohlanga nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.
UMthetho wamaLungelo noMthetho woManyano
Nangona ukulungisa komGaqo-siseko kunika isiseko samalungelo okuvota, umthetho wesizwe ububalulekile ekunyanzeleni la malungelo nasekuchazeni izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Eyona mithetho ibalulekileyo kula mithetho nguMthetho wokuBonisa amalungelo ka-1965, owaguqula ulawulo-demokhrasi lwamaMerika.
ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965
UMthetho weVoing Rights ka-1965 umi njengenye yeziqwenga ezisebenzayo zomthetho wamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMelika. Watyikityelwa umthetho nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ekuphakameni kombutho wamalungelo abantu, lo Mgaqo wenzelwe ukunyanzelisa amalungelo okuvota aqinisekiswe kukuHlanziswa kweMiqathango yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu nokuphelisa izenzo zokukhupha ulwaphulo-mthetho ezaziye zaphelisa i-Oficity American echanekileyo, ingakumbi eMzantsi.
Lo mThetho wawunamalungiselelo amaninzi angundoqo. Icandelo 2 likwalela nawuphi na umkhwa wokuvota okanye inkqubo ekhetha ubuhlanga, umbala, okanye amalungu eqela elincinane lolwimi. Eli lungiselelo lisebenza kulo lonke ilizwe kwaye livumela imingeni engokwasemthethweni kwizenzo zokuvota ngokutshayelela. Ukungqinela ukwaphulwa kweCandelo 2, amaPhosantiant kufuneka abonise ukuba ukuqheliswa okucelw ’ umngeni kumalungu odidi olukhuselweyo angenamathuba mancinane kunamanye amalungu onyulo olunenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko nabameli abanyuliweyo.
Mhlawumbi esona sixhobo sinamandla kuMthetho wantlandlolo wamaLungelo iVoting Rights yayiliCandelo 5, elalifuna amagunya athile anembali yocalulo ukuze kufumane imvume karhulumente, eyaziwa njengesalathisi esitshayelela, phambi kokuzalisekisa naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho yokuvota okanye iinkqubo zazo. Le mfuneko yangaphambili yasetyenziswa kumaphondo nakwimimandla echazwe ngentetho ekhutshelwe kwicandelo 4(b), eyayisekelwe kubungqina obungokwembali bocalucalulo, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kovavanyo lokuvota kwaphantsi okanye imigangatho yokuvota.
Noko ke, kwityala lonyaka ka-2013 le Shelby County v. Hoker, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi igalelo lokugquma kwicandelo 4(b), inikeza ngokunempumelelo icandelo 5 phakathi komsebenzi. INkundla yathi icandelo lasekelwe kugcino-lwazi oluphelelwe lixesha kwaye iimeko ezazithethelela imfuneko yokucaciswa kwangaphambili zatshintshwa ngokwaneleyo ukuze ziyenze ingavumelani nemithetho esemthethweni yokuvota. Esi sigqibo saphikisana kwaye salandelwa lutshintsho oluninzi lomthetho wokuvota kumazwe agqunyiweyo ngaphambili, amaninzi awo aye acelw'ucelwa njengomthetho okhuthulelo-mthetho.
UMthetho wamaLungelo uqulethe amalungiselelo okukhusela ulwimi oluncinane. Icandelo 203 lifuna amagunya athile ukubonelela ngezinto zokuvota kunye noncedo lweelwimi ezingezizo isiNgesi xa inani elikhulu labemi bombutho wokuvota lingamalungu eqela elinye lolwimi oluncinane kwaye linobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi. Eli lungiselelo linceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo yolwimi ayithinteli abemi abafanelekele ukulisebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota.
UMthetho woBhaliso lweSizwe
INational Voter Brigiod Act ka 1993, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Mor Voter Act, yayiyilelwe ukwenza ubhaliso olufikelelekayo nokwandisa inxaxheba kunyulo lwamagunya aseburhulumenteni. Njengoko kuchazwe ngaphambili, uMthendeleko ufuna ukuba kunikwe ukhutshelwe umvoti amathuba okubhalisa kumasebe ezithuthi, amasebe oncedo lukawonke-wonke, kunye namaqumrhu anceda abantu abakhubazekileyo. Kwakhona kufuneka ukuba amazwe amkele indlela esesikweni yobhaliso-posi kunyulo lukarhulumente.
Lo mThetho waseka nemigaqo ebalulekileyo yokukhusela ukususwa okungafanelekanga kwabavoti kwiiroli zokubhalisela. Kufuneka ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo yokususa abavoti abangagqibekanga ibe yiyunifomu, ingabi yi-oficerication, kwaye iqhutywe ngokuvisisana namalungiselelo oMthetho. Amazwe akanakususa abavoti ngokulula ngenxa yokusilela ukuvota, kwaye kufuneka anike isaziso kunye nethuba lokuphendula phambi kokususa umvoti ngenxa yezinye izizathu ezifana notshintsho lwedilesi.
Uncedo LweMerika Luyelelana
Idlule ngo-2002 iphendula iimpikiswano ezinxulumene nonyulo lomongameli wama- 2000, uMgaqo woMncedi-nqanawa i-America Vote (SA) wamisela imigaqo emincinci yenkqubo yokuvota kunye nolawulo lonyulo. Lo Mthetho wadala iKhomishini yoNkxaso ukuze uncede amaphondo ekuhlangabezaneni nale migaqo kwaye usebenze njengendawo yokucoca ulwazi oluphathelele ulawulo lonyulo.
UVA olufunekayo lwamazwe okuthatha indawo yamakhadi okuvota ngokunqindisela kunye nenkqubo yokuvota, ukuseka iinkqubo zobhaliso lovota ngokubanzi, ukubonelela ngee-coloots ezilungiselelwe abavoti ababuzweyo, kunye nokufikelela iimfuno zokufumaneka kwabo bavoti abaneziphene. UMthetho waseka nemfuneko zokwamkelwa komntu obhalisa ngeposi ngexesha lokuqala, onganikezi bungqina bokwazi ukuba bani ngokubhaliswa kwabo.
Lo mthetho wanikela ngemali ukuze kuncedwe amazwe anjalo azalisekise ezi mfuneko, nangona bekusoloko kuthethwa ngayo, yaye amagosa amaninzi onyulo aye aphikisa ngelithi kufuneka ubuncwane obungakumbi ukuze kulondolozwe unyulo nokhuseleko.
