Ukunqongophala kwamanzi eNtshona Merika kuye kwavela kunxunguphalo lwexesha elithile lwesakhiwo esisisigxina. Iimfundiso ezisemthethweni ezimiselwe ngexesha lolwando lwamalungelo amanzi ngoku zimela enye yezona ndawo zintsonkothileyo neziphezulu ezithathayo, ulawulo lwemeko-bume, izizwe, amasebe, urhulumente, kunye nabasebenzisi abachaseneyo, kukhuphiswano lwe-zerom-ssum logcino-mali. Iimfundiso ezisemthethweni ezimiselwe ngexesha lolwando lwenkulungwane ye-19 zivavanywa ngoxinzelelo lwezimo zemozulu, ukwanda kwabemi, namaxabiso ehlayo aguqukayo. Ukuqonda iingcambumbuzo kunye nokukhuthulwa kwezi mpikiswano kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na oqhuba ulawulo olusemthethweni, okanye uqoqo lwezoqoqosho, okanye ukwakhiwa kwezobupolitika lweempumacandane neNtshona-entshona.

Iliwa Lomthetho Wamanzi WaseNtshona Embalini

Amanzi asemthethweni alawulayo eNtshona awazange aphume kumphunga. Yafekethiswa kwikhusi legolide yase California iRush kunye nendawo elandelayo yokuhlala kwimimandla yeGreat Plains kunye ne Interfaunt. Ngokungafaniyo neluhlaza empuma ye-United States, apho umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kunye nemfundiso ye-ripararian (okunika amalungelo abemi bamazwe abamelene nomsinga) kwanele, inkqantozobeko yaseNtshona yayifuna indlela eyahlukileyo.

Imfundiso Yokuphanda Ngaphambili

Yaqala kwiinkampu zemigodi yaseKhalifoniya ngoo1850, imfundiso yangaphambili yokubekwa kwemiqathango yesiseko somthetho wamanzi wasentshona. Umgaqo wayo ongundoqo, "sokuqala ngexesha, ekuqaleni ekunene," yayisisisombululo esisebenzisekayo kwimibhobho eyayifuna ukuchela amanzi kude nomthombo wayo wendalo ukuze isebenze. Le nkqubo iseke imigangatho yamalungelo asekelwe kumhla owenziwe ngumsebenzisi wokuqala ewasebenziseni elinoncedo. Ngamaxesha okunqongophala, awona malungelo aphezulu (omdala kakhulu) ayaneliswa kuqala, ngoxa amalungelo omncinci (entsha) ababambi bempahla abancinane (entsha) benokufumana amancinane okanye amanzi.

Le mfundiso ineempawu ezininzi ezichazayo eziyahlulayo kwindalo. Okokuqala, iqhawula uqhagamshelwano phakathi komthamo othile okanye umgangatho wobunini bamanzi; amanzi angaphambukiswa aze asetyenziswe kumhlaba ongengowobu-tripararian. Okwesibini, ifuna ukukhukuliswa kwamanzi ngokoqobo kwindlela yayo yendalo, nangona le mfuneko iye yakhululeka kwezinye iindawo ukwenzela ukukhubazeka. Okwesithathu, ekunene kulinganiswa ngomthamo othile okanye umgangatho wokuhamba kwamanzi kwaye ithwale umhla othile obalulekileyo. Inkqubo isetyenziswa kumgangatho wemeko yelizwe, ngokufuthi yinjineli okanye isebe lovimba wamanzi, egcina imihla ephambili kunye nokunika unxulumano lwamanzi ngexesha lokunqongophala. Ngexesha elingekho mthethweni kwendalo ekuphuhlisweni phambili, le nkqubo iyakwazi ukuvelisa ii-propetroversss ezichasene nomva kwaye inokuba nemeko-mfashoni kwimfuno zaleemeko zale mihla.

