Inkqubo yokungakhuthazi imele njengenye yezona nkqubo zilandelayo kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, elungiselelwe ukuba igcine umongameli namanye amagosa orhulumente etyala ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga enzulu. Nangona isetyenziswa kancinci ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, intluphendu nganye yokukhupha ingxubusho ekrakra ngomlomo ngentsingiselo yeentetho ezingekho mgaqo-siseko, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamandla owiswayo, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwemilinganiselo esemthethweni kunye nomgwebo wezobupolitika. Ukuqonda iimpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko ezinxulumene nokungakhuthathiswa kwemithetho-siseko zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela elisebenza ngayo kurhulumente waseMerika nendlela elinokusetyenziswa ngayo kwiingxoxo zexesha elizayo.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo yokwayama kumalungiselelo amabini angundoqo. Icandelo 2 linika iNdlu yabameli “okuphela kwamandla e-Impeacation,” lo gama I, Icandelo 3 linika iCandelo “okuphela kwamandla okuzama zonke iinkcubeko." Izizathu zentengiso zibhalwe ngaphandle [[FLT:] Icandelo II, [[FLT] [FLT]

UMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli kunye nabo bonke amagosa asekuhlaleni eUnited States, baza kususwa e-Ofisi ekungafunwani, nasekukhuthazweni, ekuTyelweni, ekuTyekisweni, ekuTyelweni, okanye kwezinye ii-Crimes eziphezulu kunye nabaphathi-mthetho abaphezulu.

Olu lwimi ludibanisa ngabom ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile (oluqiqayo nonyolelo) nodidi olubanzi, oludibeneyo kakhulu ``Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nezingaqondakaliyo'.'. Izakhelo zaboleka eli binzana kwimithetho yamangesi, apho zazigqunywe ngokwembali ngokuchasene norhulumente obekungasolwanga. Uninzi lwendlu lungamgweba umongameli (umangalele ngokusemthethweni) kwaye ukuthembeka kufuna ivotelo yeQeqesho. Ukubopha kweso yiyo kuphela eofisini egunyazisa umGaqo-siseko, nangona iBhangeno-wo isenokuvota ukuvala ityala ityala ekubambeni iofisi karhulumente yexesha elizayo.

Le nkqubo ityhila ulwabelo olucokisekileyo lwegunya: iNdlu isebenza njengequmrhu elizukileyo labachopheli-tyala, iNdlu yeQumrhu njengenkundla yokuvavanya, kunye neJaji ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ilawula kwiimvavanyo zobumongameli. Esi sakhiwo sibonakalisa icebo labalawuli lokwenza uvavanyo lwezopolitiko lwegunya lolawulo lolawulo loburhulumente ngelinye ixesha bephepha ukususwa kwesebe elinye. Iingxoxo kwiNgqungqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko ngowe-1787 zibonisa ukuba abameli bakhaba izicelo zokunika umongameli igunya lokususa abangaphantsi, kunye nezama ukususa ikomiti egweba ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, baqhatha iprojela inkqubo yezopoliti yezopolitiko ejongene yezoburhulumente ejonge iBhunga iBhunga loMgaqo-ogqele.

Yintoni “Izenzo Zolwaphulo - mthetho Eziphakamileyo Neziphosakeleyo”?

Ukuqonda Kwantlandlolo

Eyona mpikiswano iqhubekekayo yomgaqo-siseko enxulumene nokungalungisi yindawo “yeminye imiba ephezulu kunye neMisdeares.” Ngexesha lengxoxo yokudityaniswa kwemida, uAlexander Hamilton wachaza kwi Federalist No. 65[ ukungathobeli okuya kuthetha“ ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukuphiliswa kobukhohlo-mthetho,” ukuchaza njenge-"ukuqhubeka kwemeko yezobupolitika." Wagxininisa ukuba le nkqubo yayijolise ekusingatheni ityala “ngokuyintloko elihlawulisela ukwenza umonakalo ngokukhawuleza kwibutho labantu ngokwalo."”

Izixhasi zathatyathwa kwimizekelo yamaNgesi, apho ukungaququzeli kwakusetyenziswa nxamnye nabalungiseleli basebukhosini ngenxa yezenzo ezibi ezinjengokunyoba, ukutyeshela umsebenzi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kunye nokunganyaniseki . uphando olwalula ukubonakalisa umdla kawonke-wonke nokuba aluyiyo ingumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho osemthethweni. Ukufakwa kwe- “Misdemears ephezulu” (oko kweshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane kwakuthetha ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezopolitiko, hayi ukwaphula umthetho okuncinane) kubonisa ukuba abalawuli beFramente babelindele ukungaqiniseki koluhlu lwehambo engalunganga ngaphaya kwetyala elityholwayo.

