Ukwazisa

Abameli nabagwebi basekuhlaleni bakwisikhundla sokuthembana okunzulu kwinkqubo yomthetho. Izigqibo zabo zichaphazela impahla, inkululeko, ukuzinza kwentsapho, kunye nocwangco loluntu. Ngalo gunya kuza nemithetho elinganayo yeembopheleleko zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ukuphakamisa ezi mbopheleleko akuyomfuneko qha, liliwa elimiselwe igunya lejaji elifanelekileyo. Xa abagwebi bebambelele kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha engqongqo, bagcina intembelo kawonke wonke, baqinisekisa ukusesikweni, kwaye baqinisa umthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo engundoqo ekhokela abalawuli bemithetho yokuziphatha, imisebenzi eluncedo abamele bayifezeke kuyo, kunye nocelomngeni abajamelana nalo kwihlabathi eliguquka ngokukhawulezayo.

Imigaqo yendlela yokwenza iijaji zikho kungekuphela nje kwikhowudi yehambo kodwa nakulindelo olungabhalwanga lwalo msebenzi. Isigqibo ngasinye, isenzo, kunye necala lihlolisisiwe. Ngoko ke, ijaji kufuneka ihlale ibukhumbula ubungalingani bendima yayo. Amacandelo alandelayo anika uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lwale mbopheleleko, oluzotywa kwimigaqo emiselweyo kunye nomongo wokwenene wehlabathi.

Isiseko Semithetho Yezeejaji

Imeko

Imigaqo-mthetho yezeejaji iguqukile kwicala lemigaqo-nkqubo yomthetho ngokwayo. Kumthetho wamandulo wamaNgesi kwafuneka ukuba abagwebi bathathe amanyathelo “ngokungenaloyiko okanye uvumelwano,” ibinzana elisavakalayo kwimithetho yangoku. Umthetho we 17-century weSiseko somthetho (701) oqinisekisiweyo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, ukuseka isiseko sokuzimela. EUnited States, iAmerican Bar Association (ABA) yamkela kuqala iCanons of Judicial Ethiclics ngo1924, kamva yathathelwa indawo nguMthetho we- we-Operathi ye-PT ka-1971], oye wahlaziywe ngamaxesha amaninzi kwimicimbi yamaxesha angokunje ngooomajekethi bezecu kuthethwa-Atlanti.

Ngezizwe, iBangalore Principles of Judial Ame [[FLT: 1] (2002] yavela njengendawo yokulawula jikelele. Imiswe yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, le migaqo emithandathu , `ixhomekeke kubuntu, ukungakhethi, ingqibelelo, ukulingana, ubuchule kunye nokusebenza ngokukhutheleyo. Imithetho emininzi yesizwe, kuquka leyo yaseAfrika, e-Asia, kunye ne-Europe, iye yamkela le migaqo njengesiseko sayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nzima Kwimilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke yeyona nto ixabisekileyo kwijaji exabiseke kakhulu. Ukuba abemi bakholelwa ukuba abagwebi bangamaqhinga, abonakeleyo, okanye abangakhathaliyo, baya kuphulukana nokukholelwa kwinkqubo yomthetho epheleleyo. Imigaqo yokuziphatha iya kusikhusela ekukhukulisekeni okunjalo. Baqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isekelwe kumthetho nakubungqina, kungekhona kucalucalula okanye uxinzelelo lomntu. Ngaphezu koko, abagwebi abafanelekileyo bakhulisa ukuthelekelelwa nokuzinza komthetho wamakhaya ("izinto ezimele amalungelo empangowawo, kunye nolwalamano lobuqu. Ngokufutshane, imilinganiselo engqongqo yokuziphatha ayiyo nje ingeyonto nje engokwesithethe; ayiyo imfuneko esebenzayo kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo.

Imigaqo yezomthetho yaBagwebi

Ukungakhethi Buso Nokusesikweni

Umgaqo wokungakhethi buso ufuna ukuba ijaji ingabi nakhethe, ikhethe, okanye ikhethe. Oku akuthethi ukuba ijaji kufuneka ibe sigebenga esingekhoyo; wonke umntu unobuqhetseba obungekhoyo. Kodwa ijaji kufuneka ikwazi kwaye ilwele ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu balapho bafumana ityala elifanelekileyo. Imithetho ephathelele ukuthethwa kwakhona iphakathi apha: ijaji kufuneka iphambukele ecaleni xa ingenakukhetha kwabo kusenokuthandatyuzwa. Umzekelo, ukuba ijaji imele ilungu lenkampani esebenzela kuyo, impahla emelene nomdanganiso, okanye ibudlelane bobuqu nomnye wamagqwetha, kufuneka ibekwe.

