Umatshini wedemokhrasi yaseMelika usoloko uziva ungekho ngqiqweni, ukhoyo phakathi kwencwadi zoluntu ezinamandla kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kunye neziphumo eziphezulu zonyulo. Zimbalwa iindlela ezidibanisa olu xinezeleko ngaphezu kweElectoral College. Imiswe kwikhole yangaphambi kwe-injini yempuku, isemva kwexesha le-Rocester, ihlala iyinkqubo eqinisekileyo yokukhetha eyona nkokeli inamandla ehlabathini. Kuvota, ukuqonda le nkqubo akuyo nje imfundo yemfundo yemfundo; yimfuneko esebenzisekayo yokuqonda apho amandla ezobupolitika ahlala khona ngokwenene nendlela ibhola yoonogalelo lwelizwe elikwindawo elijongenesiphelo selizwe. Eli nqaku laphula phantsi izibakaliso eziyimfuneko ezifuna ukwazi ngee-Elctoral College, ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo ye-mGwaracracstiki eya kulwazi lwayo lwezi ntlabangolulo lwayo.

Ummiselo oluhlaza womGaqo-siseko: Imvelaphi nokuzimisela

I-Electoral College yayingeyomfuneko exatyiswe kakhulu yokuTsintsha ooTata, kodwa kunoko ulalaniso olucacileyo olwenziwa ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787. Abameli bahlulelwa. Abanye baxhasa ukuvota okuthe ngqo okuqhelekileyo kwabemi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba iKhompathilo ifanele ikhethe umongameli. I-ingingqi yesithathu iphikisana ngorhulumente wemithetho yolawulo ukuba ibambe amandla. Ikholeji ye-Elejileji ye-'Elektal'e'''''''' yavela njengendlela ye-[ imiddlektle indlela []] indlela yokulungelelanisa impembelelo yamazwe amakhulu namancinane ngexesha lokuhlala ulwahlulo phakathi kolawulo oluphezulu nolulo lolwahlulwano phakathi kolawulo nolwano lwe-RGenequence kunye nesebe lomthetho.

Phantsi kweConnecticut, iNdlu yabameli yayiza kwahlulwa ngabemi, kwaye iNdlu yeQeam yayiza kunika umelo olulinganayo kwilizwe ngalinye. I-Electoral College yabonisa esi sakhiwo. Inani labanyuli belizwe lilingana nomelo lwalo lonke kwiBhunga (Indlu + indlu yendlu). Oku ngokwemvelo kwanika amaphondo amancinci amandla angakumbi kunamazwe amakhulu, uphawu oluhlala luyindawo esembindini wempikiswano namhlanje.

Ukubhala kuMbutho woManyano noMhlalo No. 68, uAlexander Hamilton wakhusela inkqubo, ephikisayo iyakuqinisekisa ukuba isikhundla somongameli asisayi kuze siwele kumntu ongoyena "onganikwanga iimfaneleko ezifunekayo" abaseki babesoyika ukuba kunokwenzeka "kuchongwa nakukuphazamiseka" kunyulo olungqalileyo kwaye bekholelwa ukuba iqela elincinane labanyuli abalumkileyo bezinto zingenza njengovavanyo nxamnye nenkanuko ethandwayo okanye impembelelo yangaphandle. Oku kungathembani okuthe ngqo kwedemokhrasi kupho kuphotyelwe kulo mfanekiso wesi siko.

Kakade ke, inkqubo yokuqala yayiqulathe ulwahluleko olwahlukileyo phezu kobukhoboka. Isithathu-Fiths Ukulalanisa, esasibala abantu abakhotyokisiweyo njengesithathu sesiqingatha somntu ukuze bafumane umelo (kwaye ngaloo ndlela iivoti zonyulo), sanika amaphondo aseMazantsi inkxaso ebalulekileyo kunyulo lomongameli kamashumi eminyaka, iphembelela ngqo iziphumo zerepublic yokuqala. Elifa lingathandekiyo liyinxalenye engundoqo yembali yeElectoral College.

