INgxelo yeNkcitho yeNkcitho

Izibonelelo ezingundoqo zasedolophini zisisiseko semveliso yezoqoqosho, impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nomgangatho wobomi. Iindlela, iibhulorho, iinkqubo zamanzi, imigca yamandla, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha abantu basekuhlaleni zibumba inkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi lezixeko zanamhlanje. Kodwa, kukho umsantsa othe owehlayo nokhulayo phakathi kweemfuno zesiseko senkulungwane yama-21 kunye nobuchule bemali bemali kawonke-wonke. UMbutho we-American Society of Populan Enginegers usebenza rhoqo, isiseko se-U.S. soqoqosholo-mali sipheliswa ngokukhuphisana, ngoxa amadolobha akwizizwe ezisakhulayo kufuneka andise ukwanda okuninzi kwabantu. Imisebenzi yezentengiselwano yemali ($generel, urhulumente, intengo yemali, kunye nezibophelelwa-mali eziqhelekileyo zoomatilo-mali ezikhoyo.

Le ngcinezelo yemali idibene nentsebenzo yobuchule kwimali kawonke-wonke. Izixeko kunye nabaxhasi beprojekthi bakhangela ngaphaya kwemali yokuxhasa ingxowa-mali kawonke-wonke, ukucwangcisa utyalo-mali ngeenjongo zoluntu nezemeko ezisingqongileyo, kwaye basasaze umngcipheko othe kratya. Isiphumo sisixhobo sobuchule nesona sintsonkothileyo semali ekhoyo. Eli nqaku lihlola eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi ntlobo zemali, lichaza indlela esebenza ngayo, apho ziphumelela kakhulu, kunye noothunywa ababalulekileyo abafunekayo ukuze baphumelele. Ukuqonda le ndawo yemali kubalulekile kubenzi bemithetho, abadweli bombutho wasedolovini, nabaceli bezama ukwakha imo ekwazi ukumelana, nezonwayo, nezixeko zexesha elizayo.

Umanyano loluntu: Ngaphezu kokuzinziswa

Ubuchule bomsebenzi wobuPPP bumele utshintsho olusisiseko ekufumaneni izithethe. Endaweni yokuyila, ukwakha, ukuxhasa imali, nokusebenza kwempahla ngokwayo, iPPP ixhobisa impumelelo, ikomkhulu, kunye nobuchule becandelo labucala. Ingqiqo engundoqo yisivumelwano sexesha elide apho iqabane lobuqu lifumana umngcipheko obalulekileyo kunye noxanduva lokunikela inkonzo kawonke-wonke okanye i-asemgangathweni. Le mode iguqukele kwisixhobo esinamandla sokunikezela ngesiseko esikhulu, ingakumbi kwizixhobo zezithuthi, amandla, nakumacandelo amanzi, xa kulungelelaniswe kakuhle.

Utshintsho kwizakhiwo zePPP

Igama elithi "PPP" liquka ububanzi bolu didi lwamalungiselelo, ngalinye elinendawo ekhethekileyo yomngcipheko eyabelwe inkangeleko. Ukuqonda umahluko kwisitshixo sokukhetha imodeli elungileyo kwiprojekthi enikiweyo.

  • I-Deintal-Building-Operate-Linday-DBFOM (DBHOM): [ Le yimodeli ebanzi apho iqabane lobucala linoxanduva lwazo zonke imigangatho yesakhiwo sobomi beprojekthi. Icandelo likawonke-wonke lichaza iziphumo zeziphumo (umz., "a 10-imile, ezine-endlela enesantya esithe ngqo") ngexesha iqabane lobucala lishiywa ukuba lingene kwisakhiwo nokuhanjiswa. Le mode inyusa unyuso naxa lwexabiso lendalo ende.
  • Isivumelwano: Ekuvumeni, urhulumente unika iqumrhu elizimeleyo ilungelo lokusebenza, lokugcina, nokuqokelela ingeniso evela kwimpahla ekhoyo ngexesha elithile. Iqabane lobuqu lisoloko lenza inkqubela-phambili ebalulekileyo njengenxalenye yoxanduva. Oku kuqhelekile kwiisikhululo zenqwelo moya, kumazibuko, nakwindlela ezikhohlakeleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isakhiwo-sobukho-Boperate-Transfer (BOT): Eyona ndlela yesithethe yePPPP, apho iqabane lobucala lakha isibonelelo, liyisebenzisa ixesha elicwangcisiweyo ukuphinda lifake utyalo-mali lwalo lize lifumane imbuyekezo, kwaye emva koko litshintshele ubuni kwicandelo likawonke-wonke ngaphandle kwexabiso.