I-"Cristial Act" iphikisana. “Igunya” Ingxoxo

Ingxoxo engundoqo yomgaqo-siseko yahlula abaphengululi kunye nabezobupolitika: kufuneka umongameli ayenze ulwaphulo-mthetho lokwenene ukuba angabi nakuthenjwa, okanye angafumana ihambo ephazamisana nomthetho kawonke-wonke? Abakhi bobuSrictt baphikisa ukuba “Iityala eziphezulu kunye noMgqibelo-Misdemeor" kufuneka zigcinwe kwimithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Phantsi kwalo mbono, umongameli ongayaphulanga umthetho `ngokusetyenziswa kwegunya legunya lokwanelo lwezopolitiko ngaphandle komthetho. [=1] Alikwazi ukususwa. Le mbono ilawula ukukhusela komongameli Andrew John John (18,68) kunye noMongameli uBill Clinton19989 ngexesha lokuvavanywa kweenkundla zabo.

Abakhi bomhlaba wonke baphikisa ukuba abalawuli bakhetha ngabom umgangatho obhetyebhetye. Bakhomba kwibinzana elithi “olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nooMagedem" njengendlela yokufumana ukuziphatha okubi okunzulu okwenzakalisa iriphabliki, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, ukuthintelwa kobulungisa, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokunganyaniseki kwemisebenzi yesiseko somthetho-siseko. Oku kujongwa phantsi kwemiqathango emibini yomthetho kaMongameli uDonald Trump (209 no-2021), apho iNd Home yammangalela ukuba asebenzise kakubi amandla kunye nokuvalela iBhunga kwimeko yokuqala, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuququlwa kwemithetho yesibini, kwaye i-Revolution kwisethi yesibini eyayingumthetho womthetho-omthetho-ovelvelse.

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni abaziwayo, kuquka Black kunye ne[FLT] Casstein[, baye baphikisa ukuba ubungqina bembali buxhasa ngokuqinileyo imbono ebanzi. Njengokuba Black wabhala kwizifundo zakhe ze-Cental 1974 “Iintersting: IBreadtall,” ibinzana elithi“Ityala eliphezulu neMisdemeares". I-Camprates [[Flt] igqumagn's's's's's''' ezingqubana nentliziyo karhulumente we-Riphabliki, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zivela kusini na kwiU.. umgaqo-mthetho. [FLT.4:] [FL.] UmGatho-om weSigqeqele, ugcinwe yiNkonzo yophatho-onke, ithelela i-Angrection , ingcushorectionment

Indima yendlu neBhunga: Iingxoxo ezisemgangathweni

Amandla Endlu Okungakhuthazi

Iimpikiswano zomGaqo-siseko nazo zibhekisele kwindlela iNdlu esebenzisa ngayo igunya layo lokungagunyazi. UmGaqo-siseko awuyaleli nayiphi na inkqubo ethile: Indlu ingavota kumanqaku okungatyunjwa yiKomiti yoluvotelwa yiKomiti yoLawulo, okanye ingenza ngokwesigqibo somgangatho. Kule mihla, iKomiti yeNdlu yeJudicary iyahlola, ibambe iindlebe, kwaye ivume amanqaku, adityaniswa aze avotelwe yiNdlukwano epheleleyo.

Ngamanye amaxesha abahlalutyi baye baphikisa ngelithi iNkundla ePhakamileyo kufuneka ilandele iinkqubo ezifana neziqulo ezinkulu zabachopheli-tyala, ezinemithetho ecacileyo kunye nongquzulwano lwamangqina. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ngenxa yokuba ukungathobeli kungumgwebo wezopolitiko ekugqibeleni, iNdlu iyakwazi ukuyila imigaqo ngendlela eyibona ifanelekile. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakuphepha kakhulu ukuqwalasela iinkqubo zokungaquququzeli, icaphula “imfundiso yezobupolitika”. NICON v. United States (1993), iNkukholelwa ukuba imingeni yokuvavanywa kweNteko yetyala ayifaneleki.

INkundla Yetyala

Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi iphakamisa isiseko sayo sempikiswano zomGaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko unika isalathisi “sizakuba neGunya eliphelayo lokuzama zonke iimfundiso,” kodwa asichazi imithetho yobungqina, ubude betyala, okanye enoba iNdlu yeeNgwevu imele ivakale amangqina aphilayo. Oku kungaqondakali kuvelise iimpikiswano eziphikisanayo.

