Ukwazisa

Ukwanda kweminxeba, amacwecwe, kunye nee-laptops kuye kwaguqula indlela abahambi abagcina ngayo baze bathuthe ngayo ulwazi olunobungcathu. Kwimida yase-U.S. kwimida, kukhutshelwa ngamasiko nakumagosa asebenza ngomthetho rhoqo okanye kunyanzeliswa ukufumaneka kwezi zixhobo. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekileyo womGaqo-siseko: ngaba uMmiselo wesine ufuna ukugcinwa komthetho phambi kokufumana isiqinisekiso somthetho phambi kokukhangela isixhobo sombane kumda wezizwe ngezizwe? Impendulo, njengoko imile, isuka kwi-yunifomu kwaye iyaqhubeka iguquka ngokwemithetho yenkundla, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye nezicelo zemithetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa izindululo olusemthethweni lwemithetho elawula imfuneko yokuphengulula imida yemida, ukuhlola ukuxilonga imicimbi yokhuseleko lwezizwe ngamazwe ngamazwe namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Isiseko esisemthethweni se Kukhangelwa komda

Impinda yomda

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula kwaye lufuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esinokwenzeka. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ikudala iqaphela “ukuphengulula inxalenye esecaleni” evumela abameli bakarhulumente ukuba baqhube uphando ngaphandle kwesizathu kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kuxhomekeke kwigunya elilawulayo likarhulumente ukukhusela imida yelizwe nokunqanda ukungena kwemida engekho mthethweni, ukuvalwa kwempahla, nabantu abasongelo. Phantsi kwale kwemfundiso, ukuphengulula okuqhelekileyo akufunekanga kugunyaze kufuneke okanye kukrokrelezwe.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nokulindela Ukuba Uwedwa

Umlinganiselo womgama wokufuna umda ucelw'ethelwe ityala ngokuphinda-phinda njengezixhobo zamanani. Ingqiqo yeNkundla ikweyama kwiUnited States v. Jones (2012]) no Riley v. [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [i-(i-2014]] igxininisa ukuba amandla amakhulu agcina amacebo angoku abangela umngcipheko ongathethekiyo wokungena koyena mbandela usondelelene nobomi bomntu. [[FLT:]] Riley[[FLT] [FLT] [ice] incoko ekufuneka i-'unicelot' ifuna iprojectivesss shorts ijonge umvabalo olusezantsi. Umbuzo ophakathi komda wokukhangela izithuthi, ukukhangela iimoto ezithenjiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezithenjiweyo zezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo.

Ukwanda Kwezixhobo Zamanani Nokweenkcukacha Ezikhethekileyo

Umahluko phakathi kokuxilongwa komzimba namanani

Iinkundla kunye nabahlalutyi abaninzi baye baqonda ukuba uphengululo lwesixhobo sombane lwahlukile ngohlobo oluthile kuphengululo lomzimba webhegi yencwadi okanye ipotimenti. I-cell phone enye ingafaka iirekhodi zemali, ulwazi lwezezamayeza, unxibelelwano lwabucala, imbali yendawo, kunye nezinye. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi ibonise ukuba izixhobo ezinjalo “aziyonye indlela yobugcisa eluncedo kuphela” kodwa“ zisisisele sobunzululwazi bendlela yokushicilela ulwazi. Emdeni, lo mahluko ubangele iinkundla ezithile zorhulumente ukuba zifune isiqinisekiso okanye ubuncinane ukukrokrala okungalungango-i-injini, ingakumbi xa ukukhangela nokukhuphela ulwazi-data.

Izigqibo Eziyintloko Zenkundla

UCotterman (wesi - 9 weSithili, 2013) eUnited States

Kwesinye sezigqibo zokuqala ze-appelllate ukukhangela umda wamanani, iSithili se-Ninth sathi uvavanyo olungenasiqinisekiso lwe-laptop emngceleni lwaphula uHlaliso lwesine. Inkundla yahlula phakathi “ukhangelo” lwesixhobo , olunokuba luvumelekile ngaphandle kokukrokraza , kunye nophendlo lwe-software ekhethekileyo ukuze kufunyanwe iifayile ezicinyiweyo. Inkundla yayalela ukuba, ifune ukukrokrekreza okusengqiqweni ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kolwazi lobuqu. [[FLT:] . [FLT:] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ukuhamba kwenqanawa

Isekethe yesine yahamba ngokubhekele phaya ku United States v. Kolsuz, iphethe ukuba ukuphengululwa komda welaptop kwakungekho ngqiqweni phantsi koMphetho-Mda wesine. Inkundla yasebenzisa ingqiqo ye Riley kumongo womda, igqibela ukuba ukuphendla komda akuvumeli ukuvavanywa komda kwezixhobo zamanani ngokuzenzekelayo. Isigqibo sagxininisa ukuba inzala karhulumente ekumiseleni imithetho esemthethweni ayiyisebenzisi izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo kwinkcazelo yolwazi. Isithuthi sesine sifuna isiqinisekiso, iimeko ezingekhoyo.