Amalungelo aBambiwe Kakhulu Nemfundiso Yasebusika

Ngakwicala elisekelwe kwilizwe, ulwaleko olwahlukileyo noluphezulu lwamalungelo amanzi lukhona: [[FLT: 0] lungamalungelo abekwe kumda ophezulu. Incopho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-908 . I-United States imisele ukuba xa urhulumente worhulumente obekelwe ilizwe elithile ngenjongo ethile, "njengebala le-Irandity centrantification, ihlathi lesizwe, okanye isiseko somkhosi"igcine imali eyaneleyo yamanzi ukuze ifeze loo njongo. La malungelo athwala umhla ophambili njengomhla wokubekwa kommiselo owenziwe, okusoloko kuwenza phakathi kwamalungelo amaninzi aphezulu phakathi kwemijuku. I-quantata kunye nokhuthu lamalungelo athengwa kakhulu, imvelaphi ewongawongawodwa yamazwe, ithe yawandisa kakhulu, i-edigdayo ngenkulungwane.

Imfundiso Ephambili Engokwasemthethweni Elawula Amanzi AseNtshona

Ngoxa ukusetyenziswa kwenqanawa ngaphambi kokuba kube ngumthetho olawulayo, asikuphela kwento ekhoyo.

Iinkqubo zophando zangaphambili

Amaphondo amaninzi asentshona athe afumana amalungelo okukrala ngokupheleleyo ekukhetheni umhla obalulekileyo ngaphambili. Noko ke, iKhalifoniya isebenza njengenkqubo exubileyo, iqonda ukuba i-arhentiarian kunye namalungelo angaqhelekanga. EKhalifoniya, umphathi wasekunene orhwaphilizayo onomhlaba ohamba nomsinga ngokuqhelekileyo unelungelo elilingana namanye amaqela arhwaphilisiweyo kwaye aphezulu kunamalungelo e-appropriators akwixesha elizayo. Le nkqubo idityaniweyo yenza imo entlukekayo nengaqhelekanga. Ngaphambi kokuba kubekho ukusetyenziswa komsinga ophambili kuchazwe njengoColorado okanye iWyoming, inkqubo ephambili ingumthetho epheleleyo, kwaye amalungelo aphathwa njengempahla yabucala enokuthengwa, ithengiswe, kwaye iguqulwe, ilungiswe ngokungqongqo, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchatshaniswa okusesikweni kokusikelwa kobubi.

Imfundiso Yokukholosa Kubantu Bonke

I-[NTLT:0] Imfundiso yamanzi e-Public Injiso ngumgaqo wamandulo ongqinela ukuba isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase California sowe1998 siquka ubuncwane bendalo obunemivuzo kunye namazwe angaphantsi kwazo, zithenjiwe ngurhulumente ukuze kungenelwe abantu. Kwimeko yomthetho wamanzi wasentshona, le mfundiso iphinde yavuselelwa ngamandla. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeKomkhulu yase California igqibele ngo1901/193] isigqibo sesizwe se-Audoubon Society v. Inkundla ephakamileyo (Monvo Lake) yayingumzuzu omanzi. Inkundla yaba nenkonzo eqhubekayo yokukhusela ukuthemba uluntu (njengoko lwendawo ehlala ikhozokuzonwabisa) xa onke amalungelo athenjiwe. Ukuba loo malungelo anikwayo ngaphambili ayengawalawulanga amalungelo afanelekileyo okukhusela ulawulo oluthe lwabiwo olubanzi, iinguqulo oluvulela uvusele uvusele uvusele umnyango, uvuselelo oludala.

Iindawo Eziyintloko Zokudanyaza: Iimfekethi Zemfazwe

Impikiswano ngamalungelo amanzi ayinqabilenga ukuvela kwisizathu esinye. Ziimfazwe ezininzi eziqhutywa zinkcunkcazo zezoqoqosho, ukutshintsha kwamanani, namaxabiso agcinwe ngokunzulu. Ukuqonda iintshayelelo ezingundoqo zemfazwe kungundoqo ukuxela kwangaphambili apho imfazwe elandelayo engokwasemthethweni iza kuvela khona.