Ngexesha loMongameli Clinton, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela yakhetha ukuqhubekeka okulinganiselweyo ngaphandle kobungqina obuphilayo. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa kokuqala kukaMongameli uTrump, iNtlanganiso yavota ukungeva amangqina awongezelelweyo okanye amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-topina, isigqibo esabangela ukuba iNdlu yeeNtsimi ivukelele impikiswano enzulu yokuba i-Cetalogne iyawufeza na umsebenzi wayo osemthethweni wokuqhuba “umgaqo.” Abaxhasi besigqibo besigqibo baphikisa ukuba iNtenate ingachaza i-“ jaji” ngokuphandlekileyo; abachasi baphikisa ukuba ityala ngaphandle kwethuba lokunikela ubungqina obufanelekileyo yayikukuphelisa uxanduva. [[FLT:] UNX.[FLT] Isigqibo sesigqibo esipheleleyo sishiya impikiswano enjalo kwiNxuwaso-o-odmistiki esiphakathi.

Enye impikiswano ephindaphindwayo ibhekisele kumgangatho wobungqina. UmGaqo-siseko awuthethi nto ngomthwalo wobungqina obufunekayo ukuze iqiniseke. Inkoliso yabaphengululi iyavuma ukuba ukunyanzeliswa akuthotyelwa “ngapha kweso sigebenga elisengqiqweni” umgangatho, kodwa kunoko kunokuthi kube yinto efana“nobungqina obucacileyo nobuneyiselayo” okanye kwanokuba“ buninzi bobungqina.” Oomphathi bendlu namagqwetha akhuselayo baye basoloko becela le milinganiselo yahlukeneyo, kodwa akukho mgaqo wesigwebo oqinisekileyo.

Iziganeko zembali kunye neengcaciso zomGaqo-siseko

IJohnson Impecation (1868)

UMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uDemocrate owalandela uAbraham Lincoln, wacetyiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokwaphula uMthetho weOfisi, owalela umongameli ukuba angatshitshisi amalungu eKhabhinethi ngaphandle kwemvume yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso. UJohnson waphikisa umthetho ngokwakhe ukuba awungomthetho owiso-mthetho, kwaye iqela lakhe lokhuselo lathi ukususwa kwakhe nguNobhala weWar Edwin Stanton akunyukanga kumgangatho “wezigebetho ezinkulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni." Wakhululwa livoti.

Ityala likaJohnson lamisela umzekelo wokuba ukungagqibeleli makungasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokwahlula inkqubo okanye ukungavisisani ngokuchasana kwenkcazelo yomthetho. Abameli abaninzi abavotela ukukhulula elo tyala bakholelwa ukuba `ukuxhatshazwa okungundoqo kwamandla okungagunyaziswanga. Eli siganeko licatshulwe ngamagqwetha akhuselayo kwiintshumayelo ezilandelayo ukuphikisa ukuba iNdlu mayingqine ukuba ityala liyinyanisile, hayi nje inkcaso yezobupolitika.

ISicwangciso seNqanawa (19974)

UMongameli uRichard Nixon akazange akhatyelwe yiNdlu epheleleyo, kodwa iKomiti yeNdlu Yogcino-mthetho yavuma amanqaku amathathu okungathotyelwa kokuthintelwa kokusesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, nokudelelwa kweBhunga. UNixon warhoxa phambi kweNdlu yowiso-mthetho. La manqaku ammangalela ngehambo engangqubaniyo nomthetho othile wezaphuli-mthetho. Ngokunjalo ngokusebenzisa amaziko esizwe ukuhlasela iintshaba zezobupolitika nokungavumi ukuthobela i-partina. Ikomiti ye-bipartarian yanika uphawu lokuba uninzi lwamaRepublican yavuma ukuba ihambo ayizange ifanele ihlawulwe nokuba ingesiso isaphuli-mthetho.

ISihloko seNixon saphenjelelwa kakhulu ziingxoxo zamva. Sabonisa ukuba isithintelo sokusesikweni (kwanangomongameli) singagqalwa njengetyala elingamkelekiyo, nokuba ukungavumi kukamongameli ukuhambisana noorhulumente abangaphantsi kweqela kusenokuba kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. La manqaku akwagxininisa ukuba iGatya II “limele" imbopheleleko yokuphumeza imithetho ngokuthembeka.