Umatshini weKoleji yaNgoku

Namhlanje, iElectoral College inabanyuli abangama-538, kunye noninzi lwabavoti abangama-270 abafuna uwiso lobungangamela. Le nkqubo icociswe ngeenguqu zomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente, ihamba ngaphaya kombono wantlandlolo wabanyuli abazimeleyo abaqhelisela ugwebo lwabo.

Ukubekwa kwe-Electers

Inani labanyuli belizwe ngalinye linqunyulwa qho kwishumi leminyaka nganye lubalo lwama-U.S. Amazwe anabemi abaninzi anevoti ezininzi. Ngeli xesha iKhalifoniya ibamba ama-44, Texas 40, kunye ne-Florida 30. Amazwe amancinci afana neWyoming, Vermont, ne Alaska agcina ubuncinane bamathathu. ULawulo lwe 23 lwanika iSithili saseColumbia abavoti abathathu, beqinisekisa ukuba abemi bekomkhulu lohlanga banelizwi kunyulo lomongameli.

Isangqa se-electers kunye nokhetho lwe Voter

Xa umvoti ekhupha ivoti yomvoteli womongameli, bangobuchule bokuvota " be-'ovoteli' bathembisa loo mvoti'. Aba bavoti ngamalungu athembekileyo eqela, abaxhasi, okanye amagosa asekuhlaleni. Ngelixesha abasunguli befuna abavoti ukuba bazimele, ngoku babotshwe ngokupheleleyo ngokunyaniseka kweqela nomthetho worhulumente.

Kumazwe angama-48 kunye neSithili saseColumbia, umvotelwa ophumeleleyo othandwayo ngaphakathi kwelo lizwe ufumana lonke uvoti lwalo lonyulo. Le yinkqubo "yewinner-state" yonke. Maine neNebraska ngabaphambukeli, kusetyenziswa imodeli yesithili apho iivoti ezimbini zonyulo zinikwa umvuzo wezwe ngokubanzi, kwaye enye ivoti yonyulo inikwa umvuzo wesithili ngasinye.

Abakhenkethi Abangenalukholo

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umnyuli waphula isifungo sakhe kunye nevoti zomnye umntu? Aba "abanyuli abangenalukholo" baye babonakala ngamaxesha athile ukutyhubela imbali, kodwa abakhange bayitshintshe isiphumo sonyulo. Ukuthetha oku, iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqibe ngamxhelo mnye Chiafalo v. Washington [20]) echaza igunya lomgaqo-siseko lokuqeqesha okanye lokususa abavoti abangenalukholo. Esi sigqibo saqinisa amandla emo kunye nevoti ezimeleyo kugwebo lomvoti, ngokubhekele phambili ukuqondwa kwale mihla kwe EC njengophawu olunyulukileyo lwemeko oluqhelekileyo lwezwe.

Intlanganiso edityanisiweyo kunye nesiqinisekiso

NgoDisemba, abavoti badibana kumakomkhulu abo elizwe ukuze bavote. La mavoti athunyelwa kwiKhomishini, apho abalelwa kwintlanganiso edityanisiweyo ngoJanuwari. UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weBhunga, ulawula lo mlinganiselo. Le nkqubo, ngokuqhelekileyo idla ngokuba ngumthetho onyanzelekileyo, ifumene uhlolo olunzulu kulandela umhla kaJanuwari 6, 2021. Umthetho weElectoral Reformation ka-20222 kamva wagqithiselwa ukucacisa indima yoMongameli onguMongameli njengowo obulungiseleli obupheleleyo nokuphakamisa umqobo wokungavumelani, ukuqinisekisa umthetho nokudluliswa ngokulungeleneyo kwegunya.

IElectoral College neVoter: Ulwalamano Oluntsonkothileyo

I-Electoral College ngokusisiseko ilolonga iqhinga lamaphulo omongameli kwaye ngenxa yoko, uhlobo lokuzibophelela kwezobupolitika kwizigidi zamaMelika. Ubukho bayo budala indawo engaqhelekanga yokudlala apho impembelelo yomvoti ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindawo yazo.