Ukhetho lwesakhiwo luxhomekeke kakhulu kwindalo yempahla, inzala yengeniso (umz., imirhumo echasene nentlawulo efumaneka ngurhulumente), kunye nobuchule boluntu bokulawula isivumelwano kwixesha elide.

Umngcipheko Wokuthunyelwa Kwelo Ndawo Nokuxabiseka Kwemali

Ulungelelwaniso oluyintloko lokusebenzisa iPPP yingcamango yexabiso lemali (VfM), edlula ngaphaya kwexabiso lolwakhiwo lokuqala. IVfM ifunyanwa xa iingozi ezithunyelwe kwicandelo labucala ziphumela kwixabiso eliphantsi lebhayisekile kunaxa urhulumente ebeyinikezele loo projekthi ngokwayo. Umngcipheko ongundoqo kulo naluphi na ulwakhiwo, iindleko zokubaleka, ukungaphumeleli komsebenzi, kunye nokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango.

Kwi-PPP elungiselelwe kakuhle, umngcipheko wabelwa iqela elikwaziyo ukuwalawula. Umzekelo, i-complinum yabucala ixhotyiswe bhetele ukulawula umngcipheko wokwenziwa kocwangciso, ngelixa urhulumente enokuthi agcine umngcipheko wezopolitiko okanye wolawulo. Ukuba iqabane lobuqu lijongela phantsi umqulu wendlela enzima (umngcipheko owenziweyo), ithwala iziphumo zemali, hayi umhlawula-rhafu. Olu lungelelwaniso lwezihlomelo lukhuthaza inzondelelo eqinileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Noko ke, iiPPPP aziyo imbumbulu yesilivere okanye yomthetho. Zifuna amandla amandla aphezulu oluntu okuxoxa ngeenkokelo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nesakhiwo esiqinileyo ukuze zinyanzelele ezi zinto. [[FLT:][3]

Impembelelo Yokuveliswa Kwemali: Ikomkhulu Elinesazela

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yekomkhulu labucala ngoku ifuna utyalo-mali ngoku ngenkuthalo evelisa intlalo elungele ukuhlaziywa kunye nentlalo kunye nentlalo entle kunye nenzuzo yemali. Oku kulawulo lwempembelelo, kwaye izibonelelo ziluhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwale ntanda-bulumko. Iprojekthi yaseUrban `izixhobo ezinamandla avuselelwayo kunye nothutho olunempumelelo lukawonke-wonke ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu wezindlu kunye neenkqubo zamanzi acocekileyo zenza ngcono ngokungqalileyo intlalo-ntle kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Abanikazi bemali abasebenzayo abathi nje baphephe umonakalo okhoyo (i-EGG screenment); ngabom bafuna ukubonelela kwiziphumo ezintle. Olu tshintsho luvula amaqula amakhulu ekomkhulu, kuquka imali yomhlala-phantsi kunye nemali yobutyebi, eneemali zemali zemali ezimeleyo, ezinendawo ende yemali elingana ngokupheleleyo nesakhiwo sexesha elide sempahla yesiseko semali. [[FLT]] [1][GL]G]General Point Moniting Network (GIIN) ilandela le marike ekhulayo, ngoku emela ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi zezigidi zeerandidi eziphantsi kolawulo lwempahla. I-ASCPGS [inters] kulokhu kusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yemiqatha yesiseko sezulu, umlinganiselo, kunye nengxelo yemali ephakathi yempahla yayo, ebekwe phambi kolawulo lukawonke wonke.

