Ukwazisa: Ubuchule Obubalaseleyo Bokulawula

Amandla angenakuphepheka kwibutho labantu. Alona nto ingulwalamano lwethu, amaziko, kwanemvakalelo yethu. Ukusuka kwigumbi lokufundela ukuya kwigumbi lokufundela, ukusuka kwintsapho ukuya kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, umbuzo wesizathu sokuba abanye abantu okanye amaqela abanegunya phezu kwabanye uphelelwe lixesha kwaye ungxamisekile. Ukuqonda akuyonto nje efunekayo ukuze kulungiswe ubunzima bobomi banamhlanje, kukhuthazwa okusesikweni, kwaye kwakhiwe imimandla elinganayo.

Embilinini, amandla kumandla okulawula indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo kunye neziphumo. Kodwa le nkcazelo ilula igqubuthela intsingiselo eninzi yentlobo, imithombo, neziphumo. Amandla anokubonakala, njengakwigunya lomgwebi, okanye elingabonakaliyo, njengakwimiqathango echuliweyo elawula ukuziphatha kwabantu. Isenokusetyenziswa ngomdla okanye ngokuncedisana, ngokusondeleyo okanye ngokuphangaleleyo. Eli nqaku lihlola uhlobo lwamandla oluninzi, ukuzobala kwimbali, intlalo, kunye neembono zengqondo ukuchaza isizathu sokuba amandla aqhubekele phambili kwaye anokuqondwa njani.

Isiseko Samandla: Ingongoma Enzulu

Ngaphambi kokuntywila kwizinto ezithile, kuluncedo ukuseka inkqubo yokuqonda amandla. Izazinzulu zentlalo zikudala ziphikisana ngemvelaphi yalo nendlela elisebenza ngayo. Enye inzululwazi yezobugcisa enempembelelo, eyaveliswa yisazi-lwazi ngezentlalo uJohn Frentshi noBertram Raven ngowe-1959, ichaza isiseko samandla amahlanu, ngasinye sineempawu neentsingiselo ezahlukileyo.

Amandla okudlala

Amandla okuzingela axhomekeke kumandla okukhupha isohlwayo okanye asoyikisa iziphumo ezingalunganga. Luhlobo olugqithisileyo lolawulo, olusoloko lubonwa kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, kulawulo lobupolisa, okanye kulwalamano lobuzali nomntwana. Nangona luphumelela kwixesha elifutshane, amandla omanyano adla ngokuvelisa ingqumbo kunye nokuchasa. Ukuxhomekeka kwawo kuloyiko kwenza ukuba lungazinzi kwaye kube nexabiso elininzi lokuzigcina.

Umvuzo Wamandla

Amandla anika umvuzo licala elingekho mgangathweni lokunyanzelisa: abandakanya ukunikela izisusa ezifana nemali, ukudumisa, ukunyuselwa, okanye amalungelo okuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Kwimisebenzi nakwimimiselo yemfundo, amandla anika intlawulo angaqhubela ekwenzeni umsebenzi, kodwa kwakhona asenokukhokelela kulwalamano lwentengiso kunye nokugxininisa kwintshukumisa ye-extrins kunokuba inyanzelo yemvelo.

Amandla Omthetho

Amandla asemthethweni asuka kwisikhundla esinconywayo okanye indima kwiqumrhu lemfundo. Igosa lamapolisa, umphathi, okanye igosa elinyuliweyo linegunya elisemthethweni ngenxa yokuba ibutho liwanika igunya lokwenza izigqibo nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Olu hlobo lwamandla lusoloko lugunyaziswa kwimithetho, kwizivumelwano, okanye kwimiqathango yentlangano. Noko ke, amandla asemthethweni anokusetyenziswa kakubi xa igunya lingakhangelwa zizenzo zokuphendula.