Ubulungisa bukwaquka nokuphatha inkundla. Abagwebi kufuneka baphathe onke amaqela ngentlonelo, baphephe ulwimi olunengcwangu okanye olungenamdla, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abachasi-mthetho banethuba elifanelekileyo lokuchaza ityala labo. Kwanoluvo lokukhetha lungabonakalisa umonakalo kwijaji. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abaphulaphuli abavakalelwayo ukuba babeviwe `nakuba baphulukana neziphumo ezingakumbi. Ngoko, ukungacaluli nokusesikweni kudityaniswa nokusesikweni.

Ingqibelelo Nokunyaniseka

Ingqibelelo ifuna ukuba ihambo yomgwebi ingangcikivwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkundla. Oku kuquka ukunyaniseka ekutyhilweni kwemali, ukungaphiwe izipho okanye ukuthandwa okungadala imbonakalo yokunganyaniseki, nokuphepha unxibelelwano oluyinxenye (iingxoxo zobuqu neqela elingaphili elinye). Ijaji eyamkela ikhefu elikhululekileyo kwigqwetha elivela rhoqo phambi kwalo lijongela phantsi ukuthembana noluntu, nokuba akukho nto ithe yakha yathethwa ngayo.

Ukunyaniseka kukwasebenza nakumazwi agwebayo. Umgwebi akamele agqwethe izibakala okanye umthetho kwimithetho. Ukuba ijaji yenza impazamo, ikhondo elifanelekileyo kukuyivuma ngokulungisa okanye ngokutshaya. Ingqibelelo ifikelela kwihambo yobuqu: abagwebi kufuneka baphephe ihambo ebonakalisa ukungafezeki kwijaji, njengokuqhuba ngokungakhathali, ukunxila kwasesidlangalaleni, okanye ukuthuka. I-ABA Model Codel ithi umgwebi uya kwenza “ngamaxesha onke ngendlela ekhuthaza ukukholosa ekuzimeleni kwabantu, kwingqibelelo, nakungakhethi buso isigwebo.”

Inkululeko

Ukuzimela geqe kuthetha ukuba ijaji igqiba amatyala asekelwe kumthetho kuphela nakumacandelo alawulayo okanye awisela umthetho, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngamasebe aphetheyo, ngezilangazelelo ezinamandla zobuqu, okanye ngoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Abameli-wonke kufuneka baxhathise ingcinezelo yezopolitiko esenokusongela ukugawulwa koqingqo-mali, kumaphulo eendaba afuna iziphumo ezithile, okanye kwimibutho efuna ukuthoba imithetho. Inkululeko ifuna ukukhuselwa kwemibutho, njengokukhuselwa ngokukhuselekileyo, ukuhlawulwa ngokwaneleyo, kunye nenkqubo ecacileyo.

Ukuziphatha, ukuzimela ngokwako kusenokuba yinto engabonakaliyo. Ngokomzekelo, ijaji eyongamela ityala eliphezulu lemekobume ingaziva ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke yokulawula nxamnye nomzi - mveliso ongcolisayo. Umsebenzi ofanelekileyo kukubekela bucala loo ngcinezelo nokusebenzisa umthetho ngobundilele. Ngokufanayo, abagwebi kufuneka baphephe ukuba ngamalungu emibutho ekhethelwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokohlanga, ubufana, ubufana, unqulo, okanye imbonakalo yesini, njengokuba amaqela anokulalanisa ukuzimela nokungakhethi buso.

Ukukhuthala nokukhuthala

Abagwebi banembopheleleko yokugcina ubuchule obuphambili. Oku kuthetha ukuhlala usenza utshintsho kumthetho, kwiinkqubo, nakubugcisa. Ukuqhubeka nemfundo engokwasemthethweni akuyomfuneko; kuyimfuneko kwimimandla emininzi. Ukuququzelela kubandakanya ubuchule bokulawula ityala elinzima, ukubhala iimbono ezicacileyo neziqikelelekileyo, nokuqhuba imicimbi ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kokuncama okusesikweni. Inkcazo ithetha ukugqiba ngokukhawuleza imicimbi luhlobo lokungekho sikweni. Umzekelo, inkundla egweba iminyaka emininzi elawula ityala lomntwana nabazali inokwenza umonakalo ongenakulungiseka.