Isenzo sokukhuthaza inkxaso-mali sabemi
I-Avined and Overses Parative Abface Voing Act (UOCAVA) ikhusela amalungelo okuvota abasebenzi bomkhosi, iintsapho zabo, nabanye abemi base-U.Amazwe afuna ukuba abavoti bavumele aba babhaliswe baze bavotelwe ukuba babhaliswe kunyulo lwamagunya orhulumente, kwaye imisela iinkqubo zokunceda ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba nangona bekude kwimimandla yabo yamakhaya.
UOCAVA uvota angasebenzisa iFederal Post Cardi Application ukubhalisa nokucela ivoti engekhoyo ngexesha elinye. EUnited States kufuneka amkele kwaye aqhube ezi nkqubo kwaye kufuneka athumele iibhola zovote kwi UOCAVA iintsuku ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu phambi konyulo lukarhulumente. Ukuba urhulumente akaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nalo mqathango, kufuneka anikeze indlela yokhuselo ukuze abavoti bafumane kwaye baphose iibhola zabo, ezifana nosasazo lwe-elektroniki.
Imithetho Engathobeliyo
Omnye weyona miqathango ibalulekileyo kumalungelo okuvota eUnited States kukungamkeleki kwabantu abaneenkolelo eziphosakeleyo. Ngokungafaniyo neminye imimandla yolawulo lobuthixo, iUnited States inembali ende yokungawavumi amalungelo okuvota kubantu abaye bagwetywa ngetyala elinzulu, nangona imithetho engqalileyo ihluka kakhulu ngokwelizwe ngalinye.
Umahluko Kwimithetho KaRhulumente
Imithetho karhulumente ephathelele amalungelo okuvota iyehla ngokwendlela enye. Kwisiphelo esinye, amaphondo amabini , uMaine noVermont , bavumele abantu ukuba bavote kwanaxa besentolongweni. La mazwe awazange awathintele amalungelo okuvota ngokusekelwe kwiinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, aqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota libaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba alifanele lithatyathwe kwanakwabo benze ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu.
Kwesinye isiphelo solwahlulo, amanye amaphondo alahla ngokusisigxina abanye abantu abanobuqhetseba, kwanasemva kokuba begqibile izigwebo zabo. Le mithetho isenokuphumela ekudimazekeni kobomi babo bonke kwizenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona ezininzi kwezi mimandla zinenkqubo yokubuyisela amalungelo, ezisenokuzenzekela kwizenzo ezithile okanye ezifuna ukusetyenziswa nokuvunywa.
Amazwe amaninzi awela kwindawo ethile phakathi, abuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngokuzenzekelayo xa kugqitywa isigwebo, kuquka ixesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, nokuvalelwa kwityala. Amanye amazwe abuyisela amalungelo ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ekhululwe entolongweni, kwanokuba umntu usagwetywa okanye egwetyiwe. Amanye afuna ukugqitywa kwazo zonke iinkalo zesigwebo, kuquka ukuhlawulwa kwemali ehlawulwayo kunye nokuhlawulelwa, ngaphambi kokuba amalungelo abuyiselwe.
Ukuntsonkotha nokwahlukahlukana kwale mithetho kunokubangela ukudideka kubantu abaneenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho abasenokungaqondi enoba bakufanelekele ukuvota. Oku kudideka kunokukhokelela ekuphulweni ngempazamo kwemithetho yonyulo, njengoko abanye abantu besenokuvota bekholelwa ukuba bafanelekile xa bengafanele, besenokujamelana nezityholo ezongezelelekileyo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yoko.
Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nemigudu Yotshintsho
Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni iSindululo se - 14 sivumele ukuphelisa ukuchaswa kwabantu ngokokude kube kuhle ngokwemiqathango engokwasemthethweni, kuquka nento yokuba zaphula umthetho othi iSikhuseli Esilinganayo sikaClaus, ingakumbi xa sinempembelelo engathethekiyo kwizizwe ezincinane. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi ukuHlaziya kweshumi elinesine ngokungqalileyo kuyayivumela ithetha ukuba ilahle abantu ngokokuba "kupheliswa kwemvukelo, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho," kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi ziye zaxhasa ngokuqhelekileyo ukudityaniswa kwemithetho echasene nemiqathango ye-mthetho.
Phezu kwako nje ukungakwazi ukugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni kwale mithetho, kuye kwakho umbutho okhulayo wokuguqula okanye wokuphelisa ukudityaniswa kwetyala. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi le mithetho isekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yobuhlanga ecetyelwe ukuthintela amandla okuvota amaBlack emva kokuphinda kuvuselelwe, ukuba baluphelise utshintsho lwabantu ababekhe bavalelwe kwibutho labantu, nokuba bahluza izigidi zabantu baseMerika, ngokugqithisileyo iziphumo ezichaphazela amaqela abantu abanombala.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amaninzi aye aguqula imithetho yawo ukuze andise amalungelo okuvota abantu abaneenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye aye ashukunyiselwa ekubuyiselweni ngokwawo amalungelo emva kokukhululwa entolongweni okanye ukugqitywa kwesigwebo. Amanye aye enza lula amalungelo okubuyiselwa okanye ukuyeka ukulinda. Kwamanye amazwe aye avumela amanyathelo okubuyisela amalungelo okuvota, ebonisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke ekuguquleni utshintsho kule ndawo.
Impembelelo Kuluntu
Imithetho yokungathobeli ichaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMerika. Oku kuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuluntu lwaseAfrika lwaseMerika ngenxa yokwahluka-hlukana kweentlanga kwinkqubo yezobulungisa. Kwamanye amazwe, ipesenti ephawulekayo yabemi baseAfrika ikhutshwe ngenxa yeenkolelo ezimanyumnyezi, ezinokuthi zichaphazele amandla ezobupolitika kunye nomelo lwala mazwe.
Ngapha koko kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo abantu abangakwaziyo ukuvota, ukudityaniswa kwemithetho-siseko kuchaphazela iintsapho kunye noluntu. Xa amanani amakhulu amalungu oluntu engakwazi ukuvota, kunganciphisa zonke izivumelwano zezobupolitika kwaye kunciphise ilizwi loluntu kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Oku kungadala umjikelo apho uluntu oluninzi oluchaphazeleke yimigaqo-mthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho lungenako ukuphembelela loo migaqo-mthetho ngebhokisi yebhola yokuvota.
Iindlela Zokudlulisela kunye nokufikeleleka
Isakhiwo somthetho esikufutshane novoto sidlulela ngaphaya kokulungelelanisa nokubhalisa ukuquka iindlela ezahlukeneyo abantu abanokuphosa ngazo iivoti zabo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaziko aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvota, kunye nezinye iindlela ezandisiweyo zokunceda nokufumaneka ngoxa ezinye zigcine iindlela ezingeyosithethe.