Ukukhula kukaMasipala

Urhwebo lusebenzisa uninzi lwamanzi aphucukileyo kwiNtshona − ngokunjalo ama-70% ukuya kuma-80% okusetyenziswa kwawo ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko amadolobha ukusuka ePhoenix ukuya e-Denver ukuya eLos Angeles eqhubeka enyuka, uxinzelelo lokufudusa amanzi kwiifama kwizixeko luye lwaqina. Oku kufuduswa kolwamkelo kungamatsha - ntliziyo, ukusebenzisa ukuthengiswa kwamanzi, kodwa kusoloko kuxhaphakile ngeengxaki ezisemthethweni. Abantu bezolimo basoyika ukuthengisa amalungelo abo amanzi, ukutshabalalisa uqoqosholo lwazo, kwaye benze u "ukuthenga nolomileyo" lwemeko. Ingxube yamanani okuthunyelwa, ukuxabisa, kunye nokwenzakala kwamanzi kwabanye abasebenzisi ezibhedleleni, njengabo baxhomekeke ekubuyeni emva komlambo (amanzi abuyela emva koomatilo).

Ukhuseleko Lokusingqongileyo Nomthetho Wezinto Ezisengozini

I-Estengered Species Act (ESA) iye yaba yenye yezixhobo ezinamandla ezisemthethweni kwiimfazwe zamanzi zasentshona. Xa kufunyanwa intlobo-ntlobo ezidwelisweyo kwinkqubo yomlambo, amaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba imisebenzi yamanzi kunye nezithintelo azifaki engozini ubukho bayo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekukhokeleni kwiimfazwe ezithintela amalungelo aphezulu amalungelo amanzi abaphethe iphepha elisemthethweni kodwa becelwa ukuba banciphise ukuphazamisa kwazo. Imeko e-Klahmath Basin e-Oregon nase California, apho irhafu yavalwa ngo-2001 ukuze ikhusele i-cohofing, kunye neemfazwe ezinde ezihambayo phezu kwe-Deltamsmet eScrameto-Stan-Squin Deltaltaltalta iyimizekelo ephambili. Ezi meko zinyusa umbuzo obalulekileyo womthetho karhulumente: Ingavalela urhulumente impahla elungele ukukhusela ipropati yasekunene (a)?

Iintshuwayelo ezisuselayo nezihambelanayo

Imilambo ayiyihloneli imigca karhulumente, kwaye xa umlambo wahlulelwa, ungquzulwano aluphepheki. Umthetho olawula ezi mpikiswano ngumxube womthetho oqhelekileyo worhulumente, oxutyushwayo wemithetho engqukuva yeqela lesizwe , kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yoqobo. INkundla ePhakamileyo inolawulo lokuqala kwiimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, ithetha ukuba isebenza njengenkundla yamatyala kwezi zinkulu, ezibiza imali eninzi, kunye nezininzi ze-digitademidi.

  • Umlambo iColorado : I-1922 Colorado River Companity yahlulahlula phakathi komlambo ongasentla Basin (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming) kunye noMphantsi weBasin (Arizona, Nevada). Yawuhamba kakhulu umsinga womlambo, impazamo eye yabonakala ngokucacileyo emva kweminyaka engama-24 yembalela. I-Litigation ayitshintshi, njengoko ibonwa kwimeko enkulu Arizobanuva v. ).
  • Umlambo weRepublican: Impikiswano phakathi kweKansas neNebraska ngaphaya koMlambo ikhokelela kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nendawo yokuhlala eyaziwa njenge Republican River Completetionment Comment. INebraska yafunyanwa yaphula udibaniso ngokuvumela amanzi angaphantsi kakhulu ampompayo angena umsinga. Le meko ibalaselsaye yabalase idityaniswe phakathi kwamanzi asemhlabeni nangaphezulu kwamanzi kumongomongo wamanzi.
  • IRio Grande: iTexas, iNew Mexico, neColorado zivalelwe kwimpikiswano ende ebambekayo ngeRio Grande. Texas wagweba iNew Mexico, echaza ukuba iNew Mexico yayivumela ukumpompa amanzi asemhlabeni ukunqanda ukugalela amanzi amele ukuqukuqela eTexas phantsi konyaka ka1938 iRio Grande Community. Ityala laya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, iqinisekisa ubunzima bokunyanzelisa izivumelwano zamanzi kufutshane ne-hyrologic.

