Ukukhusela Amalungelo

Imbopheleleko esisiseko karhulumente karhulumente wezwe lonke kukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kulawulo lwakhe. Lo msebenzi awungowokuqiqa nje; umiselwe kuMgaqo-siseko, unyanzelwa ngabameli besizwe, kwaye uchazwa yijaji. Ngaphandle kwalo maleko ukhuselayo, inkululeko yomntu ngamnye inokuba sengozini yokungenelela koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente kunye nabadlali babucala. UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ogunyazisiweyo ngo-1788, umi njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kunye nokupheliswa kwalo ngokucacileyo kuchaza ngokucacileyo inkululeko yokuba akukho rhulumente //dederal, okanye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

IBhili yamaLungelo, equka ezokuqala ezilishumi zokulungisa, yenza izijungqe zenkululeko yobuqu. Ngapha koko, izilungiso ezilandelayo zinyusiwe ukuqinisekisa ukulingana nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka:

  • IsiHlanziso soMphetho-sokuqala - Iqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yonqulo, yendibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. Oku kuguquliwe kuye kwaba sisixhobo esiphambili kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukusuka New York Times v. Sullivan [1964]] ku [FL:]
  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi sesi-Our – ukhusela abemi ekuphandeni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni. Kufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuphengulula okukhulu, umgaqo oye wabangela iingxoxo zale mihla nxamnye ngendawo eyimfihlo yamanani kunye nokuhlola.
  • [[NTL:0] ISichibiyelo seNkqutyana - - iqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo yomthetho, ithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini, kwaye ikhusela ekuzichasa. Ilungelo lokuhlala buthule kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwetyala elibalaseleyo labachophele ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu olusuka kule ngxaki.
  • [[NTL:0] UHluliso lweNkqutyana – mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo kumandla orhulumente, inika bonke abantu abazelweyo okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ikwalela ukuba zingabalwa ekukhanyeni nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo efunekayo. Ukukhusela kwayo u-Ceta Claus kuye kwaba sisiseko samalungelo abantu, kuquka idesevolovolontium (Brown v. Board yemfundo, 1954]) kunye nomlinganiselo womtshato ([[[FLT:]] i-OGROberge.[FLT]

Lo mGaqo-siseko ukhusela unyanzeliswe kwinkqubo yenkundla yelo zwe, neNkundla ePhakamileyo esebenza njengesona sigqeba. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukwanamandla okumisela ukukhusela amalungelo angacaciswanga ngokucacileyo (ngomzekelo, uMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka-1964, owawuphelisayo ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Lo mthetho wakhupha igunya lawo kuMphathi-Msebenzi kaClassiste Clauscese kunye noMphengululi we-1459, ubonakalisa indlela indima yomthetho ekwandiswa ngayo ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ye-societa.

Ukunyanzelwa kwamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ukukhusela amalungelo ephepha kuthetha okuncinane ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Urhulumente wesizwe wenza amasebe amaninzi asebenza ngokuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho yamalungelo abantu. IMvumelo yeJaji (DOJ) yamaLungelo e-Ovinity nguMnyanzelisi ophambili, namasebe anikelwe ekuphulweni kwamalungelo abantu, ukuvota amalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho, ukuhlaliswa kwezindlu kunye nocalucalulo lwemisebenzi, kunye nokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa.

IKhomishini ye- Equalial Umqambi Ofikelelwa kumaxhoba (EOC) isingatha ukucalucalulo emsebenzini. Ngonyaka wama-2023 kuphela, i-EEOC yafumana iityala ezingaphezu kwama-80 000 zocalucalulo, ikhusela amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kwimpumlo kumaxhoba. Ngokufanayo, ukukhutshwa kwe House kunye nophuhliso lwe-Urban (HUD)[[FLT]] [FLT] Umthetho weFairhouse Act, ukuvavanya izikhala zocalucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ukukhubazeka, ukuma kwe-familia, kunye nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kudlulela kwimfundo ngeRhulumente ye- ye-Ofisi yeDrizeskomfono yoLuntu, eqinisekisa ukuba izikolo neekholeji ezifumana imali zikarhulumente azicalucalucalulo ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, isiphene, okanye ubudala. Le ofisi iye yangundoqo ekuthetheni neSihloko se-IX ronski, kuquka ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa kwezentlalo.