Ukungagqibeki KwaseClinton (1998)

UMongameli uBill Clinton waphenjelelwa yiNdlu yokugweba nokuthintela okusesikweni okuvela kulwaphulo-mthetho lukaPaula Jones olungxwelerha ngokwesini kunye nehlazo elibi likaMonica Lewinsky. Izityholo zazibhekiselele ekubeni kusini na ukuba ukulala phantsi kwesifungo esingolwalamano lwabucala lokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini kwakubumba “ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu okanye uMbhishophu ogqithisileyo.”

Abaxhasi bakaClinton baphikisa ngelithi ukuxoka ngetyala kwakungeyotyala nxamnye nelizwe kwaye bahluleka ukufikelela kumgangatho ongokwembali wokungatyi mvume. Bathi le ndlu yayiyisebenzisa kakubi inkqubo yokufumana inzuzo yabaxhasi. IBhunga lathi ekugqibeleni alikho tyala Clinton, kwanabanye abantu baseRiphabliki abavotayo babengenatyala. Ityala leClinton labangela ukuba impikiswano ingabi ngaba amatyala angenakuqhutyelwa phambili kusini na, izenzo zezobupolitika kunokuba ziphatheke kakubi kobuqu. Lathi kwakhona labalase ubunzima bokumangalela umongameli xa ihambo ephantsi kwempumezo ingabandakanyangangeni ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya lolawulo.

Inkcazo yeTrump (209 ne-2021)

UMongameli uDonald Trump waphenjelelwa kabini, okuphela komongameli owanyanzelwa ngaphezu kwesihlandlo esinye. Imposiso yokuqala yatyholwa ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya (ngokunyanzela i-Ukraine ukuba iphande utshaba lwakhe lwezobupolitika) kunye nokuthintela iBhunga (ukuyalela amagosa ukuba angavumelani nee-athompoenas). Isesibini isityholo sokuphembelela ukuvukela emva kohlaselo lukaJanuwari 6 Capitol.

Zombini iingxubusho ezinzulu zomGaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi besaveli sokuqala baphikisa ngelithi ukucela ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe kunyulo lwase-U.S. kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okunento ebonakalisa inkqubo yokukhetha, kwaye ngokuphandle uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho lungagunyaziswanga. Abachasi baphikisayo baphikisa ngelithi kwakungekho bungqina “bombutho othe ngqo” ukuba uncedo lomkhosi lugunyaziswe, nokuba izenzo zikamongameli zixhomekeke kwimigaqo yelizwe lasemzini.

Isigqibo sesibini saphakamisa umbuzo wentsha yokuba umongameli ungayipheliswa na emva kokushiya iofisi (Indlu ithe iTrump yaya kuhlala ishiyeka iintsuku). Indlu yendlu yabaphathi ekugqibeleni yavota ukuqhubekeka nokuvavanywa, kodwa izibheno 57 zovotelwa ukuchophela ukuchophela ityala. Ukuphosa okufutshane kwemfuneko ezimbini-sithathu. Ingxoxo esekelwe kumbhalo wenqaku lenqaku Icandelo, Icandelo 3, ethi iBhunga lineeNqanawa “elikuphela kwamandla okuzama zonke iimpikiswano.” Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi “zonke ii-Impekiseeants" ziquka abo bangaphambili babaphathi; abanye banyanzelela ukuba injongo yokususwa kweofisi ibe ngamagqabini, amagqabi endlu. Imeko ehlala ingekho. Imeko ephothiweyo njengemeko yeNkungalamkhosi. [FLLG:]

Imigaqo yezobupolitika. Inkqubo yomthetho: ukuba ngumGaqo-siseko nokusebenza

Isiphumezi-miyalelo esisisiseko somgaqo-siseko sinokuba ukungagqibeki okungundoqo kwezobupolitika okanye okuphambili kusemthethweni. Okubhaliweyo kunika iBhunga amandla ngaphandle kokuchaza imithetho yobungqina okanye kufuna uhlolo lwezomthetho. IFramers, ingakumbi Hamilton noJames Madison, ichaza ukungaququki ngokweemeko zobupolitika, `a kucetyiswa “kwehambo engalunganga yabantu basekuhlaleni” engenakuchazwa yinkqubo eqhelekileyo yomthetho. [FEDAlistris No. 65, Hamilton wabhala ukuba ukungaquki kwento engaqhelekanga“ kuyinto enokuthi imele ukuba isetyenziswe ngokungaqhelekanga yiPOLITCIC,” ngenxa yokuba ixhalanele “ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukwaphulwa kokholo lwasekuhlaleni.”