EKhalifoniya (INkundla Ephakamileyo, 2014)

Nangona ibhekiswe kwisiganeko sokuphengulula ukubanjwa, uqikelelo lwaso luye lwaba lubalulekileyo ekuphengululeni umda. IJaji enkulu uRoberts yabhala ukuba ugcino-lwazi kwiselfowuni “alunakusetyenziswa njengesixhobo" okanye luthintele ukubanjwa okusemthethweni, kwaye ngoko ke iingqiqo zesiganeko sokuphendla esingenasiqinisekiso sokubamba azisebenzi. Le ngcamango ikhankanyiwe ziinkundla ezisezantsi ukuphikisa ukuba umda wesithethe unxaxhiso olukhoyo.

ICBP Yangoku ne I-ICE kwicebo lokukhangela

Iquka kuphando lomda lwezixhobo zombane

ICBP ingenza uhlolo lwe CBP [. ICrom kunye ne-Fouter Protection (CBP) ikhuphe uphengululo olulawulayo lwezixhobo ze elektroniki. Njengendlela yayo yakutshanje, abaphathi-CBP bangenza i-“basilic” uphengululo (ukukhangela okuqulethweyo ngaphandle kwe-software yangaphandle) ngaphandle kokukrokreqa. Kukho ukuphendla "" okubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zangaphandle ukuhlola, ukukhuphela, okanye ukuhlalutya ugcino-data(iiii---emele ukuba“ okusengqiqweni” ukukrokrela ulwa komthetho. Umyalelo ufuna ukuba uhlolwe ngexesha elifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye isixhobo sigcinwe iintsuku ezingekho ngaphezulu kwezihlanu ezikhoyo ngaphandle komphathi. [FLD:]

Ugcino - lwazi Olukhuphela Nezenzo Zokuzigcina

Ngaphantsi komyalelo weCBP, amagosa angakhuphela ugcino-lwazi lwezixhobo ngexesha lokufuna okuphambili. Isebe lithi imibhalo iphantsi kokhuseleko lwasese kwaye kufuneka itshatyalaliswe emva kokugqitywa komsebenzi wonyanzelo. Noko ke, abagxeki bachaza iingxelo zenkcazelo ezigcinwe iinyanga okanye iminyaka ngaphandle kokugwetywa okucacileyo, kwaye kwiimeko apho ugcino-lwazi lwabelana namanye amasebe afana ne-ICE kunye neFBI. Ukungahoyi kobugosa obungqongqo kuye kwakhokelela ekugxekeni ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko wemithetho.

Imida Yokuphawula Inkqubela Namalungelo Okwala

Abahambi bangala ukuvula isixhobo okanye banikeze i-password, kodwa ulwamkelo olunjalo lungaba neziphumo. I-CBP ingabamba isixhobo, kwaye umhambi angabanjwa limibuzo eyongezelelekileyo okanye ukulibaziseka. Ukwaliwa akunikezi zibuko elikhuselekileyo elizenzekelayo; abameli basenokufumana iziphumo ezingalunganga zokwala. Ezinye iinkundla zifumanise ukuba zinyanzelisa umhambi ukuba avule isixhobo esineminwe eqinileyo (njengokuba umnwe) uvunyelwe phantsi komda, kanti ukunyanzelisa ikhowudi yokukhupha ikhowudi yokucoca i-khowudi ingazikhusela kwiSiphendulo seFind sokuzimela ekuzikhusela ekulaleni. Iinkundla ezithile ezisemthethweni ezingqongelwa nokungavumi ukulwa komgatya zihlala zingasonwa.

Impikiswano Engokwasemthethweni: Ngaba Ikho Ingxwabangxwabangxwaba Okanye Akunjalo?