I-Sing States vs Amazwe akhuselekileyo

Eyona mpembelelo ithe ngqo kwivoti kukuba ihlala kwimeko "yokutsala" okanye "kwimeko ekhuselekileyo". Amaphondo ajinga-jinga [ (okanye amatyala edabi) ngalawo apho isiphumo singaqinisekanga. Kwimijikelo yakutshanje, ezi ziquke iimeko ezifana nePennsylvania, Michigan, Consian, Arizona, Georgia, ne Nevada. Candida inikela ubuninzi bezinto zazo zobomi . "/adrevertisting, coating, kunye neqela," okanye abaphathi-ukuthetha.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abavoti ku bachaza amazwe akhuselekileyo ngokuthembekileyo kwivoti yeqela elinye okanye elinye. URiphabliki eKhalifoniya okanye uDemocrat e-Alabama bangaziva bedidekile, besazi ukuba ivoti yabo yomongameli ngokuqinisekileyo iza kuthotyelwa phantsi liqela elichasayo. Oku kungakhokelela ekuthobeni kwephulo lokujika kunye nengqiqo yokungathobeli kwezobupolitika, phezu kwako nje ukuba aba bavoti bobungangameli babe yinxalenye yevoti yodumo lwesizwe.

Inyaniso Yezibalo Neziphekepheke Zesithathu

Inkqubo ye-EC yenza umqobo omkhulu wengqondo nowesakhilo sabathathi-nxaxheba besithathu. Ukuphumelela ubuninzi beevoti zonyulo, umvoti kufuneka awine ulawulo olucacileyo okanye anyanzele unyulo lonyulo lweqela kwiNdlu yabameli. Le "iviner-ianke" enempembelelo yokusohlwaya ibanzi kodwa ingeyobunzulu. Umvotisi wesithathu ofumana 5% yabavoti besizwe angazuza unyulo lwezinyulo lwevoti. Le mikhosi ivota ku "ongenazintluko lobubi obubini"calculus, apho ukuvota okukhethwayo koMbi ocetyo kudla ngokubonwa njenge "wabhiyo" ivoti okanye ukona i-okisa uhlanga lweqela elikhulu.

Icandelo lokugqibela lokufumana ivoti yaba nguGeorge Wallace ngo1968. Ukususela ngoko, abathathi-nxaxheba njengoRoss Perot (1992, 1996) noGary Johnson (2016) bangaphumeleli ukuqhekeza umqobo we-EC nangona baphumelela izigidi zamavoti, bebalaselisa ukunyanzelisa kwenkqubo yecandelo elibini lecandelo.

Unyulo Oluphambili: Indlu Igqiba

Ukuba akukho mvoti ufikelela kumavoti angama-70, umGaqo-siseko uthi iNdlu yabameli ikhethe umongameli. Noko ke, kunyulo lwabameli, abathunywa bendlu nganye yendlu yelizwe bafumana ivoti enye. Oku kutshintsha ngamandla, njengamazwe amancinane asebenzisa impembelelo efanayo namazwe amakhulu. Eli cebo liye lasetyenziswa kabini: ngo1801 (ukhetho lukaThomas Jefferson) kunye no1825 (ukhetha uJohn Quncincy Adams). Kwixesha langoku, icandelo elinamandla lesithathu lokubonisa ukuba lingabangela lula le ngxaki, ikhokelela kwingxaki yokufuna ilungelo nemicimbi yezobupolitika engathethekiyo.

Impikiswano Enkulu: Ukugxekwa Nokucetyiswa Kotshintsho

IElectoral College itheth ’ ukuba yenye yezona ntlanganiso ziphikisanayo kurhulumente waseMerika. Abakhuseli bayo nabagxeki bobabini benza iingxoxo ezinyanzelisayo zisekelwe kwimibono ekhuphisanayo yoko kufuneka ibe yidemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ukugxekwa Okunzulu

Okuphambili ukugxekwa kunokwenzeka "kuphumelele ngokungalunganga" ````kungaphumelelanga''''', oku kuphumelele umongameli ngexa kulahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo. Oku kwenzeke izihlandlo ezihlanu kwimbali ye-U.S.: ngo1824 (John Quincy Adams), 1876 (Rutherford B. Hayes), 188 (Benjamin Harrison), 2000 (uGeorge W. Bush), kunye no2016 (UMvumelwaniso J. Trump). Kwixesha lonyuko olunzulu lweRoperance, ingcamango yokuba umongameli anganyulwa ngaphandle kobuninzi bevoti yesizwe ikhubaza ugunyaziso lwesikhundla.

