Ukwazisa: Uqheliselo lokuphikisana lwamakhaya

Ukulahlwa kwempahla yabemi ngumthetho ovumela abameli abanyanzelisa ukuthotywa kwepropati esemthethweni ukuba bathabathe impahla ngezantsi //ii-cash, izithuthi, umhlaba okanye ezinye izinto, `ekutyholwa ukuba kunxulumene nomsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kokumangalela umnini-mthetho ngokumanyuswa ngumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ekuqaleni owenziwe ngezorhwebo kwaye kamva okhuliswe ngemfazwe yaselwandle, esi sixhobo siye saba sisixhobo esisisiseko semisebenzi yamapolisa eUnited States. Noko ke, isicelo sawo siye sabangela ukuba ukucuphanda okungqongqo okusemthethweni nokukhalazela kwabantu ngeminyaka elishumi edluleyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukuncitshiswa kwemisholo yemibalwa kwemiqathango yezomthetho, ingakumbi ukupheliswa kwemiqathango yesine ekuphenjelweni kobugqeqentiyo nokukhutshwayo nokukhutshwa kwenkqubo ekwindawo ephezulu. Njengokuqinisekiswa kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-omntluntluntluntlukwano kunye nenkundla yentlabango yentlabango yentlabango yezomthetho kuqhubeka, ukunyuka ukunyuka kwemiselwa phambili,

Le nkqubo yahluke kakhulu kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezithi zivele emva kokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lunyanzelekile. Kwilahleko yabemi, impahla ngokwayo ithathwa njengommangalelwa − iintsomi ezingokwasemthethweni eyaziwa njenge- in rem'equation. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente angathabatha izinto zobugxwayiba nokuba umnini akabekwanga tyala, makangagwetywa, nakowuphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umthwalo wesiqinisekiso udla ngokuwa kumnini-mali ukubonisa ukuba impahla ifunyenwe ngokusemthethweni, ukuphuma ngokucacileyo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elilawula amatyala. Oku kuphembelela amaza akhulayo, ulawulo lwemithetho emithetho, izigwebo, nezigqibo zenkundla ezilawula indlela echaphaze ngayo.

Ukuqonda Isiseko Sasemthethweni Sezinto Zamakhaya

Imvelaphi Nendaleko Yomthetho Wokuzithethelela

Impahla yabemi efunyenweyo isekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kunye nomthetho we-admiralty, apho iinqanawa kunye nomthwalo osetyenziswa ekurhwebeni zingabanjwa ngaphandle kokumangalela umnini. I-United States yamkela le migaqo ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, isebenzisa ngokuyintloko ukuphulwa kwemithetho yezithethe kunye nokungalawuleki komthetho. Noko ke, ixesha langoku lokulahlekelwa kwaqala ngokunyanisekileyo ngoMthetho woLawulo lweComprensiventive Crimes ka-Crime Act ka- 1984 kunye noMthetho we-Anti-Drugcus Act ka-ase-kastiki ka-1986, owandisa amandla orhulumente orhulumente orhulumente kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba yommandla woburhulumente ngokungenamdlalo lokwabelana ngenkqubo [[FLT] . Phantsi kolu cwangciso lwezomthetho lwezonganyelo lwezonganye i-oventi kunye noomeli ukuba ibambe i-mali eqinileyo kwimithetho e-80% yemithetho esebenzayo.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, imimiselo yokulahlekelwa iyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe afuna ukunyanzeleka kwetyala ngaphambi kokuba impahla ilahlekelwe, ngelinye ixesha amanye avumela ukuxhuzula kusekelwe kubungqina obubodwa.

Inkqubela-phambili ye [[FT: 0] kwi Rem

Kwimeko yelizwe ewiswa yimeko yelizwe, urhulumente kufuneka afake ityala ngokuchasene nepropati ngokwayo (umz. United States v. $5000,000 ku-U.S. Mali). Umhlaba ubanjwe kwaye ulindele iziphumo. Umnini makafake ityala kwaye aqinisekise ukuba banegunya labo elisemthethweni kunye nomthombo wemali. Le nkqubo inokuba yenzima kubantu abangenayo imelo olusemthethweni, ingakumbi xa ixabiso lempahla ebanjiweyo lingaphantsi kwexabiso lemali ehlawulwayo. Ukuswela kwelungelo lokunikwa isiluleko esimiselwe [[FLT]:3] kwiimeko ezithelekelelayo ezithe ngqo. Njengomphumela, abanini bempahla abaninzi bafumana nje intengo elula, kunokuba bahluthelwe intengo yenzuzo yengeniso."[FLT."] Ukunga kwelungelo lokunyulwa kwesombululo.

Ucelomngeni LomGaqo-siseko: Uhlaziyo Lwesine, Lwesihlanu Nolwesibhozo

UMthetho - siseko Wesine: Uphando Olungenangqiqo Neziphene

UHlomelo lwesine luqinisekisa ilungelo lokukhuseleka nxamnye nokuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Noko ke, ukuphangwa kwabemi kusebenza phantsi komgangatho owahlukileyo kunophendlo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Amapolisa adla ngokuthatha impahla esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba inzuzo inxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ukuxhuzula kokuqala kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokumisa kweenqwelo-mafutha, umphathi unokufumana imali efunyenwe kwisithuthi ukuba udibana neempawu ezithile zokuthengiswa kweziyobisi, njengeekhompathimenti ezinkulu, okanye amabali adipokonti adiyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba oku kukuthi kusisithathinti nje kungenasizathu ngenxa yokuba kujoliswe impahla kunokuba abantu kwaye kungabikho izikhuseli zezo zezaphuli-mthetho.

