Ukuchaza Igunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika limela ilungelo elifanelekileyo lokusebenzisa igunya kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, elilahlulayo kwisinyanzelo okanye amandla. Lisiseko apho ulawulo luhlala khona, kunceda iinkokeli zenze izigqibo ezibopha uluntu. Igunya alikokuba negunya nje elifanelekileyo; limalunga nokuba nelungelo elivunyiweyo lokulisebenzisa. Oku kugunyazisa okuyahlula umlawuli kumlawuli kumlawuli kumlawuli kumlawuli ongoozwilakhe. Ukuqonda igunya lezobupolitika kufuna ukuhlolisisa umlinganiselo walo: iintlobo zegunya eligqalwayo kwibutho labantu, imithombo eliphuma kuyo, kunye nemisebenzi elilizisa kulo kubantu ngabanye okanye kwimibutho.

Iindidi Zegunya Lezobupolitika

Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uMax Weber sidume ngokuziziintlobo ezintathu ezicacileyo, nganye isekelwe kwisiseko esahlukileyo sokugunyaziswa. Ezi ntlobo zisasebenza kakhulu ekuhlalutyeni iinkqubo zezobupolitika zale mihla:

  • Igunya lomthetho-mpumezo: Le ndlela isekelwe kwinkolelo yobusemthethweni bemithetho emiselweyo kunye nelungelo labo baphakanyiselwe kwigunya phantsi kwemithetho enjalo ukukhupha imiyalelo. Luhlobo olulawulayo kumazwe angoku, ii-breacracy, kunye neenkampani. Amandla abekwe eofisini, hayi umntu ngamnye, kwaye asetyenziswa kwisakhiwo semithetho kunye neenkqubo. Imizekelo iquka oomongameli, abalungiseleli abakhulu, kunye nabasebenzi abanegunya elichazwa ngumgaqo-siseko okanye ikhowudi esemthethweni.
  • Igunya lokwesithethe: Olu hlobo lusekelwe kwinkolelo emiselweyo yobungcwele bezithethe ezidala kunye nokufaneleka kobume babo basebenzisa igunya phantsi kwazo. Amandla azuzwe njengelifa okanye adluliselwe kwizithethe eziqhelekileyo. Iinkosi kunye neenkosana zesizwe yimizekelo ebalaseleyo, apho igunya lisuka kumnombo kunye nembali. Ukuthobela kuxhomekeke kumntu okwindima yesithethe.
  • Abaphathi bobuGcisa bobuGcisa: Le ndlela isuka kukuzinikela okungaqhelekanga, ubuqhawe, okanye ubuntu obungumzekelo bomntu ngamnye. Isekelwe kwiempawu ezingaqhelekanga zenkokeli, ekhuthaza ukunyaniseka nokuthobela ngobuchule bobuqu kunye nokubona. Iinkokeli zendaleko, abaprofeti, amanani omntu asoloko esebenzisa igunya elinamandla. Olu hlobo lusuka nje lungaguquguquki kuba luxhomekeke kwiempawu zobuqu zenkokeli kwaye lumele lukhuselwe ukuze luphile ngaphaya kobomi bayo.

Ezintlobo zifanelekileyo zisoloko zidityaniswa nokusebenza. Umongameli wangoku (wesizwe) angasebenzisa igunya lesithethe ngokubhenela kwilifa lesizwe okanye igunya lomlingo ngengxelo enyanzelisayo yobuqu.

Imithombo Yegunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika aliveli kwizinto ezingenanto. Lakhiwe laza laxhaswa ngemithombo emininzi engundoqo ebangela ukuba lifaneleke emehlweni abo balawulwayo. Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ziquka umGaqo-siseko, iinkqubo zokukhetha, izibonelelo, nengcamango enzulu yolongamo oluqhelekileyo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo somGaqo-siseko neyomthetho

Kumazwe amaninzi anamhlanje, umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengomthombo opheleleyo wegunya lezobupolitika. Luxwebhu olubhaliweyo olumisela imithetho yemidlalo yezopolitiko, luchaza amagunya nemida yamalungiselelo karhulumente, luze luchaze amalungelo abemi. Igunya elithathwe kumgaqo-siseko lisemthethweni kwindalo, njengoko lisekelwe kwisiseko semithetho emiselwe kunye nemithetho eyamkelekileyo yezopolitiko. Umzekelo, i-U.S. linika amandla athile kwiBhunga, uMongameli, kunye nejaji, idala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokufanayo, umthetho osisiseko wesizwe esifana neJamani udwelisa inkqubo yesizwe nemisebenzi yezopolitiko. Xa iinkokeli zisebenza ezi zisebenza phakathi kwale mida yemithetho yorhulumente.