E- Person Voting
Uvotelo oluqhelekileyo kumntu ovota ngomhla wonyulo lusahlala luyindlela eqheleke kakhulu yokuvota eUnited States. Abavoti baya kwindawo yabo yokuvota eyabelweyo, bahlole nabasebenzi bonyulo, bafumane ivoti, baphawule ukhetho lwabo, baze bathumele ivoti yokubala. Le ndlela ivumela uncedo olukhawulezileyo ukuba abavoti banemibuzo kwaye banika amava oluntu amaninzi axabiseke kubantu.
Imithetho ifuna ukuba iindawo zokuvota zifikeleleke ngokoqobo kubavoti beneziphene kwaye izixhobo zokuvota ezifikelelekayo zikhona. Abasebenzi abasebenza ngokurhoxisa kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukunceda abavoti neziphene ngoxa behlonela ukuzimela kwabo.
Indawo kunye nenani leendawo zokuvota zingakuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kwabavoti. Imingeni esemthethweni iye yaziswa kwiimeko apho indawo yokuvota ivalwa okanye kuthenjiswa ukuba ifuduswa yenza kube nzima ngakumbi kuluntu oluthile, ingakumbi kuluntu olumbalwa, ukuvota. Iinkundla zihlolisisa enoba utshintsho olunjalo lwaphula umthetho oLawulayo okanye ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko.
Ukuyongeza Kwasekuqaleni
Uvotelo lwangaphambili luvumela abavoti ababhalisweyo ukuba bafake amavote abo phambi kosuku lonyulo, adla ngokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezicacisiweyo zasekuqaleni zokuvota. Olu khetho luye lwathandwa kakhulu kwaye ngoku lufumaneka kumazwe amaninzi, nangona imithetho ekhethekileyo yahluka. Amanye amazwe anikela uvotelo kwangoko iiveki eziliqela ngaphambi konyulo, ngoxa amanye enikela iintsuku ezimbalwa kuphela. Amanye afuna imvume yokuvota kwangoko, ngoxa amanye evumela nawuphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo ukuba akwenze oko.
Uvota kwangoko kungandisa ukufumaneka ngokunika amathuba angakumbi okuvota nokunciphisa imigca nokulinda amaxesha okufika ngomhla wonyulo. Kusenokuba yingenelo ngokukhethekileyo kubantu abasebenza iiyure ezininzi, abaneenkqubo ezingaguqukiyo, okanye abajongene neengxaki zezithuthi. Noko ke, ukuvota kwangoko kufuna oovimba abangakumbi bolawulo, kuquka nokusebenza kwiindawo ezininzi ngexesha elide.
Iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni ziye zavela kwiinkqubo zokuvota zamandulo, ingakumbi xa amaphondo ethobe amaxesha okuvota kwangethuba okanye iindawo.
Ukuthunyelwa kweposi kunye nokukhutshwa
Uvota lwabelwe uvotelwa luvumela ukuba bafumane baze baphose amavoti abo ngeposi kunokuba bavote. Ngokwesiko, ukuvota okungekhoyo kwakufumaneka kuphela kubavoti ababenezingxengxezo ezifanelekileyo, njengokungasahlangani kwabo ngosuku lonyulo, ukuba neziphene, okanye ukungakwazi ukuvota umntu ngenxa yezizathu zonqulo. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi aye afudukela ku-"no-exexes" uvota ongekhoyo, nto leyo evumela nawuphi na umvotisi osemthethweni ukuba acele aze alahle umvotisi ongekhoyo ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Amazwe ambalwa aye aqhuba uvotelo lweposi jikelele kwaye alwenza, apho bonke abavoti ababhalisweyo bafumana ivoti ngeposi ngalo lonke unyulo. La mazwana aye azisusa kakhulu iindawo zokuvota zesithethe, nangona egcina ezinye iindlela zokuvota, ezifana namaziko okuvota apho nawuphi na umvoti kwingingqi angaphosa ibhola, kwaye akhuselekile apho abavoti bangabuyisela khona iibhokisi zabo.
Ukuvota iposi kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19 njengoko amatyala ayefuna ukubonelela ngeendlela zokuvota ezikhuselekileyo. Oku kwandisa kwakhokelela kwimpikiswano engundoqo engokwasemthethweni neyopolitiki, ngokuphikisana ngokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwebholathi, ngokusayina iimfuno zokuqinisekisa, ukumiswa kwemiqathango yokubuyisela ibhombu, nokusetyenziswa kweebhokisi zokulahla. Iinkundla zeva imingeni emininzi yokuthumela uvota, kunye neziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kwiimbambano ezithile nakwimithetho karhulumente ebandakanyekileyo.
Ibhasethi kunye neeposi ziphantsi kwemiyalelo ethile esemthethweni eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokukhusela uphando. Ezi ziquka utyikityo, apho amagosa onyulo athelekisa utyikityo kwi blockot notyikit kutyikityo kwifayile ukusuka kubhaliso lomvoti. Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa "Ugcino" iinkqubo ezivumela abavoti balungise iingxaki kunye neebhola zabo ezingekhoyo, ezifana notyikityo okanye ezingahambelaniyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti zabo zibaliwe.
Ukufikeleleka Koomatshini Abanesiphene
Umthetho woManyano ufuna ukuba abantu abaneziphene bangenele ekuvotelweni. UMthetho woKhubazeko noMgaqo-nkqubo Woncedo waseMelika uLeta Vote ugunyazise ukuba iindawo zokuvota zifikeleleke kwaye iinkqubo zokuvota zihlawulisa abavoti abaneengxaki ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukungakwazi ukubona, ukuhamba kakuhle, nokungakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle kwengqondo.
Izixhobo zokuvota ezinokufumaneka kufuneka zivumele abavoti abaneziphene ukuba bafake iivoti zabo ngasese nangaphandle, ngaphandle koncedo oluvela kwabanye ukuba bathanda. Oku kubandakanya izixhobo zokuphawula izinto ezifana nezixhobo zesandi, ulawulo olunesandi, kunye nokubonisa okulungelelanisiweyo. Kubavoti abangenakuhamba baye kwindawo yokuvota, ukuvota okungekhoyo kunika enye into ebalulekileyo, nangona ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvota okungekhoyo kulula kunakho ukuba lucelomngeni.
Ngaphandle kwezi mfuneko zomthetho, abavoti abaneziphene bayaqhubeka bejongene nemiqobo yokuvota. Iindawo zokubheja zisenokuba nemiqobo esemzimbeni, izixhobo zisenokungasebenzi kakuhle okanye zingamiswa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye abasebenzi bovotelo basenokungaqeqeshelwa ngokwaneleyo ukunceda abavoti ngesiphene. Imibutho yezentengiselwano iyaqhubeka isebenza ukunyanzelisa iimfuno zokufumaneka nokuphucula amava okuvota kubantu abaneziphene.