Yet the process is also quasi-judicial: the Senate sits as a court with an oath or affirmation, witnesses may testify, and the Chief Justice presides over presidential trials. This hybrid character generates constant tension. For instance, some senators have insisted that they must apply criminal law standards, while others have argued they are free to make political judgments about whether a president’s conduct warrants removal. This tension played out dramatically during the Trump trials, where the House managers presented extensive documentary evidence, and the president’s lawyers argued that the proceedings were an unconstitutional attempt to overturn an election.

Abaphengululi abafana uMichael J. Gerhardt uphikisa ngelithi abaxhasi badibanisa ngabom umthetho kunye nezobupolitika kuba ukunyanzelisa kufuna zombini ukuzimisela okuyinyaniso kunye nezigwebo ezixabisayo malunga nomdla kawonke-wonke. Ukuzama ukunyanzela ukulwaniswa kobugocigophe obusemthethweni, uxabisisa, ukungazihoya kwabalawuli ukuba ukususwa eofisini kusisicombululo esicacileyo nesingaqhelekanga, hayi isisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, [[FLTLT:]] i-IIIIIntengq ipapashiwe i egxininisa umlinganiselo wezopolitiko, ingakumbi indima yolwelo lwezisombululo.

Inkqubela efanelekileyo nezimpikiswano ezifanelekileyo

Olunye uludwe lweempikiswano ezisekelwe kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Nangona ukungaququzeli kungelosaphuli-mthetho oqhubekekayo, indima yeSindululo seNkqutyana seNtloko yesihlanu isasebenza kwiNgqungquthela kaClaus. Abameli abajongene nokucetywa baye baphikisa ukuba banelungelo lokuphawula, ithuba lokunikela ubungqina, amangqina okunqamleza, kwaye banokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni phambi kwenkundla engoondilele. Indima yeBhunga njengejaji nejaji liphakamisa inkxalabo ngekhethe, ingakumbi xa abaquququzeleli bethe bavakalisa ekuhleni imbono yokuba netyala okanye ukungabi natyala.

Umbuzo wokuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yemikhosi unokuba yindawo elungileyo yokuvavanya ixakene ukususela ekusungulweni. Noko ke, abagxeki bale mihla baphikisa ukuba inkqubo yokungaququzeli idedeli kakhulu, icukubhethe uvavanyo, kodwa baphikisa ukuba iimfuno ezizii-350 ze-after ziyakukhusela “umoya wentelekelelo..

Abanye abaphengululi baye bacebisa ukuba iinkundla zifanele zingenele ukuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lingenabulungisa ekuvavanyeni okungagqibekiyo. Noko ke, i-1993 isigqibo se-Nixon nemfundiso yezopolitiko yenza ukungenelela komthetho okunjalo kungabi nokwenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, umGaqo-siseko ushiya iBhunga njengomchasi-mkeli okuphela kobulungisa balo.

Amandla Okuxhobisa Kwinkqubo Yeepeksi Nolungelelwano

Abalawuli babebonele ukungancomi njengendlela ephambili yokuhlola amandla aphezulu, kodwa babesoyika nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwawo yiBhunga. UJames Madison wayexhalabele ukuba ukususwa okulula kakhulu komongameli “kunokumenza abe phantsi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho,” kuphazamisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Imfuneko ephezulu yokunyanzeleka yenkolo yayicetyelwe ukwenza ukususwa kube nzima kodwa hayi ukulungelelana phakathi kobutyala nozinzo.

Lo mlinganiselo ungundoqo kwiimpikiswano zangoku malunga “nokwenza uphakamiso” lobugxwayiba. Abahlalutyi be Trump bathe le ndlu yayisebenzisa inkqubo ukuhlasela umchasi wezobupolitika, oya kumisela imizekelo eyingozi koomongameli bexesha elizayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukungaphumeleli ukusongamela umongameli osebenzisa kakubi amandla omgaqo-siseko, njengokuba bekuya kwenza ukuba umongameli aphule umthetho ngaphandle kokusohlwaywa. UmGaqo-siseko wesizwe weSikomkhulu somGaqo-siseko wezobuzwe unika ushwankathelo oluluncedo kwezi zicaciso zikhuphisanayo.

