Isiseko esisemthethweni seemfuno ezinqhwithela kugcino-lwazi lwamafu

Ulwamkelo olukhawulezileyo lweenkonzo zamafu — ukusuka kwiGoogle Drive kunye ne-Coloud ukuya kwiMicrosoft OneDrive — lutshintshe ngokusisiseko indlela i-data yomntu egcinwe ngayo kwaye ifikelelwe ngayo. La maqonga aqulethe umfanekiso onzulu othe ngqo wobomi babantu: imiyalezo yabucala, imbali yendawo, iingxelo zemali, amaxwebhu ezonyango, kwanogcino-lwazi lwezebhayoloji. Ngenxa yobuchule kunye nomlinganiselo wale nkcazelo, izakhiwo zomthetho kulo mhlaba wonke zimisele iimfuno ezicacileyo phambi kokuba umthetho unyanzele okanye ezinye imikhosi karhulumente ingakwazi ukunyanzela umnikezeli wenkcazelo yomsebenzisi.

EUnited States, uHlaziyo lweSine kuMgaqo-siseko lusebenza njengendawo yokukhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Iinkundla ziye zasoloko zisebenzisa olu khuselo kugcino-lwazi lwamanani olugcinwe ngamaqela amathathu, kuquka iinkonzo zamafu. Inqaku lembali 2018 2018 Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo . IUnited States iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usoloko efuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esifanelekileyo sokufumana ulwazi lwe-cellbonelo lwendawo egcinwe ngumnikezeli wenkonzo. Nangona elo tyala liphathelwe ngqo indawo ekuyo i-data yecell, ukuqiqaqal'o kwalo lwalo lwalo lunyuselwa kwezinye iintlobo zezi zixhobo ezigcinwe kwili.

Umgaqo-siseko wolawulo lwesiseko solawulo lwe-data yamafu izicelo ze-data eU.S. nguMthetho woThungelwano olugciniweyo (SCA), odluliswe njengenxalenye yoMthetho we-Electronic Communications Ancy Act ka 1986. I-SCA yahlula phakathi kweendidi ezimbini ze-data: okuqulethweyo (umz., okubhaliweyo kwe- email, umfanekiso) kunye nokungadibanisi (umz., igama lomnikezi, idilesi ye-IP, i-metam). Ukufumana okuninzi kufuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo, ngexa ukungaququkiyo kungafikelelwa ngemitya encinci okanye imigaqo yenkundla engalinganiyo. Ngoko, imigca ephakathi kokuquluzwa kwe-metallifiki kunye nee-stator, kunye neenkampani ezininzi ngoku zifuna isiqinisekiso soninzi lwe-data-data-exams.

Imeko-bume yehlabathi jikelele ikhusela ngokufanayo. I-European Union’s General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR) ibeka iimeko ezingqongqo nakuyiphi na inkqubo yogcino-lwazi lobuqu, kuquka ukutyhilwa komthetho olandelwayo. Phantsi kweGatya 48, naluphi na ugwebo okanye umyalelo ofuna umnikezeli wokudlulisela ugcino-lwazi lobuqu kufuneka aqwalaselwe okanye anyanzeliswe ngesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe zonke — ngokunempumelelo kufuna imvume okanye ugunyaziso olulinganayo ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano esikhethekileyo soncedo olusemthethweni (MLAT) siyasebenza. Amazwe anjengeJamani, iJapan, kunye ne-Australia aye amisela imithetho yawo yokufikelela ulwazi ebonakalisa le migaqo, ngokufuthi efuna isiqinisekiso sasekhaya xa igcinwe kumazwe aphesheya.

Indlela Yokukhetha Emele Yaneliswe Yindlela Efanelekileyo Yokwanela

Isiqinisekiso asilophepha nje kuphela — kufuneka lihlangabezane nemilinganiselo engqongqo elawula urhulumente ofuna uphando ngemiqathango efihlakeleyo. Abanikezeli bamafu bahlolisisa ngenyameko isiqinisekiso ngasinye ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela phambi kokukhupha nayiphi na i-data yomsebenzisi. Imigaqo engundoqo iquka:

  • Isizathu esifanelekileyo: Urhulumente kufuneka anike ubungqina obaneleyo kumagwebi angathathi-nxaxheba ukuba ugcino-lwazi olufunwayo lunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile. Lo mgangatho uphezulu kunokrokrelo nje olukhoyo kwaye ukwamkelwa komnyango omnye ofunekayo ekukhangeleni ikhaya elibonakalayo okanye iofisi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ngobuchule ugcino-lwazi oluza kuphendwa nokubanjwa. Ulwimi lwe Vague olufana “naluphi na nonxibelelwano” ludla ngokulahlwa. Isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo soluhlu lwe akhawunti yomsebenzisi, iindidi zomhla, iindidi zolwazi (umz., ii-imeyili, iifayile zamafu, ii-logs), kunye neqonga elibandakanyekileyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ugunyaziso lwamaJudicial: Ijaji okanye imaji ihlola isicelo, iqinisekisa ukuba sidibana nemfuno yomgaqo-siseko neyomthetho. Isivumelwano kufuneka sityikitywe sitywinwe sitywinwe, kwaye sisoloko sifika ngomyalelo ongeyo we-discloursure okwexeshana onqanda umnikezi ukuba angamtyumbisi umsebenzisi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umboniso kunye noxanduva: Izixhobo zomjuxuzo zidla ngokulinganiselwa ngexesha kwaye kufuneka zibulawe ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukuhamba ngokhangelo kufuna uhlaziyo lwexesha, kwaye ezinye izithuba zilinganisela ugunyaziso lokuqala kwiintsuku ezingama-30 okanye ezingama-90.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Yemiqobo Efanelekileyo

Qwalasela uphando lobuqhetseba apho abarhanelwa bekholelwa khona apho abasebenzi besebenzisa iBoxbox ukugcina ii-invoice ezingeyonyaniso. Isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo singathiya iakhawunti ethile yeBoxbox (umz., idilesi ye-imeyili), iwindow yenyanga ezimbini apho ii-invoice zadalwa khona, kunye nentlobo zeefayile (umz., i-PDFs, izakusasaza). Isiqinisekiso singaxhaswa ngumniki-mali obonisa isizathu esilindelekileyo — umzekelo, ingxelo yobungqina yokuba ukrokrelezo lufake inkohliso kwi-liv. Ngokwahlukileyo, isicelo esiqhelekileyo “zonke iifayile ezivela kulo msebenzisi" ngeminyaka emithathu, ngaphandle kwe-nexus kumsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho, mhlawumbi siya kukwaliwa ngumnikezeli okanye ukhuthulo oluphantsi enkuhla kwenkundla.

Abanikezeli bamafu abanjengoGoogle kunye ne Apple bafumana amashumi amawaka eemfuno ngonyaka. Ngokwengxelo yakutshanje yokubona i-Apple, inkampani yala i-oyile i-15% yezicelo eyazifumanayo ngenxa yokusilela ukufikelela imigangatho esemthethweni — ngokufuthi ngenxa yesizathu esingesiso okanye ukungabikho kwanto. Le nkqubo yokubhenela ayiyomfuneko; ukungaphumeleli ukuhambisana nesiqinisekiso esinesiphene kungabhenela kumnikezi-tyala wasekuhlaleni okanye kwaneemfuno zomgaqo-siseko ofunyenwe ngumsebenzisi ochaphazelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Olukhethekileyo Ekufumaneni Ugcino - lwazi Lwamafu

Ngelixesha ummiselo osemthethweni wemvume umiselwe kakuhle, ukunyanzelisa kujongene nemiqobo emininzi eyenza uphando lube nzima.

Iimpikiswano zeJurisdictalial kunye nokuhlaziywa kogcino-lwazi

Iinkonzo zamafu zisoloko zigcina ugcino-lwazi kumaziko amaninzi ogcino-lwazi ngaphaya kwemida yesizwe. Umxhasi obekwe kwikomkhulu lesizwe eUnited States angafaka ugcino-lwazi lomsebenzisi waseYurophu kwisakhiwo esithile eIreland okanye eSingapore. Xa umthetho onyanzelisayo welizwe elithile ufuna isiqinisekiso sogcino-lwazi olugcinwe kwelinye, inkqubo ithambeka kwimithetho engqubanayo esemthethweni. ICLOUD Act (Imithetho Esemthethweni Engaphezulu Komthetho) ka-2018 uzama ukuphendula le nto ngokuvumela ukuba i-U.S. i-Alls. i-offsensitive system isebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwi-data egcinwe kwelinye ilizwe, logama nje inkampani ifikelele kuyo. Ngokunjalo, oorhulumente bangaphandle banokungena kwizivumelwano ze-biblic e-U.S. ukuze bafumane i-U.U.S.