Uncedo lolwimi
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, iCandelo 203 loMthetho wamaLungelo kufuneka amagunya athile ukulungiselela izixhobo zokuvota noncedo ngeelwimi ezingezolwimi lwesiNgesi. Oku kuyimfuneko xa iqela elinye lolwimi oluncinane limalunga nesihlanu ekhulwini labemi besizwe esivotayo, okanye ngaphezu kwe-10 000 yabemi abavotayo, kwaye linomlinganiselo wokufunda ngesiNgesi ongaphantsi komlinganiselo wesizwe.
Amaziko asisigxina kufuneka anikezele ngezinto zokubhalisa, iibhola zokuvota, imiyalelo, nezinye izinto zonyulo kulwimi oluncinci olusebenzayo. Kufuneka anikeze uncedo oluthethwayo, njengabasebenzi bokhetho abathetha iilwimi ezimbini okanye abatoliki. Ezi mfuneko zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo yeelwimi ayithinteli abemi abafanelekileyo ekusebenziseni ilungelo labo lokuvota.
Ukusebenzisana neemfuno zoncedo lolwimi kunokuba lucelomngeni, ingakumbi kwimithetho-siseko yamaqela amancinane eelwimi okanye oovimba abambalwa. Noko ke, la malungiselelo abalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwilothi yokufaka igalelo kubo bonke abemi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba banempumelelo kangakanani na.
Unqabiseko Lokhetho Nengqibelelo
Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokuthembeka konyulo kuyinto ephambili engokwasemthethweni. Ukhuseleko lonyulo olungokwasemthethweni lubandakanya amanyathelo okuthintela ubuqhetseba, ukukhusela ukuphazanyiswa nokugcina intembelo yoluntu kunyulo.
Ukukhusela ubuqhetseba bezixhobo zokuloba
Inkohliso yevoter − ukuvota okungekho mthethweni okungamkelekiyo kwabantu okanye ukuvota okuninzi okuye kwaphindwa ngumntu omnye − lityala lolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho wesizwe nowaseburhulumenteni. Ngoxa kusenzeka inkohliso, uphando luye lwafumanisa ukuba lunqabile kakhulu. Noko ke, inkxalabo ngokuvota inyanzelise iingxoxo ezahlukeneyo zemithetho kunye neemfuno ezingokwasemthethweni.
Amazwe asebenzisa amanyathelo ahlukeneyo ukukhusela ubuqhophololo, kuquka ukuvota, iimfuno zokwahlula, utyikityo olungqinelana neebhola zomlondi ongekhoyo, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lwasemva kokhetho. Ucelomngeni kukuzalisekisa imiqathango yokhuseleko ekhusela ukuqhatha ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokwenza imiqobo engafanelekanga ethintela abavoti abafanelekileyo ekufakeleni amavoti.
Umthetho womanyano ukwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukuvota kunyulo lwamagunya ukuba omnye akafanelekanga, ukuvota ngaphezu kwesihlandlo esinye, ukuzenza ngokungathi ungomnye umvoti, okanye ukubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo yobuqhophololo enxulumene nokuvota. Amazwe anemithetho efanayo egquma urhulumente nonyulo. Ityala lokuvota lingaquka intlawulo nokuvalelwa entolongweni.
Umahluko wokhetho
Kule minyaka ikutshanje, unyulo lomongameli lwama-2016 lwabangela ukuba amatyala onyulo angenele imigaqo yamajelo eendaba, amajelo eendaba nezinye iindlela, luye lwabangela ukuba abantu abaninzi bacinge ngokukhusela imithombo yonyulo kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha.
Izibonelelo zokhetho ziquka iziseko zobhaliso lovota, oomatshini bokuvota, iinkqubo zolawulo lonyulo, kunye neenkqubo ezidibanisa zona. Ukukhusela ezi nkqubo ekuxhotyisweni nasekuxhaseni kubalulekile ekugcineni ingqibelelo yonyulo. Urhulumente wengingqi umisele izibonelelo zonyulo njengezinenkxaso enzima, ezinika ukufikelela kwimithombo yokhuseleko kunye nolwazi olunentsebenziswano.
Amazwe nemimandla iye yasebenza ukuphucula ukhuseleko lonyulo lwekhompyutha ngamanyathelo afana nokuthatha indawo yoomatshini bokuvota abangenaphepha ngeenkqubo ezivelisa iingxelo zephepha, zizalisekisa uphicotho-zincwadi lwasemva kokhetho ukuqinisekisa iziphumo, ziphucula ukhuseleko lweziseko lobhaliso lovoti, kwaye ziqeqeshe amagosa onyulo kwimisebenzi engcono yokhuseleko. Inkxaso-mali yeSebe iye yalungiselelwa ukuxhasa le migudu, nangona amagosa onyulo ngokufuthi ephikisa ukuba kufuneka oovimba abaninzi.
IMithetho yoLwazi lwasemva
Uphicotho-zincwadi lokhetho lwasemva konyulo lusisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa iziphumo zonyulo nokugcina intembelo yoluntu. Imiba yophicotho-zincwadi ibandakanya ukuqwalasela ngesandla isampulo yeevoti okanye ezinye iingxelo zonyulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuvota zibalwa ngokuchanekileyo iivoti. Uphicotho-manani lwemida yengozi, olusebenzisa iindlela zobalo ukunika ubungqina obunamandla beenkcukacha zokuba iziphumo ezixeliweyo zichanile, zithathwa njengomgangatho wegolide wonyulo lweekhalo.
Kubakho amabali xa iziphumo zonyulo zisondele kakhulu okanye xa kukho izityholo zeengxaki ngobalo lwevoti. Imithetho karhulumente imisela iimeko apho ubalo luzisebenzelayo kunye neenkqubo zokucela ubalo. Ingxelo zinokuqhutywa ngesandla okanye ngomatshini, kuxhomekeke kumthetho wesizwe nakwimeko.
Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokuqhuba amabali nokucombulula iimbambano ezikumabali ibingumbandela wokubekwa kwetyala elibalulekileyo, ngokuphawulekayo kwityala lonyulo lomongameli wama- 2000 lonyulo lobuBush v.Gore. Eli tyala laphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nokhuseleko olulinganayo kwiinkqubo kunye nendima yeenkundla zokucombulula iimbambano zonyulo.
Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Neengxaki Zokhetho
Phezu kwayo nje inkqubo elawula unyulo olubanzi, kuphakama iimpikiswano ezingenakuphepheka. Ezi mpikiswano zisenokubandakanya imibuzo ephathelele ukufaneleka kovoti, ukufikelela, iinkqubo zokuvota, ukubala, okanye ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inika iindlela zokucombulula ezi mpikiswano, nangona inkqubo inokuba ntsonkothile yaye ithanda ukuxambulisana.
Unyulo lwangaphambili
Imingeni emininzi enxulumene nonyulo ibekwa phambi kokuba kuvele unyulo. La matyala angacel ’ umngeni imithetho emitsha yokuvota, izicwangciso zokuhlaziya, iimfuno zofikelelo, okanye ezinye iinkalo zolawulo lonyulo lwangaphambili. Ukunyulwa kwangaphambi konyulo kuvumela iinkundla ukuba zicombulule imicimbi ngaphambi kokuba zichaphazele olona nyulo, olukhetheke kakhulu kwiimpikiswano eziqhelekileyo ezinokuthandabuza iziphumo zonyulo.
Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zonyulo lwangaphambi konyulo ziquka imingeni kwimithetho ye-ID yovoti, imiqathango ekubhaliseni kovoti okanye ekuvoteni kwasekuqaleni, indawo yokuvotelwa, kunye nezicwangciso zokuqinisekisa ukuba kumiselwe ubuhlanga okanye ubuhlanga. Ezi meko zisoloko zibandakanya imibuzo entsonkothileyo yomthetho-siseko, utoliko lwezomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kunye nohlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwendlela izenzo ezicelw'iiicel'iice.
Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise ulwazelelelo olwahlukeneyo kumatyala angaphambi konyulo, kuquka imfuneko yokukhusela amalungelo okuvota, ukuhlonelwa kolawulo lukarhulumente ekuqhubeni unyulo, kunye nezinto eziluncedo zolawulo lonyulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo imisele umgaqo "Purcell," olumkisayo nxamnye notshintsho kwimithetho yonyulo esondele kakhulu kunyulo, njengoko utshintsho olunjalo lungadala ukudideka nobunzima bokulawula.
Imibutho yokhetho lwasemva
Ukhuphiswano lonyulo lwasemva konyulo lucela umngeni weziphumo zonyulo, ngokuqhelekileyo luchaza ukuba iimpazamo, ukungahambelani kwemithetho, okanye ihambo engekho mthethweni yachaphazela iziphumo. La matyala alawulwa yimimiselo yokhuphiswano yonyulo karhulumente, emisela izindululo zokukhuphisana nonyulo, iinkqubo zokwenza oko, kunye namayeza afumanekayo.
Ukuze aphumelele kukhuphiswano lonyulo, umceli-mngeni ngokuqhelekileyo makabonise kungekuphela nje ukuba kwenzeka into engeyiyo, kodwa kwakhona ukuba zazinokutshintshwa okanye zithandabuzeke kwiziphumo. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziyamathidala ukubhukuqa iziphumo zonyulo, ziqonda ukubaluleka kokuphela nokufuna ukuhlonela ukuthanda kwabavoti njengoko kuboniswe kwibhokisi yebhoti.
Unyulo lomongameli wama-2020 lwabonisa ukurhoxiswa okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili, namatyala amaninzi abekwe izingcelele zokucel ’ umngeni iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zonyulo kumaphondo amaninzi. Iinkundla zachasa uninzi lwale ngxaki, zifumana ubungqina obunganelanga bokungabikho kolu tshintsho obungachaphazelekiyo. Oku kubekwa kwetyala kwaphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngokhuseleko lonyulo, indima yeenkundla ekucombululeni iimbambano zonyulo, nokubaluleka kokugcina intembelo kawonke-wonke kwiziphumo zonyulo.
Iibhola Ezilungiselelayo
Iivoti ezinika ilungiselelo zinikela indlela yokulungisa imibuzo emalunga nokuvota ngolu suku lonyulo. Xa umvoti engakwazi ukuvota ingaqinisekanga ngokunjalo-ngomzekelo, ukuba igama labo aliveli kwiiroli zovoti okanye ukuba abafuni kwaziswa, banikwa i-uselecolot. I-colot ibekwa ecaleni, kwaye amagosa onyulo kamva aphengulula ukufumanisa ukuba umvoti uyafaneleka. Ukuba umvoti ufunyaniswe ukuba ufanelekile, i-bolot iyabalwa; ukuba akafunwa, iyalahlwa.
UMthetho woncedo waseMelika ufuna onke amazwe ukunikezela ngeevoti ezilungiselelwe umphako, kwaye umisela imigangatho encinci kwiinkqubo zokuvota ezilungiselelwe ngokwelungiselelo. Noko ke, amatyala ayahluka kwimithetho yawo ekhethekileyo malunga nexesha amavoti afanele anikelwe ngalo noko kufuneka abavoti bakwenze ukuze babalwe iibhola zabo zovotelo.
Iivoti zolungiselelo bezingumbandela wonyulo, ingakumbi malunga noko abavoti bolwazi kufuneka bakunikele ukuba babalwe iivote zabo nokuba ngaba abavoti kufuneka baziswe ukuba iibhola zabo zomthetho ziyalahlwa. Ezi meko zisoloko zibandakanya imibuzo ngomlinganiselo phakathi kokhuseleko lonyulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba amavoti abalwayo abavoti.
Uqikelelo lombane kunye nocinezelo
Imithetho karhulumente neyamanyeneyo iyalwa noloyikiso lomvoti kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokucinezelwa kwabavoti. UMthetho we-Voting Rights ukwenza kube kokungekho mthethweni ukusoyikisa, ukusongela, okanye ukunyanzela nabani na ukuba avote okanye azame ukuvota. Umthetho wamaFrederal olwaphulo-mthetho uyayithintela isoyikiso sabavoti kunyulo lwamagunya, kwaye uninzi lwamazwe anemithetho efanayo egquma lonke unyulo.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokusoyikisa, ukusuka kwizisongelo ezingokwasemzimbeni kwiindawo zokuvota ukusa kuqheliselo olukhohlisayo olucetyelwe ukuthintela abantu ekuvotelweni, njengokunikela inkcazelo engeyonyaniso ngemihla yokuvota okanye yonyulo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwaveliswa amaxhala ngabantu abaxhobileyo kufutshane neendawo zokuvota, ukubukela ngoothotho olunogonyamelo, nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo engeyonyaniso ephathelele iinkqubo zokuvota.
Amagosa okhetho kunye namaziko agunyazisa umthetho asebenzela ukuthintela nokusabela kwisoyikiso sabavoti, yaye iinkundla zingakhupha imiyalelo yokuba ziyeke ukubeka isimilo esimandundu.