Ngaphaya kwesithuba sovoti esithandwayo, abagxeki baphikisa iEC inika impembelelo ekhutshiweyo kumazwe amancinci. Ngelixesha yayiluphawu lwangabom ukuqinisekisa ulwakhiwo lombutho, luchasene nomgaqo wedemokhrasi wexesha langoku wokulingana kwezobupolitika. Umvoti eWyoming unamandla okuvota kathathu kwiKhalifonia ngokwevoti yovoti evoti ekwi-malini.

Ngokubhekele phaya, le nkqubo idala ingxaki ekhankanywe ngaphambili "yokhuseleko lwamazwe," abavoteli abadinisayo ekuthatheni iphulo kwimimandla emikhulu yelizwe. Amaqonga enkqubo adityaniswe kuphela kwinkxalabo yokuvota kwe-project, ishiya iimfuno zoninzi olungahlawulwayo. Ekugqibeleni, umvuzo othatha yonke into yenkqubo ingacinezela umvoti, njengokuba isiseko seqela kubume obukhuselekileyo singenazisusa zincinane zokujika kugqatsolo lolawulo lomongameli xa isiphumo sisiso sesiphelo se-egeone.

Utshintsho: ISivumelwano seSizwe esithandwayo saseVote Interstate (NPVIC)

Isicelo esikhokelayo sotshintsho yiNational Popular Vote Interstate Compation. Le yisivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe kwimiba yawo yonke imivoti yabo evoti ephumeleleyo kumvuzo wevoti exhaphakileyo ye [[FLT: 0] yezizwe ngezizwe, ivoti ethandwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani ophumelele urhulumente wabo. Iqela lingathatha kuphela isiphumo xa limele uninzi lwevoti (270).

Ngokwango 2024, 17 amaphondo no-D.C. badibene nomanyano, olumele amavoti angama-209. Le ndlela idlula kwimfuno yokulungisa isiseko somGaqo-siseko, isebenzisa amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente ukugqiba indlela yokunikezela abachongi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba igcina isakhiwo se-Electoral College ngelixa beqinisekisa ukuba umvukeli weququzeleli ufumana ivoti enkulu yesizwe. Abagxeki basithi amandla okhuthuzeko-omatili kwaye banokuyikhabanisa ukuba ikhokelele kwiingxaki ezinkulu, njengokujoliswe kumasipala, ikhuphisana ngomlinganiselo wesizwe, kwaye idinisa ukwakhiwa kwesizwe. Ukuqinisekisa iinkcukacha ezininzi, kutyelele [FLT:] uSongameli we-Mostalty [F:]

Enye Iinguqulelo: Isicwangciso Sesithili Nokufuduswa Kwendawo

Enye imodeli yotshintsho ifana nendlela yeMaine/Nebraska: ukuvota okunye kokhetho ngengingqi nganye ephumeleleyo kwaye ezimbini kophumeleleyo kwelo lizwe ngokubanzi. Oku kuya kwenza unyulo lube nokhuphiswano olungakumbi ngaphaya kwesizwe. Noko ke, abagxeki bachaza ukuba oku kuzakusuka nje kususe indawo yedabi kusuke kumazwe ukuya kwimimandla ejijekileyo, ingenza ujijeko olungaphezulu.

Yimodeli eyabiwe ngokwabelana, apho umvoti ngamnye afumana isahlulo sovoti abalingana nesabelo sabo sokhetho oluqhelekileyo kwelo lizwe, yenye indlela. Oku kungabonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi ukhetho lukarhulumente. Noko ke, kungaphumela kwiqela lesithathu eliphumeleleyo kwivoti yabanyuli kwaye kuyenze ibe nzima ukuba nawuphi na umvoti afikelele kumda wama-70, okunokwenzeka ukuphosa unyulo ngalunye kwiNdlu yabameli.