Noko ke, le ndlela iye yabangela ukuba abaxhasi be-U.S. kunye namagunya athile aseYurophu, abathi bayichasa imithetho yokhuseleko logcino-lwazi yasekuhlaleni njenge-GDPR. umzekelo, ukuba iU.S. isebenzisa isiqinisekiso kwiMicrosoft sedata egcinwe eJamani, Microsoft ingajamelana nempikiswano: ivumelana nemvume (i-GDRR yokwaphula umthetho) okanye iyala (ukungathobeli intlonelo kwinkundla yogcino-lwazi ye-data ye-U.S.). Ezinye iinkampani ziye zasebenzisa isiqinisekiso sokuzidibanisela, njengoko kuboniwe kwityala le-Microsoft Ireland (20.2011), nto leyo ekugqibeleni eyagqitywa yi-CLOUD Act. Ingxabano efanayo ivela ngemithetho yasekuhlaleni eRashiya, kunye ne-Indiya, ezifuna ukuba zigcine ulwazi ngaphakathi kunye nemvume yokugweba nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo ekhoyo.

Ukubhala Ubuxoki Neengxaki Zobugcisa

Isiphelototóend copyrder ithe ibe luphawu olusezantsi lweenkonzo zamafu ezininzi, kuquka i-iMessap, Whats App, kunye nezinye iziqalelo ze-Google Drive. Xa idata ifihliwe kangangokuba umnikezeli akanakuyifunda, isiqinisekiso singanganyanzelekanga. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ngoko kufuneka kunyanzele umsebenzisi ukuba anikezele igama lakhe eligqithisiweyo okanye isitshixo sokukhowuda (okunyusa ulwandoqo lwezi lweFind lwezi khowudi (okuthi ququlunu lwezinziso lwendawo e-U.S.) okanye ukuzama ukwaphula ukuvulwa kombhalo wokuguqulela ngokufihlakeleyo ngendlela yobugcisa. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo malunga “ukufikelela okungalawulekiyo” - ifuna iinkampani zobugcisa ukuba zakhe iintambo zomthetho, ukushukulwa ngamandla okuchasene nokhuseleko.

Ngo-2020, iSebe leJaji lase-U.S. lakhulula umyalelo wenkundla onyanzelisa ukuba kuncediswe ekuvuleni iPhones zonobangela wokudubula okuninzi. I-Apple yaxhathisa, iphikisa into yokuba ukwenza ufikelelo olunjalo kuya kwenza buthathaka ukhuseleko lwabo bonke abasebenzisi. Ityala laphoswa emva kokuba iqela elingaphandle linike isisombululo sobugcisa, kodwa imbambano ayikapheli. Xa kuvela i-data yelifu, kuphakama ingxushungxushunxushunxushungxusho efanayo: isiqinisekiso sinokuba sifanelekile ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ukuba umnikezeli akakwazi ukuvumelana nobuchule babo bonke abasebenzisi. Ityala lisenokungapheliswa — ukuphengulula.

Izivumelwano zoNcedo olungokwasemthethweni (MLAT)

Xa imvume evela kwelinye ilizwe ijolise kugcino-lwazi kwelinye, yaye kungekho sivumelwano seCLOUD, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kuxhomekeke kwii-MLAT — izivumelwano ezi-bidate ezivumela ukunqamleza kophindo-mda kunye. Inkqubo ye-MLAT ithe tye kakhulu, idla ngokuthatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Uhlolisiso lwe-2017 lweSebe leSigwebi lase-U.A 2017 lufumanise ukuba isicelo esiqhelekileyo se-MLLAT sathatha iinyanga ezilishumi ukuqhuba. Oku kulibazisa ukuphanda okukhawulezileyo okubandakanya ubuphengululi, ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana, okanye ukurhwebela ngeziyobisi.

Ukukhawulezisa ukufikelela ngokusemthethweni, amazwe amaninzi athetha ngezivumelwano ezintsha, ezinjenge-EU .I-Frameslywork yogcino-lwazi, equka iindlela zokufaka ulwazi. Okwangoku, abanikezeli belifu bona ngokwabo basoloko bevumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhuphele ulwazi lwabo, ngoko ukunyanzelisa umthetho kungazama ukufumana ugcino-lwazi ngqo kumsebenzisi (isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula isixhobo) kunokuba kuqukwe ngumnikezi-mali — kodwa loo ndlela ikwanomda ukuba ugcino-lwazi alugcinwanga kwindawo ethile.