Uhlaziyo nomelo
Nangona ingesiso isenzo sovota ngokwaso, ukuhlaziya ngokutshayelela ifomati yesithili sokhetho, kuchaphazela ngokunzulu amalungelo okuvota kunye nokumela kwezobupolitika. Isakhiwo esisemthethweni esingqonge ukwenziwa kovotelo sibandakanya imfuno yomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo yorhulumente, kunye nemithetho karhulumente.
Umntu Omnye, Umgaqo Omnye Obalulekileyo
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, i-Allimetic Protection Claus ifuna ukuba izithili zowiso-mthetho zibe nabemi abalinganayo ukwenzela ukuba ukuvota komntu ngamnye kuthwale malunga nobunzima obufanayo. Lo mgaqo usebenza kwisithili sombutho, ekumele ukuba zilingana ngokulinganayo kubemi, nakwiphondo nakwimimandla yasekuhlaleni, ezivunyelwa ukuba ziphambuke kakhulu kodwa ziphinde zilingane ngokunzulu.
Uhlaziyo lwenzeka emva kokuba ubalo-mali lweminyaka ephelileyo lungabangela utshintsho lwabemi. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ngokuqhelekileyo ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, nangona amanye amazwe esebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye ezinye iindlela. Umntu omnye, imfuneko yokuvota iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lwabemi luboniswe kwimida yesithili ukuze umelo luhlale luhleli ngokulungelelana.
Ukusetyenziswa Kobuhlanga noMthetho Wamalungelo
UMthetho wamaLungelo oLaving Rights walela izicwangciso zokukhetha ubuhlanga obuncinane. ICandelo 2 loMthetho linokuphulwa ngezicwangciso ezihlaziywayo ezidambisa amandla okuvota amancinane, njengangokohlula imimandla emincinane kwisithili (ukurhwebelana) okanye ukunikel' ingqalelo kwinani elincinane lesithili (ukugawula) ukucutha impembelelo yaso.
Kwezinye iimeko, umThetho wamalungelo abantu ungafuna ukwenziwa kwemidana encinane emininzi, --difies apho iqela elinabemi abambalwa besizwe libumba uninzi lwabemi besigaba sokuvota. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni ugqatso alunakuba yiyo eyona ngxaki iphambili ekutsaleni imigca yesithili, njengokuba oku bekuya kwenza ukuba i-germaningng ephakathi kwesizwe. Ukulinganisa ezi mfuneko kungenza ucelomngeni kwaye kukhokelela ekunyuseni okukhulu kwe-lifashoni.
Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokungqina ukuhlasimliselwa kwevoti phantsi kwecandelo 2 yamiselwa kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo eThorburg v. Gingles. Ukuseka isibhengezo sokuthomalalisa, amavotifu kufuneka abonise ukuba iqela elincinane likhulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye libumbene ngokwaneleyo ukuze libe lininzi kwisithili, ukuba iqela elincinane lisebenzisana ngokwezobupolitika, kwaye uninzi lwevoti njengeqela elidla ngoko ukoyisa abathandi abambalwa.
Iparantisan Gerrymandering
Udidi lwenqanawa olunobungcakaxhaka bungabangela umahluko phakathi kwemiba yephondo, ukuzoba imigca yesithili ukuze kungenelwe omnye umbutho wezobupolitika ngaphezu komnye, kwaye ingumba wempikiswano kwezobupolitika zaseMerika. Ngoxa inkoliso yababukeli ivuma ukuba ukuhlasela okugqithisileyo kungenza udemokhrasi ujongeka phantsi, ukuma okusemthethweni koqheliselo olunjalo bekungaqinisekwanga.
Ngo-2019, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqulunqwa kwiRucho v. IMbangi eQhelekileyo ethetha ngokuququzelela abahlali betyala lezobupolitika ukuba babuze imibuzo engaphaya kwendlela efikelelwe ngayo ziinkundla zelifa lemveli. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba akukho milinganiselo ifanelekileyo yokugqiba xa abaphambukeli bevukela umGaqo-siseko, kwaye ngenxa yoko oko amatyala anjalo akanakugqitywa ziinkundla zikarhulumente.
Noko ke, esi sigqibo asithinteli iinkundla zikarhulumente ekuthetheni nabahlaseli phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kwaye ezinye iinkundla zikarhulumente ziye zawisa phantsi iiplani zokuzidibanisela phantsi njengee-gerrymanders ezingekho mgaqweni. Ngaphezu koko, amanye amazwe aye aguqula iinkqubo zawo zokuhlaziya ukuncitshiswa kwempembelelo yabaxhasi, ezifana nokuyila iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzidibanisela phantsi kwemithetho.
Imali Yephulo Nempembelelo Ephambili
Ngoxa umthetho wezemali wephulo ulummandla owahlukileyo kumthetho wamalungelo okuvota, unxulumene ngokusondeleyo nomthetho wonyulo. Umthetho wemali kwezobupolitika uchaphazela abo banokubhalisa isikhundla, ezo miyalezo ziviwa ngabavoti, kwanokhetho olukhethwayo.
Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko
Iphulo lomthetho wemali libandakanya ukunqanda ukunganyaniseki nokugcina amalungelo okuHlaliswa koQala eMpanzi ethetha ngezopolitiko. INkundla Ephakamileyo ithi ukusebenzisa imali ukuze kuphenjelelwe unyulo kuluhlobo lwentetho ekhuselwe yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala, esithintela urhulumente ukuba angalawuli imali yezempempe-mali.
Kwityala eliphawulekayo leMatizeke eUnited v. Federal Evotion Commission, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi urhulumente akanakuyithintela inkcitho yezopolitiko ezimeleyo yemibutho, imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye namanye amaqumrhu. Esi sigqibo, kunye namatyala anxulumene naso, siye sayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo inkcitho yezemali yale mihla, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyukeni kweePaCs ezinkulu kakhulu nasekusetyenzisweni ngokusetyenziswa kwamaqela angaphandle kunyulo.
Noko ke, iNkundla iye yaxhasa imimiselo ethile yezemali, kuquka imiqathango yeminikelo engqalileyo kubatshati-nxaxheba, iimfuno ezityhiliweyo zokusetyenziswa kwephulo, nemiqathango yokusebenzisana kwabantu abaza kubhaptizwa namaqela angaphandle. INkundla iye yaqiqa ngelokuba igalelo lokunikela linceda ekuthinteleni ukunganyaniseki okanye ukubonakala korhwaphilizo, ngoxa imfuno zokutyhilwa zinika abavoti inkcazelo malunga nokuba ngubani oxhasa inkxaso yezopolitiko.