Unyulo nomhla oPhambili

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, unyulo luyindlela ephambili yokunika igunya lezobupolitika. Ziguqula ukuthanda kwabantu ukuba balawule. Unyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo luvumela abemi ukuba bakhethe abameli babo, lubanike igunya lokwenza izigqibo kubo. Isiphumo sonyulo sinika isiseko esisemthethweni nesokuziphatha komntu ophumeleleyo okanye umbutho wokusebenzisa igunya. Inkqubo iquka amaxesha athe rhoqo okuhlaziya, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphendulela. Iziqalelo ezingundoqo zonyulo ziquka ukukhetha indalo yonke indawo, ii-speator, ii-odolathi ezizimeleyo, iikhomishini zabavoti, kunye neenkqubo zokucombulula iimpikiswano. Igunya elinyuliweyo elisemthethweni elinyuliweyo linxulumene ngqo nokuqonda okusesikweni nokuthembeka kwale nkqubo.

Igunya lezentlalo neloburhulumente

Ngaphandle kwamagosa anyuliweyo, igunya lezobupolitika lisekelwe kumaziko esizwe. Indlu yowiso-mthetho, umphathi-mthetho, ijaji, kunye nesebe ngalinye lineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zegunya elisuka kwiindima zalo zomgaqo-siseko. Amaqumrhu anegunya kumsebenzi wawo wokumela nokubeka umthetho. Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa igunya ngokuzalisekisa imithetho kunye nolawulo lwemicimbi yesizwe. Isebe elilawulayo linegunya ngendima yalo ekuchazeni imithetho nokucombulula iimbambano ngokungakhethi cala. Ii-ofisi zesizwe, ngokufuthi eziqulunjwe ngabasebenzi bomsebenzi wempangelo, ezisekelwe kubuchule, ulwazi olusekelwe kwiprocedualcual, kunye nokuqhubeka komsebenzi. Amandla alo asetyenziswa ngemithetho, imimiselo, nezigqibo, kunye nezigqibo zolawulo, zisenza indima yalo lwezolawulo lwale mihla.

Ukuvunyelwa Kolawulo Olulawulwayo Nolwaziwayo

Kumgangatho onzulu wentanda-bulumko, igunya lezobupolitika kwidemokhrasi ekugqibeleni lixhomekeke ekuvumeni kwabalawulwayo. Lo mgaqo, ochazwa ziingqondo njengoJohn Locke kunye noJean-Jacques Rousseau, uqinisekisa ukuba igunya elisemthethweni lifumaneka kwisivumelwano sabantu sokulawula. Ulawulo oluqhelekileyo luthetha ukuba abantu bangumthombo opheleleyo wamandla ezobupolitika, kwaye urhulumente unegunya kuphela njengommeli othembekileyo okanye ummeli wabantu. Le ngcamango isekelwe kwingcamango yedemokhrasi kwaye iboniswa kumaxwebhu afana ne-U.S Declarament of Independence. Xa ikhutshwa ngonyulo, imivukelo, okanye ukungathobeli, igunya likarhulumente linokuphelisa.

Indlela Ezikhethwa Ngayo Iinkokeli: Ukhetho Lwezixhobo Zokusebenzisa Izixhobo Ezaphesheya Kwenkqubo

Indlela iinkokeli ezifumana ngayo indawo yazo luphawu oluchazayo lwayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezobupolitika. Ezi nkqubo zigqiba kungekuphela nje ukuba ngubani onegunya kodwa kwanohlobo lobutyala kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nabalawuli abalawulwayo.

Ukhetho Lwedemokhrasi

Unyulo lwedemokhrasi luyeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokukhetha ukhokelo kumaphondo akhoyo. Lungangqala ngqo okanye lungangqalanga. Kunyulo olungqalileyo, kuvotelwa ngabemi, kulowo bacela ukuthatha isikhundla esithile, njengomongameli okanye irhuluneli. Kulonyulo olungangqalanga, abemi abachongiweyo abakhetha ngoko inkokeli. Umzekelo, kwiinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente, abami bavota amalungu epalamente, abakhetha umlungiseleli oyintloko. Unyulo lungaba ngoomphathi-nkulu okanye abalungelelanisa, luphembelela indlela ivotisko ezihlalweni nasebusweni. Unyulo lonyulo, ubuninzi, ubunono, nokukhuphisana kokhetho luzibongela iziphumo zempilo zedemo-demokhrasi. Udidi, ukhuphiswano lwezo lwezopolitiko, ukhuphi, ukhuphiswano lwezo lwezo lwezo-ntlalonke luyimfuneko ukwenzela unyulotiko lokwenza unyulo lolawulo lokwenyaniso lokwenyaniso lokwenyaniso lobulungisa.