Amandla Obugcisa

Amandla obuchule avela kulwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuchule, okanye amava. Ubuchule bogqirha, ubuchule bobuchule bonjineli bayazi ukuba kunjani, okanye ukuyiqonda kwegqwetha umthetho kubanika impembelelo kwabanye abangenalo olo lwazi. Kwihlabathi elininzi elintsonkothileyo, igunya elinobuchule lixatyiswa kakhulu, kodwa likwanokudala ukuxhomekeka nolwazi njengezinto ezidityanisiweyo.

Amandla Aphinde afumaneke

Amandla anamandla asuka kwiimpawu zobuqu ezifana nokuthamba, ukuthembeka, okanye ukuthembeka. Abantu balandela umntu onegunya ngenxa yokuba bewancoma okanye bewafanisa nawo. Olu hlobo lwamandla lungundoqo kwintsebenziswano yentlalo, kwisithethe, nakulwalamano olusondeleyo. Amandla okubuyisana anokuba namandla alungileyo, kodwa anokuxhatshazwa ngabantu abaxhaphazayo.

Umlawuli usenokuba negalelo elifanelekileyo, elingumvuzo nelinobuchule ukuze akhokele iqela eliphumelelayo. Ukuqonda le ngxaki kunceda ekuhlolisiseni isizathu sokuba abanye abantu bafumane amandla ngoxa abanye bewasebenzisa kakuhle.

Imbali: Amandla Ukutyhubela AmaXesha

Ukutyhubela imbali, ukusasazwa kwamandla kuye kwayilwa lutshintsho olukhulu lwezentlalo. Uhlalutyo lwala manani lubonisa indlela amandla angalungiswa ngayo kodwa aguquka ngayo ngenxa yeenguqu zezoqoqosho, ezobugcisa nezeenkcubeko.

Imikhosi Ephakamileyo

Kumaxesha aphakathi eYurophu, igunya lalijoliswe kwinkqubo eqinileyo yemikhosi. Ookumkani babenika abaphezulu umhlaba betshintshiselana ngenkonzo yasemkhosini, ngoxa abalimi (abafuyi-mkhosi) babebotshelelwe kwilizwe baze bathobele igunya lenkosi. Le nkqubo yayixhaswa yingcamango yokulunga kobuthixo.

“ Inkqubo yemicimbi yemali yayingeyolungiselelo nje lezoqoqosho; yayiyinkqubo epheleleyo yoluntu apho kwadityaniswa khona igunya, impahla, nokuzichaza.” — Susan Reynolds, umbhali - mbali

Ubuthanga Nolawulo Lwenkosi

Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye15 ukuya kweyamashumi amabini, amagunya aseYurophu , ``iBritain, iSpeyin, iPortugal, iNetherlands kunye namanye'. I-Crobestian yayingumsebenzi omkhulu wokusebenza kunye kunye kwaye isemthethweni, ixhaswa ngumkhosi kunye neengcamango zobuhlanga ezithethelela ukuthotywa kwemikhosi. Abalawuli bafumana izinto, abaxhaphazi, abasebenzisa kakubi, kwaye bafaka iinkqubo zabo zenkcubeko kunye nezezobupolitika. Iziphumo ziyaqhubeka namhlanje kwinani lehlabathi lonke lezoqoqosho, inkcubeko, kunye nokungalawuleki kwezobupolitika.

Imvukelo Yezoshishino

IMvukelo yezemizi - mveliso (18th-19) amandla atshintshileyo atshintshayo phakathi kwebutho labantu. Ukunyuka kwemizi-mveliso kunye nobupitali kwadala udidi olutsha lwabaxhasi boshishino abanobutyebi ."owesiba mandla ezoqoqosho athe athe alingana neenkokeli zesithethe. Kwangaxesha linye, udidi olusebenzayo (protaliat) lwakhula ngobukhulu kunye nolungelelwano, lukhokelela kwimibutho efuna imivuzo engcono, iimeko zokusebenza, kunye nomelo lwezobupolitika. Eli xesha labona ukuzalwa kwemizabala yanamhlanje, njengoko kuqwalaselwe nguKarl Marx, owayethi ekugqibeleni ufumana amandla ekulawuleni imveliso.