Iingcebiso zobuqu nokulungelelana noKhuseleko loLuntu

The warrant requirement exists precisely to protect individuals from overreach, but the expanding reach of cloud storage raises consequential privacy questions. One concern is the rise of “reverse warrants” — requests for data not about a specific suspect but about all users who visited a particular location or used a certain search term. The ACLU has criticized such broad‑based demands as an end‑run around individualized probable cause. In 2023, a Virginia court issued a warrant requiring Google to disclose the account information of any user who searched a particular person’s address — effectively a warrant for thousands of innocent users. The warrant was ultimately withdrawn after legal challenges, but the tactic represents a growing trend.

Enye imbambano kukusetyenziswa “kwemeko ezigqithisileyo” ukugqitha kwimfuneko efunekayo. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungathetha ukuba isisongelo esisondeleyo (umz. ukuqweqwedisa okuhambela phambili) ukufuna ukufumaneka kogcino-lwazi olukhawulezileyo ngaphandle kwemvume. Nangona kuvumelekile ngokusemthethweni kwiimeko ezimxinwa, iinkampani ezifana neTwitter kunye neMeta ziye zabhala amakhulu ezicelo ezinjalo nyaka ngamnye, maxa wambi ziswele uqinisekiso olwaneleyo. Abameli bomthetho-mquluko baphikisa ngelithi oku kusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo, ukuthoba umgangatho osemthethweni wesiseko.

Kwelinye icala, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kuphikisa ukuba imfuneko zogunyaziso kufuneka zihambelane nemeko-bume yamanani yale mihla. Ugcino-lwazi lokuba kwiminyaka yangaphambili inokuba yeyokwexeshana (umnxeba, incoko yobuso obubonakalayo) ngoku igcinwe ngokusisigxina ngabanikezeli bamafu. Iflegic Foundation Foundation [[FLT: 1]] ikhawulezise ukuba oku kuhlala njalo kwenza ukhuseleko lube yimfuneko ngakumbi. Ingxoxo yemithetho iyaqhubeka iguquka kwiinkundla nakwizindlu zowiso-mthetho.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Kubantu Abasebenzisayo Ukuze Bomeleze Imicimbi Yabo Yangasese

Ngoxa inkqubo yomthetho ikhusela abantu, umntu ngamnye unokuthabatha amanyathelo angakumbi okunciphisa ukugcinwa komthetho kulula ukufikelela inkcazelo yamafu:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Yenza kusebenze isiphelo sokukhowuda kukhuseleko logcino-lwazi oluxhasiweyo (umz., i-Coloud Ehambele phambili, Umqondiso weposi, i Proton Drive ukwenzela iifayile). Oku kuthintela umnikezeli ekubeni akwazi ukunikezela ngaphezulu komxholo ofundekayo nangaphantsi kwesiqinisekiso esisebenzayo — nangona isenokubonisa i-metadata.
  • Sebenzisa ugqithiso olomeleleyo, olungaqhelekanga kunye neziqinisekiso ezimbini zokunqanda ukufumaneka kwe-akhawunti okungekho mthethweni, njengomthetho wonyanzelo maxa wambi ugqitha umnikezi ngokulalanisa ii-akhawunti zomsebenzisi.
  • Phantsi kwengxelo yenginginya yomnikezi wakho kunye nenkqubo yabucala. Iintlanganiso ezifana noGoogle no-Apple zipapasha rhoqo iingxelo ezichaza ukuba zininzi kangakanani imfuneko ezizifumanayo kwaye zivumelana kangaphi. Oku kungakwazisa ukhetho lwakho lwenkonzo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ugcino lwamafu lwe data eveveve kakhulu ukuba kuyenzeka. Cinga ngokufihlwa kwefayile zasekuhlaleni phambi kokuzifaka, usebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne VeraCrypt okanye Crypmatomr, ukwenzela ukuba ubambe amaqhosha okukhupha ikhowudi.
  • Yazi iimfuno zokwazisa okusemthethweni. Ulawulo oluninzi lufuna ukuba uqikelelo lomthetho ukuze ukwazise emva kokuba isiqinisekiso siphumile (nangona oku kungalibaziseka ngemiyalelo ye gag). Ukwazi amalungelo akho — njengamandla okuvavanya isiqinisekiso emva kwemeko — kungakunceda ukuba uthathe inyathelo ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwakho lufikelelwe ngaphandle kokuthethelela.