Idinga kunye nokuKhetha yiMibini i-Elite

Iindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo zigcwaliswa ngokumiselwa kunokunyulwa ngqo. Abagwebi, abameli bobukhabhagu, abameli, neentloko zamaqumrhu azimeleyo badla ngokutyunjwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo okanye ziikomiti ezingoothile. Le ndlela yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu baneemfaneleko ezithile, ubuchule, okanye ulungelelwaniso lwezobupolitika. Umzekelo, iinkundla eziphakamileyo kumazwe amaninzi zimiselwa ngumongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kwezinye iinkqubo, intloko yesizwe (njengokumkani okanye umongameli womgaqo-siseko) imisela intloko karhulumente esekelwe kwiziphumo zonyulo lwepalamente. Iinkqubo zeSivumeno zisoloko zibandakanya ukuchola, ukuva, kunye nenkqubo ezigunyazisa ukuphendula.

Impumelelo

Kwizikhundla zemonarchy, igunya lolawulo lidluliselwa ngokulandela inzala, ilandela imithetho emiselweyo yomnombo kunye ne-primogeneure. Isithsaba sidlula ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, ngokufuthi ukuya kumntwana omdala okanye kwindlalifa emiselweyo. Le nkqubo isekelwe kwigunya elingokwesithethe kwaye inika uzinzo ngokulandelelana okuthe ngqo. Iinkosi zale mihla, njengoManyano yeBhunga lase-United, iJapan, ne-Sweden, zimisela amagunya ezobupolitika, uwaguqulela ekubeni ziintloko zomfuziselo zikarhulumente ngoxa zinyulwe amagosa alawula. Ulawulo lwemonarch, apho unegunya elingundoqo lezobupolitika, luyinto enqabileyo kodwa lusekho kumazwe ambalwa. Umthetho welifashoni, ukulandelena kwesithethe, ukuhambela phambili kwembali, kwaye uluvo lwesizwe.

Ukungenelela emkhosini kunye nekhofi

Kwezinye iimeko, igunya lezobupolitika libanjiswa ngegunya, ngokweenkqubo zomkhosi okanye ngezixhobo. Umbutho odityanisiweyo d’état ubandakanya ukubhukuqwa ngequbuliso, okungekho mthethweni korhulumente, ngokufuthi ngequmrhu phakathi kwemikhosi okanye ukhuseleko. Ukuxhuzulana kwamandla okungabikho semthethweni okusemthethweni kwaye ngokufuthi kujongene nesigwebo somhlaba wonke kunye nokuchaswa kwamakhaya. Noko ke, iinkokeli zokubhukuqa zingazama ukuseka uhlobo olutsha lwegunya ngezithembiso zozinzo, iphulo lokulwa nokonakala, okanye iinkqubo zokuguqula ezikhokelela kunyulo. Impumelelo yemigudu enjalo ixhomekeke kumandla azo okufumana umlinganiselo othile wokwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni kunye nenkxaso ekhoyo. Imizekelo engokwembali iquka ukubhukutele eLatin America naseAfrika.

Indima Yeziko Zezobupolitika Ekulahlekiseni Igunya

Ngamaziko ezobupolitika asebenzisa igunya, aphikisekayo, ahlala kulo, alungiselela ukuba kubekho ilungiselelo lokuba iinkokeli zisebenze kunye nabemi ababandakanyeke kulo. Amaziko angundoqo aquka izindlu zowiso-mthetho, izigqeba, imicimbi yejaji, kunye nemicimbi yezolawulo, nganye inendima eyahlukileyo.