Ukudibana Kwemibutho Nokubuya

Olunye ucelomngeni ekungeneni ekunikezeleni izibonelelo lulungele ukuphindwa komnqweno wokufumana ingeniso yokhuphiswano lwemarike, okanye ukulungelelanisa imfuno yesiseko sorhwebo esinzulu sentlalo. Iiprojekthi ezinika iziseko eziphantsi okanye ezifuna ukuveliswa kwemali ephantsi kwentlalo-ntle yoluntu zinganika imvuzo encinci yemali kodwa zivelise ixabiso eliphezulu lentlalo-ntle. Oku kukhokelela ekuveleni "ikomkhulu lenkqu" okanye "lonkelamza" okanye "inkulu lephondo le-los," apho i-phinthrop okanye amaziko enkcutshelo-mali (DFis) amkela igalelo olusezantsi okanye ugcino-mali olukhoyo.

Ukuhlahlela Imali

Ubugcisa kunye nomthetho osunguliweyo unika abemi ithuba lokutyalwa ngqo kwizibonelelo abazisebenzisayo suku ngalunye. Oku kusetyenziswa komgangatho ophantsi kwemali kwakha izivumelwano zoluntu, kulungelelanisa imisebenzi ngezinto eziza kuqala kwindawo yasekuhlaleni, kwaye kuvula imithombo emitsha yekomkhulu lomguli.

Ukuthandeka kweqela elisekelwe kwiplatform

Iiplatfomu ezixhomisiweyo zivumela abantu ukuba banikele ngemiba encinci kwimisebenzi ethile. Kwizibonelelo zasedolophini, oku kusoloko kusetyenziselwa ukufakelela uluntu ngelanga, iipaki zikawonke-wonke, iimarike zabalimi, okanye iibhulorho zokuhamba ngezinyawo. Ngoxa ikomkhulu liphakanyiswa lincinane xa lithelekiswa neprojekthi enkulu, inkqubo yenza inkqubela yezopolitiko kunye nentlalo-ntle. Ibonisa ukuba inkcitho yasekuhlaleni kwaye iyakwazi ukuvula inkxaso enkulu okanye imali elinganayo evela kumasebe karhulumente. Iplatformations njenge Cintizvesssssss okanye oomasipala basekuhlaleni bavumela abe ngabahlali bemi benqanawa abahlala apho ukuba babe ngabalawuli bemicuphi nabaphathi bezomthetho, ibaguqulele kwinkqubela-mali esebenzayo kunye nenzala engqalileyo kwiprojective.

IMiqathango kaMasipala emincinci kunye nokuHlolwa

Indlela elula yokusebenzisa i-Green City Bonds, umzekelo, iye yasetyenziswa zizixeko ezifana neGothenburg, iSweden, ukuxhasa iprojekthi. EUnited States, iDenverern Airport ivumela abemi basekuhlaleni ukuba babe ngabokuqala ukuthenga intengo, bakhulise ingqiqo yemali yequmrhu. Ezi nkqubo zinikela uncedo oluninzi: batsalela kwimali egcinwe kwindawo engaphandle, banciphise ukuxhomekeka kwiWall Street, kwaye benze iproject. I-I-State isoloko ikulungele ukwamkela inzala ephantsi kancinci ngenxa yokuba bakholelwa kwiprojekthi yeprojekthi.

Amatyala oLuntu kunye neemodeli zomanyano

Kwizindlu kunye nezakhiwo zoluntu, imizekelo yobumnini obutsha ingqineka iphumelela. IiLinda zoLuntu zifumana umhlaba ze ziwugcinele ukholose ngoluntu, ziwukhulula kubemi okanye abaphuhlisi. Oku kususa umhlaba uhlawulelwe kwi-quare, uqinisekise ukuba imali ehlala injalo. Iimodeli ezinika inkxaso-mali epheleleyo zibandakanya umxube wetyala lebhanki, inkxaso karhulumente, kunye nongeniso lweziphumo zemali. Ngokufanayo, amandla avumela abemi bemi bemi bemi bemi be-topigrafi, banika zombini amandla acocekileyo kunye nokubuya kwemali. Ezimodeli zifuna ulungiso lwezentengo ezingundoqo kodwa zenze ulwano oluqinileyo, ugcino-mali oluhlala ixesha elide olukhuselwe kwiminya yentengo yentengiso.