Omnye wemizekelo ebonakalayo yokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu karhulumente yenzeka ngexesha leMbutho yaMalungelo e-1960, xa urhulumente wesizwe (wakhuthazwa liSebe leJaji phantsi kweNkxaso-mikhosi uRobert F.Kennedy/________wayekwayo ukukhusela abaxhasi kugonyamelo olukhutshwe ngurhulumente. Kutshanje, imimiselo yorhulumente isetyenzisiwe ukuguqula amasebe amapolisa kwizixeko ezifana ne-Ferguson, Missouri, neBaltimore, Maryland, ibalase imfuneko eqhubekayo yolawulo lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Kubemi abakholelwa ukuba amalungelo abo aphulwe, inyathelo lokuqala lidla ngokukhalaza nombutho wasekuhlaleni. IDOJ igcina icala le-intanethi lokuxela ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla eziphethe ityala lilungiselela indawo kubantu ngabanye abamangalelwa ngurhulumente okanye abadlali ababucala abachasa amalungelo abo omGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho.

Icebo langaphandle: DOJ Amalungelo e-Pologn Recation website esemthethweni

Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo

Ngaphandle kokukhusela amalungelo, urhulumente unika imbopheleleko yokunikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezixhomekeke kwizigidi zabantu baseMerika mihla le. Ezi nkonzo ziquka ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, ukuzondla, ukukhuselwa umhlala-phantsi, nokusabela kwintlekele. Ngoxa amazwe noorhulumente basekuhlaleni beqhuba uninzi lweenkqubo, inkxaso-mali nemigangatho yesizwe iqinisekisa ukufumaneka nokungaguquguquki kwemeko yelizwe lonke.

ISebe lezeMpilo

Urhulumente wesizwe uqhuba iinkqubo ze-inshorensi yempilo enkulu yelizwe. AmaMedicare, amiselwe ngo1965 phantsi kweSihloko se-XVIII soKhuseleko lwezeNtlalo, unika abantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu inte, kunye nabancinane abaneziphene ezithile okanye izifo zedesikali. I-Medicane yahlulwe ngokweenxenye ezine: Icandelo A (i-i-inshorensidensi), icandelo B (i-Scuredisolitive), icandelo C (intenxaso yemali enikelwa ngabantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-66 ukuya kweli-565, kunye nePart D (incosoluxa sokunikwa kweziyobisi esigunyazisa). Ngonyaka wama-2023, iMedicape i-65 lezigidi ezi-A.

I-Medicaid, edalwe ecaleni kweMedicare phantsi kweSihloko se-XIX, yinkqubo yengingqi edityanisiweyo enika inkcaso yempilo kubantu abaphantsi, kuquka abantwana, amabhinqa akhulelweyo, abantu abadala, nabantu abakhubazekileyo. Urhulumente wezwe umisela isiseko se-line-alline efunekayo kunye nokulingana kwemeko ezichithwa phakathi kwe 50% kunye no-78%. UMthetho we-Afford Carence (ACA) owandisiweyo we-Medicaid ukugquma bonke abantu abadala ngengeniso ukuya ku-13% yeqondo lobuhlwempula obuphezulu kumaphondo. Njengoko be-2024, ama-40, ama-orelity e-Colunt, anikezela izigidi ezikhoyo ngaphambili [FOGenega yokwa] [FOG.]

UMthetho weNtolongo Ongenakuhanjwa [[FFford Care Care] (2010)] watshintsha inkqubo yokunyamekela impilo yase-U.S. ngokuseka iintengiso ze-inshorensi yempilo, okuthintela ukukhanyelwa kwentengiso ngenxa yeemeko ezikhoyo, uvumela abantu abadala abaselula ukuba bahlale kwiinjongo zabazali de babe neminyaka engama-26 ubudala, kwaye banikele inkxaso-mali kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephakathi. Urhulumente wesizwe uqhuba i-Healthment Care.gov, iqonga lokubhalisa lamazwe akhetha ukungahambi ngezamvo zabo.