Imikhosi yasekuhlaleni nokuncedisa kwegunya

Iinkulungwane ezingama-20 nezingama-21 ziye zaphawulwa ngemibutho enamandla yoluntu eyacelw'ityala ukumanyana kwamandla. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu eUnited States walwa nocalucalulo lohlanga kunye nokungavumelani. Iintsebenziswano zamabhinqa zavavanya igunya loobhishophu abakhulu zaza zafuna ukulingana ngokwesini. Imibutho elwa nolawulo lwamathanga eAsia kunye neAfrika iphumelele ekubhukuqeni ulawulo lwamakoloni. Le mikhosi idla ngokudityaniswa kokuxhathisa i-mfa (ukuchasana, ukubetha, ukubhexa, ukubhexa, ukubhexa, ukubhetha) ngokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukuma kokuziphatha nokufanelekileyo (amalungelo abantu, iinjongo zedemo-demokhrasi). Ibonisa ukuba amandla okulwa kwe-Atho anokukhuphiswa nokukhutshwa ngezenzo ezimanyeneyo.

Izakhiwo zoluntu namandla obuxhakaxhaka

Ngaphandle kweziganeko zembali, amandla emihla ngemihla akwinkqubo yentlalo, ulwalamano oluzinzileyo kunye nemibutho elungelelanisa abantu. Ezi zakhiwo zidla ngokusebenza ngaphandle kwembonakalo, zenza amandla abonakale engokwemvelo okanye engaphephekiyo.

Udidi Namandla Ezoqoqosho

Udidi lwezoqoqosho luhlala lungolunye lwezona zithintelo zinamandla zempembelelo. Ubutyebi bunika unikezelo kwimfundo, unyango, umelo olusemthethweni, iminikelo yezopolitiko, kunye nobunini bamajelo eendaba. Kumazwe amaninzi, ipesenti ephezulu ye-1% yabemi ilawula isabelo esingenakulinganiswa soovimba, nto leyo ebenza bakwazi ukubumba inkqubo kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke. DATA esuka kwi-World Sugminitification image database [[ ibonakalisa ukuba ingeniso yehlabathi lonke kunye nobutyebi buye bukhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela koo 1980, ukuqinisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Uhlanga, Ubuhlanga, Nocalucalulo

Ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga nobuhlanga kusekelwe kwimbali yobukhoboka, ukuqeshwa, kunye nocalucalulo lwamaqumrhu. Kumazwe afana ne-United States, uMzantsi Afrika, kunye neBrazil, ubuhlanga benkqubo buyaqhubeka buchaphazela ukufumaneka kwezindlu, umsebenzi, ubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nomelo lwezopolitiko. Kwanasemva kokuguqulelwa komthetho, ulawulo lusoloko luqhubekeka ngobuchule obungaqondakaliyo, njengoqheliselo olunekhethe, ukrwelelo lwemfundo, ukuqesha, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwabantu abaninzi. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokudibana kwengxwabangxwaba, udidi, ubufana neentlobano kunye nomanyano.

Ubhishophu Nobhishophu

Ubhishophu yinkqubo yentlalo apho amadoda enegunya elingaphezulu kunamabhinqa. Ibonakala kwintlawulo elinganayo, ukusetyenziswa kwentlawulo, ugonyamelo olunee-compul, kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko ezinciphisa igalelo lamabhinqa. Ngoxa inkqubela yenziwa .Njengoko inkqubela ingaphezulu kwisikhundla sezobupolitika, umzekelo "/izithuba zamandla ahlala ebalulekile. Ngokutsho kwe- Inkcube yezoqoqosho yehlabathi, iGenenderm Barpepute Report 2024, ngokwesantya sangoku, iya kuthatha iminyaka eli-13 ukuvala umsantsaba wesifana nesobufana. Ulawulo lwamandla lukwabonakala nakuluntu lwe-LGTQ+, apho ucalucaluko nolawulo lolwamqobo lwentlalo-ntlalo-ntle