Izixhobo Zale Mihla Zezemali Zokuphelisa Ubunzima Edolophini

Ngaphandle kwemingeni emitsha kunye neeklasi zabanikeli, kuye kwaveliswa izixhobo zemali zale mihla eziye zasetyenziswa ukudlulisela ikomkhulu ngempumelelo kwiziphumo ezithile zikawonke-wonke. Ezi zixhobo zimela indaleko entsonkothileyo yomanyano lukamasipala.

Izakhono zokwakha intlalo nezokomelezayo

Intengiso yamaqhina eGS iqhushumbisiwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inika inkxaso-mali enikezelweyo kwiiprojekthi ezithile ngengenelo ethile yemekobume okanye yentlalo. Umgaqo ongundoqo kukusetyenziswa kwemali efunyenweyo kuphela kwimisebenzi emiselwe. Amagunya athenjisweyo [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [3] idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukufakwa kwezibonda eziluhlaza, iqinisekisa ukuba zihambelana neenjongo ze-Parencestionstion. Oku kunika isiqinisekiso sokuzityalo nokukhusela "ukuhlamba ingca,"." Isibonda sombala oluhlaza siyakwazi ukunikezela ngesiporo sesixeko esitsha okanye izikolo. Ukubonakala nokunika izibophelelo ezisekumazwe, nokuphuculwa kwemiqatha yemiqatha yendlela, ukuphatha kweminxeba yendlela, kunye nokulawula kwe-odologosa.

Inkxaso-mali ekhoyo eNtshona Koloni

Mhlawumbi, esona sixhobo siphambili seziphumo zempilo ekhoyo yiSocial Impact Bond (SIB), esaziwa njengePaso-yaseMhlabeni. Kulo mzekelo mtsha, abanikazi botyalo-mali banikela ikomkhulu elingaphambili kwiinkqubo zentlalo-ntle (umz., imfundo yabantwana baselula, ukukhusela impilo ekhoyo, ukuxhasa abangenamakhaya). Urhulumente uhlawula abatyali-mali ngokubuya * kuphela ukuba ucwangciso luphumele iziphumo zangaphambi kokukhutshwa kwerhafuthenjiswa yintraka, oluqinisekiswe ngumqwali-mali ozimeleyo. Kwiidolophu, oku kuye kwasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezifana nokufakwa kwemiqathango kumandla aphantsi kokufumana amandla ekhoyo kwezindlu ezingenisa imali okanye ukuqeqesha umsebenzi wokulungisa intlawulo lolutsha. I-SB iguqula umngcipheko wemali ekuwisweni kwerhafuthelo lwemali, ukumiswa kwemali exhotyiswe yi-SB, iziphumo ezichushiniswe kwimiba elibi elibi elibi elibi elibi ngenxa yoncedo lokusetyenziswayo.

Amaqhina Okubuyisela Imali kunye neCatastrophe (CAT)

Njengokuba izixeko zijamelene nezisongelo ezinyukayo ezibangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu (ukufuduka, izichotho, ukutshitshaza kwe-oyile), ukumelana nemali kunzima. Ukudityaniswa kwemali kuluhlobo lomanyano oluluhlaza oluyilwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuxhasa imisebenzi ephucula amandla esixeko okumelana nemozulu enzima, njengeendonga zolwandle, okanye uphahla oluluhlaza. Izixhobo ezinxulumeneyo, iCatastrophe (CT) i-scibond, zigqithisa umngcipheko we-inshorensi yentlekele kwiimarikema. Ngokubuyela kwimveliso ephezulu, abanyusi bayavuma ukulahlekelwa yintloko yabo xa kukho intlekele ethile (umz., ibhulokhwe). Oku kunika izixeko iziphumo ezikhawulezi zixhobo zemali ziyakwazi ukumelana nemozulu, ukuphumelela okude ngemeko-mo-bume yezulu.