Ngaphezu kwe-inshorensi, imali karhulumente yezonyango kawonke-wonke isetyenziswa yi- izibande zokuthintela izifo kunye nokuthintela (CDC) kunye ne- National Institutes of Health (NIH). ICDC ilawula izifo ezihlaselayo, icwangcisa ummiselo, kwaye inika ukhokelo lwezenzululwazi kwisebe lezempilo. I-NIH, ingxowa-mali kawonke-wonke yophando lwe-bhayoloji ehlabathini, ixhasa izifundo ezikhokelela ekunyangeni unyango olutsha kunye nokunyanga izifo ezifana nomhlaza, ii-Alzzzhezi, kunye neHIV/AIDS.

Icebo langaphandle: Medicare.gov – Inxuwa elingowona Mgaqo-siseko we-U.S.Indawo kaRhulumente weMedicare

Iinkonzo zemfundo

Indima karhulumente kwimfundo ngokuyintloko yeyokuxhasa iSibonelelo semali nesemgangathweni, njengoko uMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi ugcinelwa ulawulo oluthe ngqo kwimfundo kumazwe nakwimimandla. Sekunjalo, i-dola yengingqi inempembelelo enamandla kwi-equation nexabiso. Ipat I- yeSibonelelo se-Datary and Secondal Education Act (EA), idluliswe okokuqala ngo-1965 kunye neenkqubo ezigunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni njenge-A Sceddys Act (SA) ngo-2015, ithumela amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ezikolweni ezikhonza iipesenti ezisezantsi ezingenisa iingeniso. Aba bafundi baxhasa abafundisayo, izibonelelo zokufundisa, uphuhlisolwazi, uphuhlisolwazi, kunye neenkqubo zokusondela kwizithuba ezikhoyo.

Kwimfundo ephakamileyo, urhulumente wezwe unika amaGrant , anika uncedo lwemali olusekelwe kwimali ukuze afumane abafundi abaphantsi kwegunya. Ngokungafaniyo nemali-mboleko, uPell Grants akamele ahlawule. Ngonyaka wewaphulo, uPel Grant wayengu-$7,395. Inkqubo yokufundisa ngemali-mali ebolekisiweyo ikwavumela abafundi ukuba baboleke ngqo kurhulumente, ngemali ehlawulwayo kunye neenketho yokukhokha yenkonzo yokunceda uwonke wonke ekhoyo.

I- Inkqubo yesiqalo , eqaliswe ngo1965 njengenxalenye kaMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson unikezele kwimfundo yabantwana bamandulo, impilo, ukutya, kunye nokubandakanyeka komzali kubantwana abasuka kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Intloko isebenza kubantwana abangaphezu kwama-800,000 ngonyaka, kunye neenkqubo ezisebenza kwingingqi nganye. Uphando lubonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwiNqalo-phambili badla ngokuphumelela kakhulu kwisikolo esiphezulu, ukuya ekholejini, kwaye bafumana ingeniso ephezulu kamva ebomini.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unyanzelisa amalungelo emfundo nge Abantu abanoMthetho wemfundo okhubazekileyo (IDEA), oqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lunemfundo elungileyo (FAPE) ebantwaneni abaneziphene. I-IDEA inika inkxaso-mali yesizwe kumazwe ukutshintshisana nokuthobela imiyalelo yayo, kuquka ukuphuhliswa kweMimiselo yezemfundo yoLuntu (IEP) kunye nokubekwa kwemeko-bume engqongqo kakhulu.

Ngokwangoku, urhulumente wesizwe unika malunga ne-8% yemali yemfundo epheleleyo yeK-12, kodwa imali ibalulekile ekujoliseni phantsi kwabemi abaseleyo. ISebe le-Ofisi yezemfundo yaMasipala likwaqinisekisa ukuba izikolo zihambelana neSihloko se-IX, iCandelo lama-504 eMgaqo-siseko weRehabilitation, neminye imimiselo engeyoyoyoyoyayiyo imigaqo yokwahlula-mthetho.