Impikiswano Yokufuna Ukufumana Iphulo

Abaxhasi bemfuneko yemithetho yemithetho baphikisa ngelithi izixhobo zamanani zilingana nogcino lomntu ngamnye kwaye umahluko wokukhangela umda awuzange wenzelwe ukugunyazisa uhlobo lovavanyo lwefomati olufunyanwa zizixhobo zangoku. I-American Liberties Union (ACLU) kunye namanye amaqela alwahluleli-mthetho aphindiwe ngokufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, iphikisa into yokuba inzala yemfihlo nganye yento nganye ye-ogxams idlula umdla karhulumente ekufuneni okufutshane, ukungakrokreleki. Bakhomba [[FLT:] KolUz[FLT] [FLT:] kunye [FLT]] [FFF:]]

Iimpikiswano Zomda Ezikhethiweyo

Urhulumente umi ngolu hlobo ukuba uphando lomda lubalulekile ekunyanzeleni amasiko, ukufuduka, kunye nemithetho yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Amagosa aphikisa ngelithi ukumisela imfuneko eyimfuneko kungaphazamisa amandla awo okubona amanyala abantwana, izisongelo zobugrogrisi, kunye nokwaphulwa korhwebo. ISebe leJaji likhusele ukuphengululwa komda okungenagunyaziswana kwimida emininzi yenkundla, lizama ukuba ukuphendla okuchasene nomda kusetyenziswe kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki kanye njengokuba kusenziwa kwizikhongozeli zoko. Urhulumente ukwaphawula ukuba ukufuna isiqinisekiso kungacotha uhlolo olunohlolo oluxakekile kumazibuko enqanawa okungena kuwo kwaye izixhobo zamanani kunokuzicima ngokukhawuleza okanye zikhutshelwe phambi kokuba kufunyanwe.

Indima Yeemeko Ezimanyumnyezi

Kwaneenkundla ezifuna imvume ziqaphele ukuba akukho siqinisekiso zilungileyo xa kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi okanye umngcipheko wokonakaliswa kobungqina. Umzekelo, ukuba igosa linesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba isixhobo siqulethe ulwazi olumalunga nohlaselo lwabanqolobi olusondeleyo, uphando olungagunyaziswanga lungagwetyelwa. Noko ke, ukuphengululwa kufuneka kube kokwenyaniso kwaye kungabi nje kukuyila. Iinkundla bezingakukholelwa okokuba umda ngokwawo ubangela ukuba uqhubeke umahluko. Utyekelo lufuna ukukrokrexoza okunga mntu ngamnye okanye isiqinisekiso sokuphendla okungengongongongongongongowe-76ixegions.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokutyelela Abakhenkethi

Amacebiso Okukhusela Ugcino - lwazi Lwakho

Abahambi abafuna ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba inkcazelo yabo yefomati ifumaneke kumda banokuthabatha amanyathelo asebenzayo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Umva wayo yonke idata phambi kokuhamba, kwaye uqwalasele ukushiya iifayile ezinabuntamo ekhaya okanye efini.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Sebenzisa ufihlo olunamandla kwizixhobo kwaye uphephe ukuthembela kuphela kwizitshixo ze-biometric. Ngoxa ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo kungathinteli ukuphazanyiswa, kunokwenza kube nzima kubathunywa ukufikelela kugcino-lwazi ukuba isixhobo sivaliwe.
  • Travel ngogcino-lwazi oluncinane. A “isixhobo esicocekileyo” `isixhobo esineenkqubo eziyimfuneko kuphela nefayile] zinokulinganisela umlinganiselo wento enokwenziwa ngabathunywa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Wazi amalungelo akho. Akuyomfuneko ukuba uvule isixhobo sakho, kodwa kufuneka uqonde iziphumo ezinokwenzeka: isixhobo singavalelwa kwaye ungajongana nolibaziseko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Cwangcisa ukusebenzisa isixhobo esahlukileyo, sokwexeshana kuhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ingakumbi ukuba uneshishini elinochuku, elisemthethweni, okanye elinolwazi lwentatheli.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho Emdeni

Imithetho yesizwe i-Guilld kunye ACLU ipapashe ushicilelo i vhilehile 88 ulawulo lwe-profiless zokwahlula umda. Abahambi--ndlela kufuneka baqonde ukuba bangabuza ukuba bakhululekile ukuba bangahamba, bayeke ukuphendula imibuzo malunga nemixholo yesixhobo sabo, kwaye bacele ukuba uphengululo luqhutywe phambi kwabo. Bangacela kwakhona igosa okanye igqwetha ukuba bavile ukuba bavile ukuba amalungelo abo ayaphulwa. Icebo elimfihlelo lifumaneka ukusuka kuphelo lomda [FLT:]