Amanzi Angaphantsi Komhlaba: Ikomkhulu Elisemthethweni

Umthetho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba eNtshona mandulo ibiyi-"etheslyst" yomthetho wamanzi. Kumazwe amaninzi, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ayelawulwa yimithetho eyahlukileyo, yaye adla ngokungabi namandla, ecwangciswe ngokwemithetho kunamanzi angaphezulu. Olu lwahlulo olusemthethweni lwangahoywayo into eyenzekayo yokuba amanzi angaphantsi nangaphezulu kwamanzi asoloko edityaniswe ngamanzi amanzi asemanzini.

Ukuhambela Phambili Kolawulo Lwamanzi Angaphantsi Komhlaba

Owona mgaqo ubalulekileyo wophuhliso lwasemthethweni kumgaqo wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kumashumi eminyaka nguMthetho weKhalifoniya osebenza kwiGroundwater Management (SGMA]) , owenziwa ngo-2014. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iKhalifoniya yayifuna amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ukwenza i-Grorhwater Sustability APutution APRIT(GS) kwaye iphuhlisa izicwangciso zokuzisa izitya zokuditya ezidityanisiweyo kulungelelaniso phakathi neminyaka engama-20. Oku kubangele igatya komvo lwasekuhlaleni lokumpompa, okuninzi, kwaye ohlawulayo ngenxa yotshintsho. I-SGMA ijongwe ngokusondeleyo kwamanye amazwe asemantshona njengemodeli yemali ekwakufumaneka kuyo njengendlela yokufikelela ekungeneni.

Ungquzulwano Phezu Kwe - Ogallala Aquifer

IOgalla Aquifer, esekelwe kumaphondo asibhozo ukusuka eMzantsi Dakota ukuya eTexas, ligazi elingunobangela wokulima amaThafa aphezulu. Iminyaka engamashumi eshumi yokumpompa okunzima kubangele ukuncipha okukhulu. Iimfazwe ezingokwasemthethweni apha aziyiyo ngaphambi kokuba kumpontshwe i-appropria kwaye zingaphezulu kakhulu ngokolawulo lwesizwe lokumpompa kunye nolwahlulo lwamazwe. IKansas neNebraska ibingaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkundla phezu koMlambo weRiphabliki, odityaniswe ngqo noMlambo. Umbathi ongundoqo uphakathi kwamalungelo omhlaba ukumpompa amanzi enhlabathi ukunisela izityalo kunye noxanduva lwesizwe ukukhusela ulawulo olude kunye namalungelo aphezulu.

Ityala Elibalaseleyo Lasemthethweni Elaphembelela Umthetho

Amatyala aliqela asebenza njengendawo yokubeka amanzi ekwasemthethweni kwiimbambano zanamhlanje.

[[UMTL:0] Arizona v. California (1963)

Inkundla Ephakamileyo yaqinisekisa uNobhala wendlela yokulawula iMda ukuba amanzi afumaneke ngamaxesha okunqongophala, inika urhulumente worhulumente indima enamandla kubaphathi bomlambo oqhubeka ebangela uxinezeleko olusemthethweni namhlanje. Ityala laphinda labala namalungelo amaIndiya amaninzi agudle umlambo, liqinisekisa ukuba iWinters Doctrine.

Idaho v. United States (2001)

Eli tyala lasombulula imbambano ende ebambekayo ngamalungelo amanzi kwithafa loMlambo iCoeur d’Alene. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iUnited States yayinomxholo kwibhedi yamanzi anokusetyenziswa ngaphakathi kweCoeur d’Alene Reservation, kwaye amalungelo amanzi ayegcinelwe iShumi. Oku kwakululo olukhulu lolongamo lwesizwe namalungelo amanzi, icacisa ukuba amalungelo abekwe ngurhulumente athengwayo awanwenwa nje kuphela kodwa anwenwa nje kumgangatho kunye nobuni bebhedi.

[[UMTL:0]Montana v. Wyoming (2010-2015)

Olu hlomelo lokusasaza lujoliswe kwimida "yokukhupha amanzi aninzi" yoMlambo iYellowstone. Whoming waphikisa ngelithi utshintsho kuqheliselo lokunkcenkceshela (umz., ukutshintshwa komkhukula wokunkcenkceshela ukuya kwizitshizi ezisebenza kakuhle) akuzange kwaphule udibaniso, nokuba bathe bawatya amanzi amaninzi. IMontana yaphikisa ukuba ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango ye-interstation kukusebenzisa kakuhle nokubalaselsa iziphumo ezifihlakeleyo zogcino-mali.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nembono Yexesha Elizayo

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni elawula amanzi asentshona inyanzeleka ukuba iqhelane nocelomngeni lwabayili bayo ababengakhange bacinge.