Enye ingqwalasela ibandakanya amandla eBhunga lokusebenzisa kakubi igunya lalo: ukuba iNdlu yeNdlu yamabanjwa umongameli ngomda omncinanana wesithathu, ukususwa kungajongwa njengelili. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu zeMacana ikhulula umongameli nangona kukho ubungqina obucacileyo bokungalungi kakuhle, amandla okungathobeli ajika abe yileta efile. Icala ngalinye lengxoxo yemithetho-siseko lizibanga likhusela ukusebenza okufanelekileyo kwenkqubo.

Imibuzo Engaphendulwanga Neempikiswano ZomGaqo-siseko Wexesha Elizayo

Imibuzo emininzi yomgaqo-siseko ayikaphendulwa. Ingaba umongameli angaphenjelelwa ngehambo eyenzeka ngaphambi kokuba athathe isikhundla? Ingaba umongameli ohleliyo angabekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho eseseofisini? I-ofisi yeSebe Lezomthetho ikudala iphikisa ukuba umongameli ohleliyo akathintelwa ukuba atyhalelwe, kodwa loo mbono inokuhlaziywa. Ukuba umongameli utyholwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ulwalamano phakathi kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nokungathobeli lungaba licandelo eliphambili lomgaqo-siseko.

Ukunyanzeliswa komongameli wokuxolelwa, ihambo yenkqubo yamanye amazwe, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya leveto kuye kwaphikiswana kodwa akuzange kuvavanywe. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ingqiqo ebanzi enikwa umongameli phantsi kweGatya II ilinganisela umlinganiselo wehambo engathethekiyo kwezo ndawo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla omgaqo-siseko `nakuwongamele amandla adwelisweyo] akunakugwetyelwa ukuba yonakalise iRiphabliki. Le ngxoxo isenokukhula ukuba oomongameli bexesha elizayo bavavanya imida yegunya eliphezulu ngokwezi ndlela ezixhokonxanxanxa.

Indima yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ikwangumbuzo ocacileyo. Nangona NICON v. United States icebisa ukuba iinkundla aziyi kuhlola iinkqubo zeNkundla, iNkundla ayikhange igqibe intsingiselo ye-“Ityala Eliphezulu kunye neMisdemeor" okanye umgangatho wokungqina. Ityala elibandakanya umphendu ocelw'icelw' umqathango wenkqubo lingavela, nangona imfundiso yezopolitiko yenza uphelo lwetyala lungangqinwa.

Ekugqibeleni, impembelelo yoluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye noqhagamshelwano lonyulo ayinakutyeshelwa. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ukungathobeli ekugqibeleni yinkqubo yezopolitiko emele igwetywe ngabavoti, hayi ziinkundla. Balatha kwisibakala sokuba oomongameli banconywa kodwa abasuswanga (Johnson, Clinton, Trump) bonke bahlala bekwisikhundla kwaye iziphumo zobupolitika zahluka-hlukene. Le mbono ikholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko unika isiseko, kodwa ukuphumelela okuthe ngqo kokungaquququzeli kuxhomekeke ekufuneni kwezobupolitika nakwingqibelelo yeBhunga, elikhokelwa yinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Iimpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko ezijikeleze ukungagqibeki koomongameli base-U.S. zibonisa imibuzo enzulu nehlala ihleliyo malunga nohlobo lokuziphendulela kwabalawuli, intsingiselo yombhalo womGaqo-siseko, neendima ezifanelekileyo zamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namatyala. Ukungacaci “olwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nama-Misdemeor” kushiya isithuba sokwenza uphatho-mthetho kunye nokucingisisa ngemigaqo. Abalawuli benza ngabom abakwaziyo ukwenza umgangatho oguqukayo, bethemba ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziya kuyisebenzisa ngobulumko nangokuzibamba. ukuba ukuthemba oku kuye kwahlonelwa kuko ngokwako kungumbandela wengxoxo enzulu yomGaqo-siseko.

Ukusuka kuAndrew Johnson ukuya kuDonald Trump, ukungagqibeki ngakunye kuye kwavavanya imida emitsha yesiseko, ityhila amandla nobuthathaka bale nkqubo ingaqhelekanga. Logama nje idesidenti isahlala ingumsebenzi onamandla, iimpikiswano zokungagunyaziswa ziza kuqhubeka zibumba umthetho we-Melika womgaqo-siseko kunye nobomi bezobupolitika. Ukuqonda ezi mpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko akuyonto nje imfundo yemfundo kuphela. Kubalulekile kubemi namagosa amele alawule uxanduva phakathi kokuziphendulela nokuzinza okusentliziyweni yecebo leFramers.