Uphando lwandisa ukuqonda iindawo ezintsha ezifana nobungqina bamanani, iprojekthi, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi olunqamlezayo. Abaxhasi babemi namhlanje kufuneka balwe nezixhobo zemali ezintsonkothileyo, imithetho yogcino-lwazi, kunye nokwenza izigqibo zomthetho-mthetho wemithetho-siseko. Ukungaphumeleli ukuvelisa ubuchule kwezi ndawo kungakhokelela kwimimiselo ephosakeleyo nokuphulukana nokuthembeka kwabantu.

Isidima noBundlobongela

Abagwebi bafanele bayiphephe nayiphi na ihambo ebonakala ingafanelekanga. Oku kuquka ukungasebenzisi isikhundla sokugweba ukuze kuzuze inzuzo yobuqu, ekukhuthazeni iimveliso zorhwebo, okanye ekubandakanyekeni kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko (kwimimandla apho umsebenzi onjalo uthintelwe). Izenzo zolawulo zikwalawula indlela yokuziphatha yomgwebi emagumbini: abasebenzi abamele baxhatshazwe, kwaye ulwazi oluyimfihlo kufuneka lukhuselwe.

Imithetho emininzi yentsebenziswano ifuna ukuba abagwebi babe nomonde, bahlonipheke, bangabi nambeko. Imithetho emininzi ifuna ukuba abagwebi babe nesidima, bahlonele, bahlonipheke. Kwakhona uluntu lusebenza kwiimbono ezibhaliweyo; abagwebi bafanele bakuphephe ukuhlasela amagqwetha okanye amaqela. Ukulondoloza imekobume enentlonelo kukhuthaza isimilo sabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba.

Ukuqhelisela Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo

Ukuqinisekisa Ubuhle Bendalo

Ubulungisa obusesikweni . Ngokufuthi bubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo efunekayo, ngokusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi yemilinganiselo. Kuthetha ukunika iqela ngalinye isaziso sezomthetho, ithuba lokuviwa, nesigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina. Abagwebi kufuneka bazilinde nxamnye nenkqubo zokususa izibuko ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, kwiinkundla ezincinane, apho iinkundla ezizibangayo zidla ngokuvela ngaphandle kwamagqwetha, abagwebi banembopheleleko engakumbi yokucacisa iinkqubo nokuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela azimeleyo ayawaqonda amalungelo awo. Oku akuthethi ukuba asebenze njengommeli wezibuko, kodwa kudala umgangatho wokudlala.

Ukulawula Iingxaki Zomdla

Ukungqubana kwenzala akuphepheki kuluntu olusondeleyo olusemthethweni. Abagwebi kufuneka baphawule ngokuphandle ungquzulwano olunokwenzeka olukhoyo/ulwalamano lwentsapho, izilangazelelo zemali, ulwalamano lwangaphambili lomthengi, okanye ikhethe lobuqu. Uxanduva lwemithetho yokuziphatha aluthethi ukuvuma nje kuphela xa kukho ingxabano kodwa kwakhona ukubhenca nayiphi na imeko enokubangela ukuba kuthandabuzeke ukungacaluli. Kwimithetho emininzi, abagwebi kufuneka bagcine uhlobo lwezemali. Ukungatyhili kungakhokelela kwisenzo sokukhupha isohlwayo, njengoko kuboniwe kwiimeko eziliqela eziphezulu apho abagwebi basuswayo ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwemiba impesa okanye izizalwane.