Imozulu Iyatshintsha Ngokusemthethweni

Utshintsho lwemozulu lunciphisa ikhephu, ukunyuka komphunga, kunye nokwandisa imbalela. Oku kwenza ukuba inkqubo yangaphambili ye-appropriation, esekelwe kwingxelo yexeshana, engasebenzi ngokuqhubekayo. "yokuqala ngexesha lokuqala, kwimigaqo esekunene" inike ukuqonda okuncinane kwindlela yokulawula umlambo oye waphelelwa ngokusisigxina. Izakhiwo ezintsha ezisemthethweni, ezifana no izivumelwano zexeshana zexeshana ezisekelwe kwingxelo edlulileyo, ezingenakusetyenziswa. kunye [[FT:2] iinkqubo zokulondoloza isixokelelwano solawulo lwendlela yogcino-moya [[FTLT:3]] (apho urhulumente ahlawula abasebenzisi bamanzi aphezulu ngokuzithandela), zivela njengokunye okungekho mthethweni. Ikamva lizakubona ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa, ukutshintsha kwemithetho yenkundla yezonga.

Izinto ezingcolisayo ezidityanisiweyo nomgangatho wamanzi

Ukudlala okusemthethweni phakathi komgangatho wamanzi nobuninzi bamanzi kuyakhula. Ukufunyanwa kwePFAS (per-per- polyfluoralkyl izinto) kwimichiza yamanzi kudala amatyala amatsha neempikiswano. Ngelixesha iPFAS ijoliswe kubenzi kunye nabangcolisi, iya kuphinda idibane namalungelo amanzi. Abasebenzisi bamanzi bangafumana ukuba ilungelo labo kumthamo othile wamanzi alixabisekanga ukuba ubunjani buyeyonakele. Imfundiso yoTshenxiso lukawonke-wonke inokubhenela ekufuneni ubuninzi obunye bemeko kodwa nomgangatho wokukhusela umdla kawonke wonke.

Urhwebo Lwamanzi Nokupheliswa Kwamalungelo

Njengoko kufunwa iinqwelana zokuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwamalungelo amanzi (ukuthengiswa kwamanzi) kuya kuxhaphaka kwaye kuya kuthanda ukubakho iingxabano. Amadabi asemthethweni ayavela ngenxa yokuvunywa kokufuduswa, ukhuseleko lwezilangazelelo zesithathu (njengoluntu oluxhomekeke kuqoqosho lwezolimo), kunye noxabiso lwamanzi alondolozweyo. Umzekelo, xa umlimi ethengisa amanzi alondolozwe ngokufaka amanzi, ngubani ngokwenene owawo? Ngumnini-fama owahlawulela ibala, okanye abasebenzi bemi basemlanjeni abafumene i-ligeo engaphambili?

Isiphelo: Umtshato Ozingisayo Ukuze Ufumane Ubuncwane Obungamkelekanga

Iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni ngamalungelo amanzi entshona ye-United States aziyongxaki yexeshana enokuconjululwa ngetyala elinye lenkundla okanye ngenxalenye yomthetho. Ziimpawu ezisisigxina zobomi kummandla owomileyo. Umthetho unika isiseko songquzulwano, kodwa awunakuyila amanzi aphuma emoyeni owomileyo. Amashumi eminyaka azayo aya kufuna ukumiselwa okunzima kwezobupolitika nasemthethweni njengamazwe, izizwe, kunye norhulumente kufuneka aphinde afumane amatyala emilambo eyahlukeneyo kunye nokuzikhusela. Isiphumo sale mfazwe yezo mithetho asiyi kufumana impilo yemilambo nemeko entle yezoqoqosho kuphela kodwa ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho nokuxhasa wonke ummandla. Iimfazwe zenkulungwane yama-20 zazimalunga nokuqokelelwa; iimfazwe ezingokwasemthethweni zenkulungwane yama-21 ziya kulungiswa, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwamanzi ehlabathi.