Ubudala Namandla Esizukulwana

Ukuma kwamandla obudala ngeendlela ezididayo. Kwiingingqi ezininzi zesithethe, abadala banegunya ngenxa yamava abo kunye nolwazi oluqokeleliweyo. Kwizithethe zanamhlanje, ulutsha ludla ngokubonwa njengolubhetyebhetye-tshintshayo nolunobuchule obuqhelekileyo, ukanti lusenokungabi nawo amandla okulawula. Iimfazwe zamasizukulwana ngenxa yokwabiwa kwezibonelelo (umz., ukusetyenziswa kwemali kawonke wonke kwimidyarho-mali. imfundo) ibonisa ungquzuzuzulwano olunzulu lwamandla. Umbutho okhulayo wehlabathi lonke lwabaxhasi bemozulu, njengoGrenta Thanberg, ubonisa indlela amandla anokuvavanya ngayo iinkqubo zezobupolitika.

Imilinganiselo Enzulu Yamandla

Uphando olungokwengqondo lutyhila indlela abantu abasabela ngayo kwigunya, indlela abatshintsha ngayo abantu nendlela abasebenzisa ngayo amandla abo.

Igunya Nokuthobela: Amalinge eMilgram

Uvavanyo oludumileyo lukaStanley Milgram kuma-1960 lwabonisa ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo bakulungele ngokuphawulekayo ukuthobela amanani abaphathi, kwanaxa beyalelwe ukuba benze okubi kwabanye. Abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwa ukuba banike umfundi (umdlali) iimpendulo eziphosakeleyo. Nangona babeva iintlungu, abaninzi baqhubeka besothusa abantu kumgangatho oyingozi kuba umlingisi kwibhatyi ye-abrethingi ebaxelela yona. Olu phando lwabalaselisa amandla egunya elisemthethweni kunye noxinzelelo lwemeko, luphakamisa imibuzo engathi imikhosi yamaNazi okanye umgangatho wocalucalucalucalulo lwaseMzantsi Afrika ingasebenza njani.

Ulingelo Negunya Lentolongo YaseStanford

Ulingelo lweNtolongo yaseStanford (1971) lwabonisa indlela izabelo ezabelwe ngayo zingaguqula ngokukhawuleza ukuziphatha. Abafundi basekholiji babelwa ukuba "abalindi" babenobukrwada kunye nolawulo olungqongqo, lo gama "ababanjwa" beye baphelelwa ngamandla kwaye bedandathekile. Uvavanyo lwapheliswa kwangoko ngenxa yenkxalabo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kodwa izinto ezafunyanwayo zabonisa indlela amandla angonakalisa ngayo kwanabantu abaqhelekileyo xa bebekwe kwiimeko ezikhuthaza ulawulo. Nangona uphando luye lwajongana neendlela zokulawula, luhlala lungumfanekiso onamandla wobume bemeko yamandla.

Imfundiso yokuchaza intlalo kunye neqela

Ngokwengcamango yokwaziwa kwabantu, abantu bafumana inxalenye yokuzifumana kwabo ngokwabo kumalungu eqela (umz., uhlanga, ubuzwe, umsebenzi). Oku kukhokelela kucalucalulo lweqela nakucalulo lwamaqela. Amaqela aba namandla ngokufuthi avelisa iingcamango ezithethelela ulawulo lwabo (umz., "onobutyebi bafanele ubutyebi babo ngenxa yokuba basebenza nzima). Ngokuchasene noko, amaqela anokuzenza zibe phantsi okanye avelise inkcaso. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zengqondo zingundoqo ekuvavanyeni ikhethe nomanyano.