Uxanduva loMthetho wokunyanzelwa kwanoMda

Iingxaki Ezisebenzisekayo

Abameli bemida bajongene nesenzo sokulungelelanisa. Basebenza ngokunyanzela amakhulu emithetho kumazibuko okungena, kwaye izixhobo zamanani zingaqulatha ubungqina bokuqhatha kwezithethe, ukurhwebelana kwabantu, kunye nezisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Noko ke, ukusingqongileyo okusemthethweni kwahlulwa. Uphando olusemthethweni kwizibuko elinye lokungena lungavumelani nomthetho kwelinye icala. ISebe leJaji likhuthaza iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba isombulule ucalulo phakathi kweengingqi, kodwa ngokukhutshelwa kweNkundla alivumanga ukuva ityala elinikela imbambano. Okwangoku, abameli kufuneka baqeqeshele ukuqonda imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, enokudidanisa ukuqheliswa kwayo.

Ukuhambelana neMigangatho Ejikelezayo

Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho asebenzisa imithetho engqongqo ukuze aphephe ukupheliswa. IKlowuntrala Yesine ibanjwe iKolsuz isebenza ukuphengulula phakathi kweso siphaluka (Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, uMzantsi Carolina), kodwa abameli basenokuqhuba izicelo ezingenasiqinisekiso kwenye indawo. [[FLT:] Inkqubano yeHomeland Security ikhuphe ukhokelo lokuba izibuko ze-CBP, kodwa uphicolato lwangaphakathi lubonise ingxelo eguquguqukayo "6] kunye nokugcinwa kogcino-data okungamaxesha athile. Ukuthobela iimfuno zomGwalm, kuza kufuneka kufakwe kwiinkqubo zokuqinisekisa, ezibhalwe kakuhle, ezithi zitshane ze-data zitshaye zitshane.

Uphuhliso Nemigudu Yomthetho

Umthetho omiselwe

Ityala elininzi liye laveliswa kwiBhunga elijolise ekucaciseni imfuneko yogunyaziso kumda. IsiHlaliso seNkqutyana Asiyondawo Yomthetho weSalek kunye [[FLT:] ne-Bordering of Electal Act Ukuphengulula kweZixhobo zombane ifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuze ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuphendla u-U.S. isixhobo sommi kumda, ngaphandle kwengozi kunye namatyala athile okhuseleko esizwe. Njengo 2025, ezi zityala azizange zenziwe, kodwa zibonisa inkxalabo ekhulayo malunga nobucala bobucala bobuzwe boqhagamshelwano. Ungalandela indlela yokukhangela i-UNIKLD [FFF] [25]

Ukhokelo Olunokunikelwa Yinkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakwala ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukunika uphando lweCertiorari kumatyala acelw'iiifomati. Oku kushiya iinkundla ezisezantsi zididekile. Kodwa, njengoko inani leengingqi ezifuna imvume okanye ukukrokra okufanelekileyo likhula, uxinzelelo kwiNkundla ukusombulula le mbambano luza kuba lukhulu. Ityala lexesha elizayo lingamisela umgangatho wesizwe: mhlawumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphendla komda kusebenza kwizixhobo zemigaqo, okanye ukubamba isiqinisekiso esifunekayo sokukhupha imvume. Iingcali zezomthetho ziqikelela ukuba ekugqibeleni inkundla iza kubeka ubunzima, inike izikhonkwane kwaye yahluleke ngokuqhubekayo.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nexesha Lobuqu

Imfuneko efunekayo yokuphengulula izixhobo zobuqu zombane kwimida yase-U.S. ihlala ingomnye weyona mimandla inamandla yomthetho wesi-5 Communistment. Umsebenzi wangoku ngumsebenzi osisiqendu: amanye amagunya avumela uphando olusisiseko kodwa afuna ukukrokreleka okufanelekileyo kuvavanyo lwe-entensic; abanye bafuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana naluphi na uphengululo olunentsingiselo lwesixhobo sombane. Abahambi, abameli, kunye namaqumrhu agunya-mthetho konke konke kunomdla womthetho ocacileyo, umthetho ofana othetha ngokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nezilangazelelo zemfihlo zezo zezomvo ezingundoqo ezikhoyo izixhobo zekhompyutha ngoku. De kube iKhomishini okanye iNkundla ePhaka ngqilulo inika ukhokelo oluqinisekileyo, luza kuqhubeke lusenziwa ngolungiso lwezinzo, inkqubo yolwanolwazi oluqhubekayo, uhlazinzo, kunye notshintsho lwezobugcisa.