Ukuzifihla

Abagwebi bafumana ulwazi oluyimfihlo ngokuvalwa kwe-camerara, iintlanganiso, kunye nee-screens ezivaliweyo. Abamele balutyhile ulwazi olunjalo ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Lo msebenzi uyasebenza nasemva kokuqukunjelwa kwetyala. Uqukumbela imfihlelo ingazonakalisa ii-ligitation, inciphisana, kunye nokuphelisa ukuthembana kwijaji. Ngaphezu koko, abagwebi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba abasebenzi babo nabo bayazihlonela imfihlo. Kwiminyaka yoluvo, oku kuthetha ukukhusela iifayile ze-elektroniki, ukusebenzisa imijelo yonxibelelwano ekhuselekileyo, nokuphepha ukuxoxilongwa kwemicimbi kumajelo oluntu okanye kwiindawo zikawonke wonke.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Ngoxa ukuzimela ngokwawo kubalulekile, akuthethi ukuba abagwebi abamele baxelwe. Ukubonakala ngaphaya kwesigqibo somthetho sokwenza izigqibo ngokusemthethweni ngokuchaza ukuqiqa nokuhlola uluntu. Abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi bavumela ukuphengululwa koluntu ngokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zolawulo olusesikweni, iingcebiso, imisebenzi, kunye neenkundla ezivulekileyo. Bafanele bamkele ingxengxezo kwimibutho yebhari kunye nabantu ngokubanzi, ukuba nje ayizange ilalanise ukungakhethi kwabo. Ukuphendula komsebenzi kuqinisa ukuthemba kwabo ngokubonisa ukuba abagwebi banokuphendula kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Ezinzima

IBhaas (IiBhaas Ezingazi nto)

Kwanabona bagwebi bazimiseleyo baphethe ucalucalulo olungekho zingqondweni olubunjwe yindlela abakhuliswe ngayo, inkcubeko, namava. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ucalucalulo olucacileyo lungachaphazela imithetho ngokuthembeka, ngokugwetywa, nangomonakalo. Uqheliselo lwezobunzululwazi lufuna abagwebi ukuba babandakanye amanyathelo asebenzayo: ukukhuthaza ubuchule bokuyila ikhethe, ukusebenzisa ubuchule bokulungisa, kunye nokusebenzisa izixhobo zokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kubungqina. Ezinye iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa “aludwe” abagwebi abahlola ngaphambi kokuba baphumeze izigqibo. Ukuthetha ngenkani akuthethi ukuphelisa zonke izinto ezikhoyo. Oku akuthethi kuthi kungabi nakwenzeka ukuphelisa zonke izinto ezikhoyo.

Iingcinezelo Zangaphandle Nobuchule Bokuphanda

Kwixesha lezobupolitika ezidityanisiweyo kunye nemijikelo yeeyure ezingama-24 yeendaba, abagwebi abaya bejamelene nesisongelo, ukukhathazwa, kunye nohlaselo lwezobupolitika. Iimeko eziphezulu ze-profile . njengeziquka amalungelo okuqhomfa, iimbambano zokhetho, okanye iimfanelo zenkampani .---asenomont ibangela uluvo olunzulu lukawonke-wonke. Ucelomngeni lwendlela yokuziphatha kukugqiba amatyala ngokwemithetho, ingathandwa. Abagwebi kufuneka baxhathise isilingo “sokukholisa isihlwele” okanye ukuphembelela ulawulo ngendlela engafuni ukuphazanyiswa. Bamele bahambe bengenalwazi oluthi qhagame ngokugweba okanye ukupheza iziphumo ezizayo.

Uxinzelelo lwangaphandle luvela nakumthetho wenkqubo ("ii-ligit ments ezinamandla okanye kwanabagwebi abanamandla.) Umzekelo, ijaji ingaziva ingcinezelo evela kumgwebi omkhulu ukucombulula ityala ngandlela ithile. Inkululeko ifuna ukuxhathisa loo ngcinezelo. Imithetho yezomthetho isoloko isithintela ngokucacileyo ukuba igwebi lingavumeli impembelelo yabanye.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye noovimba bentlalo

Ubugcisa bunika iingxaki ezincinane zendlela yokuziphatha. Ukusetyenziswa kwezentlalo-ntle yabagwebi kungayifiphazi imigca phakathi kobomi bomntu ngamnye nobezolwazi. Ukunxulumana negqwetha kwi-Facebook kungadala imbonakalo yekhethe. Ukubethwa kwetyala elingu-(nenjalo) ngokweemeko jikelele ("ukungaphula imithetho yemfihlelo. Imithetho emininzi ngoku ayivumeli abagwebi ukuba bagqabaze amatyala azayo okanye asondelayo kwi-intanethi. Ngaphezu koko, abagwebi kufuneka baqonde ubungqina bemivo ukuze balawule kwiimeko ezinokufumaneka, amalungelo obuqu, kunye nokuthembeka. Umsebenzi wesiko ngoku uqukelele ukuqondwa okusisiseko kwendlela amaqongadi, ukuvulwa kogcino-data, kunye nokugcinwa kogcino-data.