Amandla kunye neMiqathango

Uphando lubonisa ukuba amandla ayatshintsha indlela abantu abacinga ngayo. Abantu abanamandla badla ngokuzithemba ngakumbi, bathathe iingozi ezininzi, bajonge kwimivuzo kunokuba izisongelo. Badla ngokujonga abanye ngokunjalo bangathathi lula iimbono zabanye. Oku "mandla" kuthetha ukuba njengoko abantu befumana amandla, badla ngokungabinovelwano kwaye bangabi naluvelwano, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuba bangabi nabulungisa ngexesha elithile. [FLT: 0] A 2011 ufundisiso luka-Adam Galinsky kunye noogxalasi bomsebenzi wafumanisa ukuba amandla anyusa utyekelo lokusebenza kwiminqweno kabani, maxa wambi kwiindleko zobuphicoko.

Imiqondiso Yale Mihla Yokungawafumani Amandla

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, amandla anamandla aye atshintsha ngendlela entsonkothileyo, ejikelezwe kukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ubugcisa, kunye neentlobo ezintsha zolungelelwano. Ukuqaphela ezi ndlela zobuzwe kubalulekile kwabo bafuna ukuqonda, kwaye bayatshintsha.

Impembelelo Yezobupolitika Nemali Kwezobupolitika

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, intsingiselo kukuba ummi ngamnye unamandla alinganayo ezobupolitika ngokuvota nangokuthabatha inxaxheba. Enyanisweni, ubutyebi bunempembelelo engathethekiyo ngeminikelo yephulo, ukutsala ungenelelo, kunye nobumnini bamajelo eendaba. EUnited States, iZingami zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zoMkhosi weUnited (2010) zivumele iimali zeshishini elisebenzisa iinkonzo zezopolitiko, ngokunempumelelo ukunyusa amandla eenkomfama. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwinkqubo apho abezobupolitika banokusabela kakhulu kwimibo abanikelayo kuneedemokhrasi, kubonakalisa ukuphendula idemokhrasi.

Imfundo Njengomgcini Wamandla

Ukufikelela kwimfundo esemgangathweni kuyinto yokuqala ephazamisayo ekuhambeleni kunye namandla. Izikolo ezichuliweyo, iiyunivesithi ezidumileyo, kunye neenkqubo ze-almni zenza iindlela zokuhamba kwimisebenzi yobungangamela obuphezulu kunye neendawo zolawulo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izikolo ezithe zanemiqathango emincinane kuluntu olufumana imali eninzi zigcina imijikelo yokungakhuseleki. Umgama wemfundo yomhlaba wonke wesipili esibonisa ukulingana kwezoqoqosho, nabantwana abakumazwe afumileyo banokugqibezela kwimfundo yesibini neyokungaqeqeqele. Njengoko ubugcisa buguqula uqoqosho, ulwazi lwezimvo nobuchule obukhethekileyo baba yimithombo emitsha yamandla, ekwazi ukunwela phakathi kwabo banokufumana uqeqesho nabo bangalufumani ubuchule bokufumana.

Ezenzululwazi, ezobugcisa, kunye namandla olwazi

Imibutho yoondaba kunye namaqonga osasazo-ndaba asebenzisa amandla amakhulu okubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukumisela iingcebiso kunye nempembelelo kwindlela yokuziphatha. Iimithetho-mthetho ezibeka phambili izinto ezichukumisayo zingakhulisa ulwazi oluphosakeleyo kunye nokudibanisa imibutho yabantu. I-techoloji Giant efana noGoogle, Facebook, neAmazon igcina ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu, inika amandla amakhulu ezoqoqosho nezopolitiko. Amandla okulawula ulwazi olugetyengwayo luluhlobo lwangoku olusemthethweni nolunamandla olwazi, kodwa lungalawulwa. Okwangoku, imibutho efana ne-# MeToo ibonisa indlela i-Merosto orroa athetha ngayo amandla ombane ombane asetyenziswa ngayo ekucelweni kwemingeni i-micul.