Umiselo loManyano noRhulumente
Umthetho wezemali wephondo ulawulwa ngokuyintloko nguMthetho weCandelo loNlamlelo loManyano noMgaqo-nkqubo weKhomishini yoNqumo. Umthetho umisela imiqathango yeminikelo kubanyulo abatshayo besizwe, ufuna ukutyhilwa kweminikelo yephulo nenkcitho, kwaye ulungiselela ukuxhasa urhulumente ngamaphulo ombutho.
Amazwe anemithetho yawo yezemali elawula urhulumente nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Le mithetho iyahluka-hluka kakhulu, eminye imimandla inemiqathango engqongqo nemfuno yokuchaza yonke into, ngoxa eminye imigaqo ingekho ngqiqweni. Amanye amaphondo anika inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke kumaphulo karhulumente, kwaye amanye aye amisela imiqathango eyongezelelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwemali engakumbi okanye yokumanyana ngaphezu koko kufunwa ngumthetho wesizwe.
Iimbambano Ezilandelayo Neengxaki Zexesha Elizayo
Umthetho olawula ukuvota uyaqhubeka utshintsha ngenxa yokutshintsha kobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu nokuqhubeka kwempikiswano ngendlela yokulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lonyulo, ukufumaneka nokuthembeka.
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokusebenza
Ubuxhakaxhaka buyaqhubeka butshintsha indlela onyulwa ngayo, ukusuka kwiincwadi zovotelo lwe-elektroniki kunye nakumacebo okuchola kwikhompyutha ukuya kubhalisa kwi-intanethi kunye nokusasazwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha. Ngoxa ubugcisa bunokuphucula impumelelo nokufumaneka, bukwanyusa amaxhala okhuseleko nemibuzo engokwasemthethweni yokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zobugcisa zinokuthenjwa, zikhuselekile, kwaye ziyafumaneka.
Kusekho impikiswano ekuvotelweni kwe-Internet, yaye inkoliso yeengcali zokhuseleko lonyulo ilumkisa ngelithi ubugcisa bangoku abunakusikhusela ngokwaneleyo i - Internet kuvotelo lukawonke wonke. Noko ke, amanye amazwe avumela ukuba kubuye iindlela ezilinganiselweyo zokuvota nge-elektroniki kumazwe aphesheya kunye noomatiloshe, yaye kukho uphando oluqhubekayo lokuba kunokwenzeka kusini na ukuba ukuvota nge-intanethi okukhuselekileyo kunokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.
Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga
Ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo yobuxoki ngokuphathelele iinkqubo zokuvota, iziphumo zonyulo, kunye nenkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo iye yaba yinto exhalabisayo. I-Misformation ingadida abavoti ngendlela, xa, nalapho bavota, abanokuthi bathintele abemi abafanelekileyo ekufakeni iibhola zokuvota. Amaphulo okungahambisa ulwazi olububuxoki ngabom ukuze bacime okanye banciphise intembelo kunyulo.
Ukuthetha ngenkohliso enxulumene nonyulo kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima engokulungelelanisa ulwazi oluphosakeleyo nokukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha. Ngoxa urhulumente enokunika ulwazi oluchanekileyo ukuze aphikisane nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukukwazi kwakhe ukumisela imiqathango yokuthetha ubuxoki kulinganiselwe nguMgqino wokuqala. Iimigangatho zezentlalo-ntle ziye zasebenzisa iinkqubo zokuthetha iimpazamo zonyulo, kodwa le migudu ihlala iphikiswana kwaye impumelelo yayo iyaphikisana.
Imithetho egunyazisa amalungelo
Ngokulandela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiShelby County v. Hoker, eyayiphelisa ngokunempumelelo imfuneko ecacileyo yoMthetho wamaLungelo, bekukho imigudu eqhubekayo yokubuyisela nokuqinisa amalungelo okuvota karhulumente. Kuye kwaveliswa iingcebiso ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiKhomishini ukuhlaziya uMthetho wamaLungelo okuBonga, ukuseka imigangatho emitsha karhulumente yokufumana ukuvota, kunye nengxubusho evelayo kumalungelo okuvota.
Le migudu yowiso-mthetho iye yaphikiswa, ngengxoxo emalunga nolawulo lukarhulumente nolonyulo, ukulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kokufikelela nokhuseleko, nokuba umthetho ocetyisiweyo uya kucombulula ngokunempumelelo imingeni ekhoyo yokuvota. Isiphumo sale ngxoxo siya kubumba ikamva lamalungelo okuvota eUnited States.
Utshintsho lomfanekiso kunye nomelo
Ukutshintsha kwabemi kuchaphazela amalungelo okuvota nokumela abantu, kuquka imibuzo ephathelele uncedo lweelwimi, ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abambalwa bamele bamele abantu abambalwa, kunye nokuthenjiswa kwabantu abatsha nabavelayo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banolwazi olulinganayo lokufumana ivoti kunye nethuba elilinganayo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kuza kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kwindlela imithetho nezenzo ezichaphazela ngayo abantu abahlukeneyo. Oku kuquka ukuqwalasela iimfuno zabantu abajongene nemiqobo engokwembali ekuvotelweni nasekulungiseni ulawulo lonyulo ukuba lusebenze ngomahluko omkhulu
Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Okuphana
Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuvota linyathelo lokuqala lokuzikhusela. Njengomvoti, unamalungelo neembopheleleko kwinkqubo yonyulo. Ukwazi ngemithetho neenkqubo ezilawula ukuvota kulawulo lwakho kukunika amandla okuba uthabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwaye uqonde kwaye uphendule nakweziphi na iingxaki osenokujamelana nazo.
Wazi Amalungelo Akho
Wonke umvoti ofanelekileyo unelungelo lokubhalisa nokuvota, ukufumana uncedo xa kufuneka, ukuvota ngaphandle koloyiko okanye ukukhathazwa, nokufuna ukuba ivoti yabo ibalwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba udibana neengxaki zokubhalisa ukuvota okanye ukuphosa ivoti yakho, unelungelo lokufuna uncedo kumagosa onyulo, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukusukela unyango olusemthethweni.
Amalungelo akhethekileyo angahluka ngokwemeko, ngoko kubalulekile ukuqonda imithetho ekwigunya lakho. Oku kuquka ukwazi ixesha lokubhalisa, iimfuno zokwazisa, iindlela zokuvota ezikhoyo kuwe, kunye neenkqubo zokucombulula iingxaki. Amazwe amaninzi anika izikhokelo zolwazi lomvoti okanye iiwebhsayithi ezinenkcukacha ezingokhetho kunye namalungelo.