Imithetho: Igunya Lokumisela Imithetho

Imimiselo, ekwasaziwa ngokuba ziipalamente okanye iingqungquthela, ngamaziko aphambili okuyila imithetho nawokumela izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo. Anegunya lokuxoxa, lokulungisa, nokumisela umthetho, kwakunye nokuvumela uqingqo-mali kunye nokuphatha isebe eliphetheyo. Imithetho ifumana igunya kumsebenzi wayo wokumela, njengoko amalungu edla ngokukhethwa. Iinkqubo zeBabatel, ezinezigodlo ezimbini, ngokufuthi zinikela ii-chekethi ezongezelekayo. Umzekelo, iBhunga leeNdrejini leNdlu-R. iqumrhu liquka iNdlundlu yeeNdlu zaBameli kunye neBhalumelo, ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye namagunya azimeleyo. Igunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho lixhomekeke ekuzimeleni kwalo, amandla alo lwalo, ukuqwalasela isikhululo, nokusabela kwabemi balo.

Amasebe aphetheyo: Asebenzisa iGunya

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, nokulawula imisebenzi yorhulumente yosuku lwemini. Likhokelwa ngumongameli, umphathi-nkulu, okanye ngumlawuli, umphathi onegunya elibalulekileyo kulawulo kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, umphathi onegunya wahlukile kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye usoloko enamagunya. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, isigqeba sikhutshwa sisuka kwaye sinoxanduva kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Igunya lesigqeba linyanzelwa yimiqathango yemithetho-siseko, izicwangciso ezisemthethweni, kunye nolawulo lwamanye amasebe. I-groumenti, okanye inkonzo yamakhaya, ixhasa ulawulo ngobuchule kunye nolawulo.

Abaqulunqi: Ukutolika Igunya

Ijaji ichaza imithetho, icombulula iimpikiswano, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihambelana nomgaqo-siseko kunye nemigaqo yomthetho. Igunya lejaji lisekelwe ekungakhethi buso, ekusebenziseni ubuchule obusemthethweni, namandla okuhlola imigaqo emininzi. Iinkundla ze- Independec zisebenza njengengqwalasela kumandla olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu nokugcina umthetho. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya inamandla okuhlola ukuphelisa imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko. Umthetho wegunya lekomiti yezomthetho uxhomekeke kwinkululeko ecacileyo, ukukhazikhanyela, nomgangatho wokuqiqa komthetho.

Igunya Lolawulo Lolawulo

I-Breaucracysraccacs zizixhobo zolawulo lwesizwe, zibunjwe ngabasebenzi bomsebenzi abasebenza ngegunya abasebenzisa iinkqubo zemigaqo yorhulumente, abalawula iinkonzo zikarhulumente, kunye nemigaqo enyanzelisayo. Igunya labo lifumaneka kubuchule, kulwazi lwe-projekthi, kwaye liqhubekiswe phambili. Imigaqo enjenge-oucrates ebonakalisa ubuchule ekusebenziseni imithetho, ekwenzeni izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Igunya lamaziko asebenza ngokusemthethweni libalulekile ekulawuleni, ukanti nalo linokuba ngumthombo wengcinezelo xa amagosa angamiselwangawasebenzisi anegunya elibalulekileyo. Imigaqo efana nokufumana imigaqo esekelwe kwigunya eliphakamileyo, ukuphakama, ukuphakama, nokuphendula koxandumiso olubalulekileyo ekugcineni ukufaneleka kwegunya le-boucaucau.

Iingxaki Kwigunya Lezobupolitika

Ukuqonda le ngxaki kubalulekile ekuhlolisiseni ukuzinza nokufaneleka kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezobupolitika. Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukungavumelani kwabantu, ukunganyaniseki, intlalo kunye neengcinezelo zangaphandle.

Ukungavumelani Noluntu Nokuqhatha

Abemi bangavakalisa ukungavumelani ngemigaqo-nkqubo, iinkokeli, okanye amaziko ngokuqhankqalaza, ukungathobeli kwemibutho yabemi, nezinye iindlela zokulwa. Imibhiyozo yoxolo iyindlela esemthethweni yokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, kodwa bakwanokulicel ’ umngeni igunya ngokurhoxa kwimvume. Imibutho emikhulu yemiqathango, enjengemibhiyozo yeArabhu Spring okanye ukuvukelwa kwedemokhrasi yaseHong Kong, ithandabuza ngokungqalileyo igunya elikhoyo lezobupolitika. Ukusabela kwamagunya ukuchasa igunya lawo: Ingcinezelo ingalithoba igunya, ngoxa incoko yamalungu kunye neenguqulelo inokulenza libenye.