Ubuninzi bomhlaba jikelele kunye noMntla-mzantsi

Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, umahluko phakathi kwamazwe uphangaleleyo. Amazwe afumileyo kuMntla wehlabathi asoloko elawula amadinga orhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, inkcitho, kunye nenkqubo yemozulu, ngelixesha amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kuMzantluko womhlaba wonke, ukulwa namatyala, ukukhutshwa kweempahla, nokubekwa phantsi kwezobupolitika. Amaziko amazwe ngamazwe afana neWorld Bank kunye neNgxowa-mali yezizwe ngezizwe, ukuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani kwamandla. Noko ke, ukuvela kwezoqoqosho njengoTshayinayi, iIndiya, kunye neBrazil kuguqula amaziko amatsha ezoqoqosho, alawula uqoqo kunye nezobupolitika.

Ukuchasa Namandla: Izakhiwo Ezimazisa amandla

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba abanye abantu babe namandla phezu kwabanye kusisiqingatha somfanekiso. Esinye isiqingatha siyaqonda indlela amandla angaxhathiswa ngayo kwaye asasazwa ngayo. Ukugunyaziswa (ukufumana ulawulo kubomi kunye nendawo engqongileyo) licebo lokulawula amandla acinezelayo. Imbali inika imizekelo emininzi yokuxhathisa okudibeneyo: ukuququzelela ukhuthuzo olusesikweni, abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu abafuna unyango olulinganayo, abemi bomthonyama balwela amalungelo omhlaba, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo abalungelelanisa izenzo zemozulu.

Ukuxhathisa okunempumelelo kusoloko kudibanisa iintlobo ezininzi zamandla: ukuqhatha kobuninzi (uxinzelelo lweziphene), imingeni esemthethweni (ulawulo olukhoyo), ubungqina obungochwepheshe (ubuchule) kunye nokhokelo lwezibonelelo (amandla anamandla anamandla). Kukwafuna uluvo olugxekayo [ .] ubuchule bokuqonda nokuhlalutya nokucutha amandla abumba ubomi bomntu, njengoko achazwa ngumfundisi wase Brazil Paulo Freire. Ngokuqonda iingcambu zamandla adiza amandla, abantu ngabanye kunye noluntu bayakwazi ukuyila ubuchule bokutshintsha, ukusuka ekuvotisweni nasekuqululeni kwebutho nasekuququququzelweni kwebutho nasekunyameni.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, oku kuthetha ukukhuthaza ukugxeka igunya eklasini. Abafundi bangafunda ukuchaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla, bahlolisise imizekelo yembali, baze bahlolisise imibandela yanamhlanje. Bangasebenzisa amandla abo abalulekileyo nanobuchule ekukhuthazeni izinto abazikholelwayo. Ekugqibeleni, ibutho elidlulisela amandla ngokulinganayo alipheleli nje kuphela kodwa liyakwazi ukumelana nobuchule, kwaye liyazixhasa.

Isiphelo: Igunya njengembopheleleko

Amandla akalungile okanye akakho mabi ngokwawo; sisixhobo esibunjwa yimilinganiselo nezenzo zabo bawasebenzisayo. Isizathu sokuba abanye abantu babe namandla phezu kwabanye sisekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali, kwibutho labantu, nakwingqondo yabantu. Kodwa ezi zizathu azisisiphelo. Ngokufunda amandla . /iimvelaphi, impembelelo, kunye neziphumo zawo, zisebenza kwihlabathi apho amandla ahlukene ngokulinganayo kwaye asetyenziswa ngobulumko ngakumbi.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, olu hlolisiso luyisiqalo. Inyathelo elilandelayo kukusebenzisa ezi zilumkiso kubomi bemihla ngemihla: ukubuza igunya xa lingekho bulungisa, ukwakha izivumelwano, ukusebenzisa impembelelo yakho ekuphakamiseni amazwi asezantsi, kwaye ungaze ulibale ukuba ngamandla angena mbopheleleko. Uhambo oluya kwibutho labantu elinokusesikweni luqala ngokuqonda kodwa lugqitywe ngesenzo.