Imithombo yevota
Kukho oovimba abaninzi abanceda abavoti baqonde amalungelo abo baze basebenzise indlela yokuvota. Iiofisi zonyulo zasekuhlaleni zinikela inkcazelo esemthethweni malunga nokubhaliswa, iindawo zokuvota, neenkqubo zokuvota. Imibutho yoluntu inikela imfundo yabavoti, uncedo ngokubhalisa, kunye noncedo lokucombulula iingxaki. Imibutho engokwasemthethweni inikela inkcazelo ngamalungelo okuvota kwaye isenokunikela uncedo ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe.
Ukuba udibana neengxaki zokuvota, ungaqhagamshelana neofisi yonyulo yasekuhlaleni, ubize umkhuseli we-voti osetyenziswa yimibutho eyahlukeneyo, okanye ufune uncedo kumagqwetha anelungelo lokuvota. Amazwe amaninzi anenkqubo engqalileyo yokucel ’ umngeni ukubhaliswa okanye ukuvota kwakho, kwaye unelungelo lokusebenzisa ezi nkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti yakho ibaliwe.
Ubandakanyeko Lomsebenzi Ngaphandle Komsebenzi
Nangona ukuvota kuyindlela esisiseko yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo, ukukhusela nokunyusa amalungelo okuvota kufuna ukuba ungazi uxwebhu oluza kuthengiselwa ngaphandle kwebhokisi yokuvota. Oku kunokuquka ukwazi ngemithetho yokuvota ecetyiweyo, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo ngemibandela yamalungelo okuvota, ukuxhasa imibutho elwela ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota, nokusebenza njengomvoti okanye umcholacholi.
Ukuphaphela nokuganana kwabantu kuyimfuneko ekulondolozeni nasekuqiniseni amaziko edemokhrasi. Xa abemi bewaqonda amalungelo abo okuvota yaye besebenza ngenkuthalo ukubakhusela, kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo luhlala lukhululekile, lungakhethi bubulungisa, yaye lufikeleleka kubo bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo.
Isiphelo
Isakhiwo esisemthethweni esikufutshane nokuvota eUnited States sintsonkothile, sijikelwe kwiindawo ezininzi, kwaye sisoloko siguquka. Ukusuka ekulungisweni komgaqo-siseko okwandisa ukukhutshwa kwemithetho yesizwe ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota, ukusuka kwimithetho elawula ulawulo lwenkundla yonyulo ukuya kwizigqibo zenkundla zokutolika la malungiselelo ahlukeneyo asemthethweni, umthetho ubumba zonke iinkalo zendlela esivota ngayo kwaye ubani onokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo.
Ukuqonda le ndawo isemthethweni kubalulekile kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukusebenzisa ilungelo lakhe lokuvota nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwidemokhrasi yethu. Inceda abavoti ukuba bafumane iimfuno zokubhalisa, baqonde iinketho zabo zokuvota, baqonde xa amalungelo abo esengozini, baze bathathe inyathelo lokukhusela loo malungelo. Ikwanikela umongo wengxoxo eqhubekayo ephathelele inkqubo yokuvota kwaye inceda abemi bavavanye izicelo zokuhlaziywa konyulo.
Imbali yamalungelo okuvota eMelika yenye yokwanda okuthe ngcembe, nesizukulwana ngasinye sisebenza ukwandisa ukukhulula nokususa imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba. Ukusuka ekuphelisweni kweemfuno zezinto ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba, ukuya ekunikezelweni kwama-Afrika emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, kukwandiswa kwamabhinqa ngo1920, ukuya kuMthetho wamalungelo ovotayo ukuya kunyaka weshumi elinesibhozo, ukuhlwithwa kwemiqathango ebanzi.
Kodwa le nkqubela ayizange ibe yeyokulandelelana okanye engenakuphepheka. Unyuselo ngalunye lwamalungelo okuvota luchaswe, yaye maxa wambi impumelelo iye yalandelwa kukurhoxiswa. Kwananamhlanje, iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ngokufumaneka kovoti, iimfuno zokubhalisa, iindlela zokuvota, kunye nokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kokhuseleko lonyulo nokufikelela. Ezi ngxoxo zibonisa imibuzo esisiseko ngedemokhrasi, ukulingana, nendima karhulumente ekuchaseni inxaxheba karhulumente.
Njengoko sikhangela kwikamva, iingxaki ezintsha ziza kuqhubeka zivela. Ubugcisa buza kuvelisa amathuba kunye nomngcipheko kulawulo lonyulo. Iinguqulelo zokhetho ziya kufuna utshintsho oluya lusanda ukulungiselela unyulo oluya lusiba luninzi. Izisongelo zonyulo, enoba zivela ekungeneleni kweminye imiqathango okanye kwinkcazelo ephosakeleyo yasekhaya, ziya kufuna ukulumka nokuphuculwa kwamalungelo okuvota. Yaye iingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelele amalungelo ziza kufuna abemi ukuba babe nemibuzo enzima ngendlela yokuyila amaziko ethu edemokhrasi.
Kuzo zonke ezi ngxaki, ukubaluleka okusisiseko kwamalungelo okuvota akuguquguquki. Ilungelo lokuvota asingombandela nje ongokwesithethe okanye umbuzo wobugcisa. Sisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, indlela abemi abasebenzisa ngayo ulawulo lolawulo lwezikhundla baze bagcine abameli babo benetyala. Ukukhusela elilungelo, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokulinganayo konovote, nokugcina ingqibelelo yonyulo yimisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwisizukulwana ngasinye.
Ngokuqonda iinkalo ezingokwasemthethweni zokuvota, ukuhlala wazisiwe ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zakho, nokuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ufak' isandla kwimpilo nobungqabavu bedemokhrasi yethu. Nokuba uvota okokuqala okanye ubunenxaxheba kunyulo amashumi eminyaka, imicimbi yakho yokuganana.
Ulwazi oluninzi ngamalungelo ovota kunye nomthetho wonyulo, ungatyelela i- yeSibonelelo sobuNondyebo saseMelika samaZiko okuvota, jonga kwiKhomishoni ye-. i-Evolution Commission[, i-FLT], ihlola izinto ezisuka kuMzinzo wovota weSiko seJaji [[FLT:]4] Brennan iziko zeSiko loMphathi-beko-omatilo, okanye qhagamshelana norhulumente wakho okanye iofisi yonyulo-luvolo-luvolo-luvolo. Ezi zinto zingakunceda ukuba uhlale waziswe ngamalungelo akho, uqonde inkqubo yokuvota kwindawo yakho, kwaye uthathe inyathelo lokukhusela kunye nokuqhelisa isiseko sakho kwivoti.