Ityala Lokhuselo

Abameli be-Electoral College baphikisa ngelithi lukhuselo olubalulekileyo lwe- lwe-federali . I-U.S. asiyiyo enye, idemokhrasi enye kodwa lumanyano lwe-odemokhrasi encinane elawulayo kodwa luchaza izinto ezithile. I-EC ibonakalisa le ndlela ngokufuna abatshayeli ukuba bakhe iminqophiswano ebanzi yomhlaba wonke. Umba ophambili kufuneka atsibele kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo, ivimbele imo ethi apho umngeneli aphumelele ngokufaka imidangatho emikhulu kwizixeko ezimbalwa ezandileyo.

Abaxhasi bakwathi iElectoral College ikhusela ilizwi lemimandla emincinci nelasemaphandleni ekulawuleni ngokupheleleyo amasebe amakhulu esixeko esiqhutywa yindawo yoshishino ephambili esetyenziswayo yisizwe. Ngaphandle kwe-EC, abalawuli bephondo banokuthi baphumelele ngokutshayela iKhalifoniya, iTexas, iFlorida, iNew York, kunye namanye amazwe amakhulu, angayihoyi ngokupheleleyo inkxalabo yemizi-mveliso eMidwaster okanye esemaphandleni. I-EC inyanzelela iphulo lokuba libe lelinye ilizwe, okanye ubuncinane imimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Bakwaphikisana nendlela enika ukuchanabeka nokuqiniseka. Umvuzo othabatha- wonke umthetho udala iziphumo ezicacileyo. Inyanzela ukuba ababhexeshi babhenele kwi-provoto ekwizitshixo eziphakathi kumanqaku angundoqo, kunokuba bafake isiseko esigqithisileyo kuphela sokwandisa uvukelo. Abameli bakwalatha kwiziganeko ezithethsis zobugqhinga besizwe kunyulo olusondeleyo, kanti umgaqo wesizwe-okanye-okanye-oSC ukhupha iinkcazelo ezicacileyo, ukhuphisana. Umo oluninzi lwembali, umbango welizwe, [[FLT] kunye [FLT] [FF:] [FLT]][FF]

Oko Kuthethwa Kuko Oku Njengomsitho

Ukuqonda iElectoral College kubalulekile ekuhambeni phambili kwelizwe lezobupolitika eUnited States. Ichaza imaphu yephulo, iingxoxo zemigaqo, kunye nobume begunya lezobupolitika. Kuvoti, isitshixo singumongo wokuhamba.

Ukuba uhlala kwilizwe elijikelezayo, ivoti yakho kamongameli ithwala ubunzima obubonakalayo obunomona wabavoti kumazwe akhuselekileyo. Uya kukhutshelwa, uphandwe, kwaye imicimbi yakho yasekuhlaleni isenokufumana ingqalelo yesizwe. Izithembiso ezithenjiswa umongameli zize ziqonde ukuba zichaphazela njani ingingqi yakho.

Ukuba uhlala kwimeko ekhuselekileyo, amandla akho akangqalanga. Ngelixesha uvoti yakho isenokuziva imisiwe, indima yakho ekulungiseni uvoti oluthandwayo lwesizwe isenamandla. Ngaphezu koko, amandla akho kwimida ye- yemihlathi ephantsi kwebala [ (Indlu, iRhuluneli, uRhuluneli, uRhulumente, uLawulo-mthetho) lukhulu. Ezi ntlanga zichaphazela ngqo inkqubo yokuguqula ivoti, uqinisekiso lwabagwebi besizwe, kunye nemithetho karhulumente elawula ulawulo. Ngokufunyanisenelo lwe-Elmectoral College ibandakanya inkqubo yokuqala yokuqinisekisa abaqhubi abaqhubi nabavoti-voti-voti.

Ekugqibeleni, iElectoral College yincwadi yemithetho yeyona midlalo ilandelayo kwi-politiki yaseMelika. Ukuba uyayixhasa ukuyihlaziya, ukuyiphelisa, okanye ukuyikhusela, ukuqonda ingcaciso yayo linyathelo lokuqala ukwenza ilizwi lakho liviwe. Ukuxhasa iofisi, kodwa kwakhona iqonda inkqubo leyo ofisi esebenza ngaphakathi. Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngomthetho wonyulo namalungelo ovotayo, [[FLT: 0] [Brennan Center yeJaji inika ubutyebi bophando, kwaye [[FLT:]] i-Fairte [[FLT]] ikhokela ulawulo lokuqonda inkqubo yotshintsho.