Umlinganiselo womhlaba: Ukulinganisa iproximenti

Enye yezona zixhobo zinamandla, kodwa zingaphantsi kwenkxaso-mali yiLand Capture yoMgangatho (LVC). Umgaqo ulula: xa utyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke kwisiseko esikhoyo ngezantsi komgangatho ongaphantsi komhlaba ophezulu . lunyusa ixabiso lomhlaba okufuphi, uluntu kufuneka luthabathe inxalenye yelo moya ungenamsebenzi owenzelweyo ukunceda ukuphucula umsebenzi. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yi-Theocratic Incanantement Fict (IT), apho isixeko sichaza isithilithi kwaye sinikezela unyuso lwemali yemfuzo zempahla kwiphondo kwisithilithi yemali ekhoyo. Ezinye iindlela ziquka ukuhlawula inkcitho yemali ephuculiweyo, ukuhlawula ingeniso engcono, ukunyuswa kwamalungelo angakumbi (imoercer). [FLC: [F1] Iziko zelizwe lorhwebo loncedo lwemali, kunye nokuthengiselwa kwemali eluncedo (injini). Xa kusenziwa urhwebo lwe-LVC.[F: [FM: [FS]

Ukudityaniswa kwemali nokudityaniswa kweengozi

Iiprojekthi ezininzi eziphezulu zezibonelelo zasedolophini ezikwimeko-ntle yezoqoqosho okanye yezorhwebo ezingaphantsi kwexabiso azikhange zikhathazwe kuba zibonwa njengeziyingozi kakhulu ngababoleki bezorhwebo. Imali edityanisiweyo yindlela elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemali evumela imvume (ukusuka kwiziseko loncedo, iDF Is, okanye oorhulumente) ukuya kutsho ekudeni korhwebo, ikwenza kube nomtsalane kubani bemali abafuna ingeniso evenkileni.

Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo sibandakanya "imfumba ephakathi. Phezulu kukho irhasi yokuqala ekhoyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-los tranche", exhaswe lisebe lenkqubela-phambili . efumana ilahleko yokuqala ukuba iprojekthi ayigqibekanga. Ngaphezu koko yi-mezanzanine tranche enomngcipheko ophakathi/ukubuyisela imo yemeko encinci. Ngapha koko kukho ityala elikhulu lemali yemali ebolekiweyo ebhankini. [[FLD:][FF][2]

Ukudibanisa Ingxowa - mali

Ixesha lokuthembela kumthombo omnye wemali wezibonelelo zesixeko esikhulu liphelile. Ezona zixeko zinempumelelo ziza kuba zezo zilawula ubugcisa be "umfumba onyuswayo""/_ukudibanisa imodeli ezininzi zobuchule ukudibanisa izakhiwo zekomkhulu eziqinileyo nezisebenzayo kwiprojekthi nganye. Utyalo olukhulu lokuthuthwa kothutho lungaxhaswa yimali eninzi yekomkhulu elidityanisiweyo: imali eninzi evela kwibhanki yesiseko sesiseko semali, imali engaphantsi ukusuka kwingxowa yesandla yesandla sePPPPPPPPcceclaireire, inikwe yinkqubo yogcino-mali encinane elungiselelwe abantu basekuhlaleni. Le ndawo idityaniswe kwimingxube-mfono ephezulu, ingeniso yemali yekomkhulu, neyokubambalelwa.

Noko ke, le mizekelo intsonkothileyo yemali ifuna ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bomsebenzi wobuntlola wamacandelo karhulumente. Oorhulumente kufuneka baphuhlise ubuchule bokwakha ulwakhiwo, ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano, ukulinganisela, kunye nokulawula amatyala amade. Kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ukusukela ikomkhulu lobuqu akukucimi ukuphendula kukawonke-wonke okanye ukulingana. Ukubonakala gcatha akunakwenzeka. Abahlali kufuneka baqonde izibophelelo zexesha elide ezenziwa ngenxa yabo.

Ukudityaniswa kwempumelelo yabucala nenjongo kawonke-wonke, elula ngobugcisa bemali obutsha, kugcina isitshixo sokuvula izigidi-zigidi zeerandi ezifunekayo ukwakha impumelelo, ukulingana, kunye nezixeko ezinamandla zexesha elizayo. Ngokuhamba ngaphaya kwemida yesithethe nokusebenzisa le mizekelo yemali eyahlukeneyo, iinkokeli zasezidolophini zingaguqula ucelomngeni lwezibonelelo kumthwalo wemali osisibonelelo odityanisiweyo zibe yimpumelelo edityanisiweyo.