Ikamva Leemfuno Ezimangalisayo Zogcino - lwazi Lwamafu

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha, umgaqo-siseko osemthethweni uza kuqhubeka utshintsha. IKhomishini ingahlaziya uMthetho we-Electronic Communications Ancy Act ukuze ilungelelene neziphumo ze-21stûtucentury. Okwangoku, imithetho yomgangatho we-oyile-yobuqu efana ne-California Consumer Answecy Act (CPA) kunye ne-Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act yoMgaqo-siseko wokhuseleko ziyongeza imida emitsha yokukhusela, maxa wambi ifuna ukuvumela ngokucacileyo nokuba ngumnini-data karhulumente eceliwe. Umhlaba wonke, ukunyanzelela ulawulo logcino-lwazi kunye nemfihlolo-mqobo kungakhokelela kwizahluleko, ukwenza imiqathango enzima ngakumbi.

Enye into ephumayo kukusetyenziswa kwemida yemida kunye nomatshini wokufunda ukudibanisa ulwazi olunovakalelo ngaphandle kokufuna okuqulethwe. Kwanangaphandle kokufumana umbhalo we-imeyili okanye ii-pixel zefoto, ukugcinwa komthetho kungaphinda kwakhiwe kwakhona imisebenzi yomsebenzisi ngemilinganiso kwii-gray zogcino lwamafu. INkundla yeSithandathu yezibheno eUnited States ibambe ukuba ukufikelela kwemilinganiso yemetadata akufuneki mvume, ukwenza umngxuma werhintyela. INkundla ePhakamileyo ingafuna idilesi yokuba ngaba i-metafta yedwa ingathethelela i-panethi yemfihlo.

Kubanikeli bamafu, ixabiso lokungahambelani nemithetho esemthethweni linokuba liphezulu: ukuthob'amaqela asemthethweni ahlola isicelo sikarhulumente sokuncitshiswa, ukuphulukana nokuthembeka, nokumangalelwa kwabemi. Kodwa ilahleko yokuthobela iimfuno ezibanzi okanye ezingalunganga ngokugqithisileyo — ingakumbi xa ezo zifunwayo zingqubana nemithetho yezobuqu kwamanye amazwe. Ngoko ke, abanikezeli abaninzi bagcina amaqela asemthethweni akhethekileyo ahlola isicelo ngasinye sikarhulumente somxholo, ngokufuthi betyhalela umva xa imvume ingavisisani nemilinganiselo engqongqo.

Oko Abasebenzisi Bafanele Bakukhumbule

Ekugqibeleni, imfuneko efunekayo yogcino-lwazi lwamafu lukhuseleko olubalulekileyo, kodwa alufezekanga. Abasebenzisi abamele bacinge ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwamafu abo luyimfihlo kuba nje isiqinisekiso siyafuneka. Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwemiyalelo ye gag, iimvume ezibuya umva, kunye nentengiso enzima zithetha ukuba ugcino-lwazi lungafumaneka ngaphandle kolawulo lomthetho. Ukusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo nokuqonda uqheliselo lwento efihlakeleyo lomnikezeli wakho wamafu kuhlala kuyindlela elungileyo yokukhusela ulwazi lobuqu kwixesha lokuhlola okusoloko kukhutshwa kweminxeba.

Ukuntywilisela nzulu kulwamkelo lwangoku, i-ACLU kunye nezibonelelo zobugcisa inikezela ngoqikelelo lwentlanganiso kunye nohlahlo lwenkqubo. .S. Isebe le-CLOUD Act izibonelelo ze-CLOUD [[FLT: 3] ichaza uluvo olusemthethweni lukarhulumente kunikezelo lwe-data ye-'translate'. Kwaye i-'[[FLT: 4.] I-website ye-Framess'' yoncedo inikeza ukhokelo lwe-CUPUUU.S. uthumelo logcino-lwazi.

Njengoko iinkonzo zamafu ziqhubeka zihlala zisongelwe kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ingxoxo emalunga neemfuno ezifunekayo iya kukhula. Umgaqo osisiseko — wokuba urhulumente umele afumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokufikelela ugcino-lwazi lwabucala — uhlala ungumgangatho wegolide wokulungelelanisa ukhuseleko nenkululeko. Kodwa okungeyomfuneko nokuntsonkotha kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kubenzi bomthetho, abagwebi, abanikezeli, nabasebenzisi ngokufanayo.