Icebo langaphandle: [[UMTL:0]U.S. Isebe lemfundo[[UMTLW:1]

Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle

Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle zimela umnatha wokhuseleko okhusela izigidi zabantu baseMerika ekuweleni ekwaphulweni. Ukhuseleko lobunyani, olwenziwe ngo-1935 yi-Social Security Act karhulumente, yinkqubo enkulu karhulumente. Inika iingenelo zabahlolo abakhenkethi, abafelwa, nabafelwa abaxhomekeke kubantwana abafelweyo, kunye nesiphene sinceda abasebenzi abangakwazi ukusebenza ngenxa yengxaki enzima. Njengoko ngowama-2023, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70 zama-70 ze-America zafumana iinzuzo zokhuseleko lwezentlalo-ntle. Inkqubo ihlawulwa ngerhafuthelo ehlawulwa ngabasebenzi nabaqeshi, iqokelelwe njengeFA (Intervector Conservations Active Active Actives). Irhafumfa yokhuseleko lujongene nobunzima obude bemali ngenxa yokwaluphala, iziphumo ezihlawulwa yimali ezikhoyo ezithe zamashumi mathathu.

I- Inkqubo ye-Supplial Instruction Information Application Program (SNAP), eyayisaziwa njengezitembu zokutya, inika iinzuzo zenyanga nganye ezinokusetyenziswa ziintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi ukuthenga ukutya. Isebe le-U.S.S. i-SPAP lineziphumo ezinamandla: i-URBANA i-SAP yasebenza u-avareji-41 lezigidi zabantu ngonyaka wama-2023. I-Eligidi isekelwe kwingeniso nakwimidaliyo ephantsi, kunye nemali epheleleyo, nabantu abadala abakwaziyo ngaphandle kwemiqatha exhomekeke ekusebenzeni. I-SNP i-AP ineziphumo ezithelekelelwayo: kwi-Urban 2018, i-SNP i-5222, i-5-odvens ku-omforeyibhini.

Inkxaso engundoqo kwiintsapho ezifuna uncedo (TTANF) yathatha indawo yoncedo kwiintsapho ngabantwana abaNcedisiweyo (AFDC) ngo1996 njengenxalenye yotshintsho lwentlalo-ntle. i-TTANF inika izibonelelo zokulawula, ngoko eziyila iimali zazo zemali kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza kwiintsapho ezinabantwana. Amazwe kufuneka adibane nenani lomsebenzi kunye nokubeka imida yexesha elisisigxina (*iminyaka emihlanu kunyaka edlulileyo ukuze afumane uncedo lorhulumente.) Ukukhuthaza ukuzifaka izixabisi kuye kwancipha kakhulu ukususela koo1990, kodwa abagxeki bephikisa ukuba iintsapho ezininzi ezifanelekele ukuncedwa, kwaye zifumana iinzuzo eziye zarhoxanduva.

Ezinye iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yasekuhlaleni ziquka Izinyusi Zokhetho (Uthumo 8) olulawulwa yi-HUD, Inkqubo eSisigxina yeNkcubeko yoLuntu yaMabhinqa, yeNcasa, neyokuNtlalo-ntle (WIC), kunye [FLT] ne-Invovetoove Enerctive Effective Program (LIEP)[FLD:5]. Ezi nkqubo zonke ziveza ukuzinikela kukarhulumente worhulumente womhlaba ekulungiseleleni umgangatho wokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho.

Icebo langaphandle: SNAP – Inkqubo yoncedo lweNtlalo-Mveli (USDA)

Ezinye Iimbopheleleko Zomanyano Ezimanyumnyezi

Ngeli xesha ukhuseleko lwamalungelo kunye nelungiselelo lenkonzo ligutyungelwe kweli nqaku, urhulumente wesizwe uphumeza eminye imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ebumba impumelelo nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukhuselo lwesizwe mhlawumbi lungoyena lusisiseko: umGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe nokunyusa imikhosi, kwaye uMongameli usebenza njengoMthetheli-iNkulutho wemikhosi exhobileyo. ISebe lokhuselo lolonga uqingqo-mali olukhulu lwezomkhosi, uqinisekisa ukuba ukulungele ukunqumla onke amasebe.