Olunye ucelomngeni lobugcisa kukusetyenziswa kobuchule obungeyoyamvelo ekwenzeni izigqibo zomthetho. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa i-algorithm ukuvavanya umngcipheko kwibheyile okanye kwisigwebo. Abameli-mikhosi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izixhobo ezinjalo azifaki mkhethe, ukuba iindlela zabo zokubhala zicace, kwaye abahambisi igunya lobulungisa kwimatshini. Imigaqo yenzululwazi ixhomekeke kule miba.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubulumko Nokungaguqu-guquki

Abameli bamakhaya basoloko benobuchule obuphangaleleyo, umzekelo ekuboneni ukonakala, ukufumanisa unyango olulinganayo, okanye ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina. Ubulumko buyimfuneko ukuze baphumeze okusesikweni kwiimeko ezithile, kodwa ukuchana kwendlela egqithisileyo kungakhokelela ekungagwebini nasekungaxeli. Ucelomngeni lwendlela yokuziphatha kukusebenzisa ubulumko ngendlela eguquguqukayo nenemigaqo. Ukufunda imizekelo, ukubuzana noogxa besebenza nabo (ngokuthi ukulondoloza inkululeko), nokubambelela ekugwebeni okanye ekuchaseni imigaqo eyingozi kunokukunceda. Kwakhona abagwebi kufuneka bakulungele ukuchaza indlela abaqiqali-ngeyo ngokokuba baqonde isizathu sokuba iziphumo zemeko zahlukeneyo ziphumele kwiziphumo ezifana nezo.

Ukuhlangabezana Nomsebenzi Onzima Noxinezeleko

Umgangatho onzima womsebenzi wokugweba .(iyure ezinde, izibonda eziphezulu, ukudinwa, okunokukhokelela ekudinweni ngamandla, nto leyo ephazamisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Abagwebi abadinwayo bangaba nomsindo, abangakhathaliyo, okanye abatyekele ekuzinqumleni. Imbopheleleko yoosomashishini iquka ukuzinyamekela nokufuna inkxaso xa kuyimfuneko. Amanye amagunya anika abaquququzeleli abatsha iinkqubo zokuzimisela kakuhle okanye abacebisi. Ukuqaphela imida yamandla akho nokuthatha amanyathelo okugcina impilo akuzingcinga; ngumsebenzi kumaqela nakuququququzelela abantu abaxhomekeke kwizigqibo zesandi.

Isiphelo

Imbopheleleko yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yababambi-nxaxheba nabagwebi basekuhlaleni iphangalele njengabo. Ukusuka ekungakhethini nasekuzimeleni ukuya kubuchule kunye noluntu, yonke imigaqo isebenza eyona njongo iphambili: ijaji efanelwe kukuthenjwa nguluntu. Kwixesha lenguqulelo ekhawulezileyo . kwezobupolitika, kwezobugcisa, kunye nezentlalo-ntle, le migaqo inika ikhampasi eqinileyo. Ukuzixhasa kufuna ukuhlala bephaphaphile, bethobekile, kwaye bekulungele ukufunda. Abagwebi nabaquphi kufuneka bangayazi imithetho kodwa bayenze ibe yeyo ngaphakathi, besenza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ibe yinxalenye ephilayo yesigqibo ngasinye kunye nobudlelwane.

Amaziko asemthethweni ehlabathini lonke ayaqhubeka ecombulula imigaqo yawo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsha. Ikhowudi Yomzekelo Yokuziphatha Kwezahlulelo [[FLT: 1]] kunye [[FLT:] nemigaqo ye-UN-equadered Bangalore[ ihlala izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-[FLT] ikhomba yeNkqubano yeSebe le-United States inika ukhokelo olusebenzayo kwimithetho emininzi esesikweni. Ukufunda okubheke phambili, imisebenzi enje [ i-Imithetho yayo] igweba nemithetho yayo ye-Ethistiki ye-Ethis [[FLTLT:] [FLT], 2012] inikela ukujongwa okunzulu.