Ukonakala Kwezobupolitika Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Ukunganyaniseki kuphelisa ukuthemba igunya lezobupolitika ngokubonisa ukuba iinkokeli zibeka phambili inzuzo yobuqu kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke. Ukunyoba, ukunyoba, ukurhwebelana, kunye nokuxhasa kululaza ukulawulwa komthetho kunye nokungalingani kwamaziko. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba igunya lisetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo okanye ukuze kungenelwe ngasese, ukufaneleka kwayo yonke inkqubo kungathandatyuzwa. Imigudu yokuzikhusela, imikhosi ezimeleyo, kunye nolawulo olucacileyo luyimfuneko ekulondolozeni igunya. Ukunganyaniseki okuphezulu, njengaleyo yangaphambili yayibandakanya iinkokeli eBrazil okanye eMzantsi Korea, iye yakhokelela ekuvukeleni kakhulu nasekuphelelweni yintembelo.

Intshukumo yoNtlalo kunye neengcambu zokuLungisa

Imigaqo-nkqubo yentlalo, ukususela ekusebenzeni kwemekobume ukuya kumaphulo okusebenza, inokuvavanya igunya ngokukhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke nokufuna iinguqulelo. Ivela rhoqo xa amaziko akhoyo engaphumeleli ukuphendula izikhalazo okanye xa amaqela aphantsi efuna imelo. Izivumelwano zokulawula imicimbi yobuhlanga, ukulingana kwamadoda, namalungelo abomthonyama ziye zaguqula imimandla yezopolitiko kunye neenkokeli ezinyanzelekileyo ukuba ziphendule. Igunya lamaziko enkqeqesho livavanywa xa inkqubela efuna intlukwano nemfuneko entsha yokuthatha ityala.

Ingcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nabasebenzi bangaphandle

Igunya lezobupolitika aliphikisani nje kuphela neentsapho kodwa libunjwa yimikhosi yezizwe ngezizwe. Oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe bangaphembelela igunya lesizwe ngezohlwayo, ingcinezelo yezobuzwe, uxhakamfulo lwezoqoqosho, okanye ungenelelo lomkhosi. Umzekelo, iNgxowa-mali yezizwe ngezizwe isenokubeka iimeko kwimali ebolelekileyo echaphazela inkqubo karhulumente yokuzilawula. Imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke ingalucel ’ umngeni ucelomngeni uqheliselo lwasekhaya. Impembelelo ye-European Union kwiimeko zamalungu, kwanakwimimandla efana noqingqo kunye nolawulo, ibonisa indlela igunya lolawulo lwesizwe olunokudibana ngayo nolawulo loburhulumente.

Ukuwohloka Nokubuyiselwa Kwegunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika linamandla; linokuphelisa ngokuhamba kwexesha lize livuselelwe ngokuhambelana nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuthembana kwabantu. Xa igunya lidodobala, oorhulumente basenokujamelana neemeko ezinzima ezibangela ukufaneleka, ukungaguquguquki, okanye kwanenzakala. Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kubandakanya utshintsho olufana nokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, iinguqu ezikhethiweyo, imilinganiselo yokulwa nokonakala, okanye incoko echasene nebutho labantu. Ukuphumelela kokulungisa kudinga ukuthenjwa ngenxa yokubonakala, ukuphendula kobucala, nokusabela kubemi. Ukukwazi ukumelana kwenkqubo yezobupolitika kuxhomekeke ekukwazini kwayo ukuqhelanisa imiqobo emitsha ngexakelelwano engundoqo yokuthembeka.

Isiphelo

Igunya lezobupolitika liyingcamango entsonkothileyo nebalulekileyo egqibayo ukuba ngubani olawulayo nendlela afumana ngayo ilungelo lokwenza oko. Amaziko ezobupolitika asekelwe kwisiseko esingokwasemthethweni, sesithethe, nesisiko, asekelwe kumgaqo-siseko, kunyulo, kumaziko, kunye nokuvunyelwa kweenkqubo zokulawula. Iindlela zokukhetha iinkokeli ukusuka kunyulo zedemokhrasi ukuya kulandelelwano oluzuzwayo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, amaqela ezobupolitika adala izakhiwo apho igunya lisetyenziswa khona kwaye likhuphiswane khona. Kodwa igunya lisoloko libuthathaka, lijongene neengxaki ezivela kungquzulwano, intlalo-ntle, kunye neengcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubaluleke kubafundi nabemi ngokufanayo, njengoko kubonakalisa inkqubo elawulayo, amandla, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nolawulo oluphezulu. Uphandoqonganye, ukuhlola kumazwe olweyo [F.[3][5]