Inkqubo kunye nolawulo lwamazwe angaphandle ziimbopheleleko zikarhulumente. ISebe leRhulumente lilawula ulwalamano namanye amazwe nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, liququzelela izivumelwano, lize linike uncedo kumazwe asakhasayo. Kwakhona urhulumente wengingqi ulawula ushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe nakwamanye amazwe, umisela inkqubo yemali ngeFederal Reserve, kwaye uqokelela iirhafu ukuxhasa imisebenzi yawo. I-International Revenue Service (IRS) isebenzisa umthetho werhafum, ohlawula yonke into ukususela kwiingqayinti yoo yoomatilo-mhlaba ukuya kwiipaki zesizwe.

Enye indawo engundoqo kukukhusela imeko-bume. I-EPA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisela imithetho enjenge-Cease Air Act kunye noMthetho wamanzi acocekileyo, imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yolawulo longcoliso kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma oluyingozi. Amaziko alawula umhlaba oManyeneyo, kuquka iNational Park Service, iFrence, kunye neBureaument of Land Ulawulo lwamazwe kawonke-wonke, ajongelathisa amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zeehektare zamazwe, alungelelanisa ulondolozo zokuzonwabisa kunye nokhuthulo lwemali.

Ukulungelelanisa Iindima Zomanyano Nezaseburhulumenteni

Ukuqonda iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente karhulumente kufuna ukuvuma umgaqo wolawulo lwamagunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi uthi amandla awagunyaziswanga iUnited States ngomGaqo-siseko, okanye angavumelekanga ngawo, agcinelwe amaphondo okanye abantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkonzo ezininzi zibekwe kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Ngokunjalo, njengokhuseleko lwamapolisa, ugcino lweendlela, nezikolo zikawonke-wonke-wonke zingurhulumente ophambili nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, urhulumente usoloko ehamba ngemali, imilinganiselo, kunye nomthetho wokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali okanye ukungaphumeleli kwedilesi. Umzekelo, urhulumente worhulumente umisela imivuzo encinane kunye noxandumiso ngaphantsi koMthetho weSibonelelo weSibonelelo seSizwe, kodwa urhulumente unokwenza imivuzo ephezulu.

Ukudlala phakathi kwamanqanaba karhulumente kungakhokelela kuxinezeleko, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana namalungelo okuvota, ukunyanzelisa abantu ukuba bangene kwamanye amazwe, kunye nenkqubo yezonyango. Ubuchule bukarhulumente wengingqi bokukhulula umthetho karhulumente phantsi koMlawuli weSupremacy Claus buqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yesizwe iyaphumelela xa kukho ingxabano, kodwa amaphondo agcina inkululeko engundoqo. Le mithetho enamandla ivumela ukuvavanya /iiimeko ezinamandla zisebenza “njengobuchule bedemokhrasi”.Ngoko kuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo esisiseko yokukhusela bonke abemi.

Isiphelo

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente worhulumente zidlulela ngaphaya kokhuseleko olulula lwamalungelo kunye nelungiselelo leenkonzo. Kwizikhuseli zomgaqo-siseko eziqinisekisa ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kwiinkqubo ezinkulu ezinika ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, kunye nenkxaso yokondleka, urhulumente uchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika. Amaqumrhu okunyanzelisa amalungelo amakhaya asebenza imihla ngemihla ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko kungaphezulu kwamazwi akwizintsuba. Ii-inshorensi kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lwentlalo zinika uzinzo ngokwezoqoqosho kwiintsapho ezijamelene nobunzima. Yaye ngeendima zazo zokukhusela, inkqubo yezorhwebo, kunye nolawulo, urhulumente ugcina isiseko soluntu sisebenza imihla ngemihla yonke ukuze siphumelele.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda ezi mbopheleleko kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Kunika abantu amandla okwazi amalungelo abo, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo ezikhoyo, nokubeka ityala kurhulumente wabo. Inkqubo karhulumente ayimi ndawonye; ivela ngomthetho, ngemithetho yenkundla, nangengcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Ukuhlala ubandakanyekile kwindlela ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngayo linyathelo lokuqala lokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwibutho ledemokhrasi.