Inkundla ezininzi zephondo nezorhulumente ziye zahlolisisa oku kuxhuzula. Liyamanyene neUnited States v. $24,000 kuMali yase-U.S. [8th Cir. 2006], inkundla yathi iSindululo sesine soMphengululo sifuna ukuba ukuxhuzula kube sengqiqweni, nokuba ukuxhuzula okulandelayo kuthe kwathi gqiza ukuba umnini nqanawa angabi nanto yako ngoko nangoko. Ngelixa elo tyala lichaziwe ngomo lwetyala lomahluko.

IsiHlalisi sesihlanu: Inkqubo efunekayo

I-Active Process Claus yeFindre Amendment ifuna ukuba abanini-mpahla bafumane isaziso esaneleyo kunye nethuba lokuviwa ngokusisigxina. Kumongo wokulahlwa kwezinto, oku kuye kwangqinwa kuthanda ukuphikisa. Ngokufuthi, isaziso sinikwa kuphela ngokupapashwa kwiphephandaba lasekuhlaleni okanye isaziso esishicilelweyo kwindawo, abaninizo abasenokungasiboni ngexesha. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Jones v. [FLT:] [2006] (2006] igweba xa umnini wempahla engafumani saziso ngeposi, urhulumente kufuneka athathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuzichaza. Noko ke, imimiselo emininzi echaphazekileyo ixhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezingafanelekanga.

Enye inkxalabo efunekayo yi engqinela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala. Amanye amazwe avumela ukuba impahla ithatyathwe ize igcinwe iinyanga phambi koluphi na uhlolo lwetyala. Inkundla kwi United States v. UJames Daniel Good Realme Preal Preal [ [1993])) wabambelela ekubeni urhulumente kufuneka anikezele jikelele isaziso kunye nokuchongwa phambi kokubamba impahla yokwenene, kodwa umthetho wemali nempahla yobuqu uhlala ucacile. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zahlulele ukuba ngaba ngaba ukuva kwangaphambili kuyafuneka, kukhokelela ekukhuseleni ukunqumla imikhosi.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo: Iingenelo Ezininzi

Mhlawumbi eyona nkqubela ibalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko kwiminyaka yakutshanje ivela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuvumelana kwetyala kwi-Timbs v. Indiana (2011). INkundla yathi iSinyuko soMphetho-Mdanga-mvakamo we-Heighth Reconf Reconfs Claus sisebenza kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokuHlaba neSigqibo seNkuhlaziyo se-1459. Ngelo tyala, indoda yayinee-Roverfazins Rhovers's emva kokuba igwetywe intwana encinci ye-heroin. Inkundla yabonisa ukuba i-mali eninzi kakhulu ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho i-mthetho i-mthetho i-S. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukulahlekelwa yi-debugconftle. [F:3]

Ngaphandle ii-Timbs, uxanduva lukude. Amazwana amaninzi asavumela ukulahlwa kwayo nayiphi na impahla enxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho, kungakhathaliseki ixabiso, kwaye iNkundla yashiya ivula umbuzo woko kuyila "umkhamo" ulungile. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zibambene nendlela yokusebenzisa ulungelelwano kwiimeko ezibandakanya imali, ezingenayo ipetropi yexabiso lefashoni, ngokunxulumene nempahla okanye izithuthi zokwenene.

Amalungelo empahla, inkqubela elindelekileyo, kunye nokhuselo lomnini ongenatyala

Ukhuselo Lomnini Ongenatyala: Ngaba Lungumthunzi?

Umthetho womanyano kunye nemimiselo emininzi yasekuhlaleni iquka "umnini-mali ophantsi" wokuzikhusela, evumela umnini wempahla ukuba aphinde afumane izinto ezingekho mthethweni ukuba angangqinelani ukuba azikwazi okanye azivumelani nokusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni kwempahla yabo. Umzekelo, umnini-khaya angalahlekelwa yindlu yakhe ukuba umnini-mali ukhula umbanda kwigumbi elingaphantsi komhlaba ngaphandle kolwazi. Ukubonakalisa ukuba abakho ngamabomu emsebenzini ongekho mthethweni. Kodwa, umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukhokelwa ngumnini wempahla, kwaye uswele izinto ezininzi zokulwa nomkhosi. Uxanduva ngu-2019 ngu-2019 ngu-A oxhatshazwa yi-mali esetyenziswa rhoqo yi-[[FLT] i-FLT [FFF:1] i-evolunterrences, i-omnizibo inqabile, abaniniziswe yimfuni, abanini bengenayo.[2]

Isaziso Namalungelo Okuphulaphula Ngokukhawuleza

Kwanaxa kukho umnini omsulwa, imiqobo yeprocedtura isenyuka. Emva kokuxhuzula, abanini-mpahla kufuneka bafake iprojekti ngaphakathi kwefestile emfutshane iintsuku ezingama-30 (okanye ubungozi bokuphulukana nempahla yabo ngokusisigxina. Amandla amaninzi afuna ukubekwa kweqhina elilingana ne 10% yexabiso lempahla phambi kokuvakala, ngokunempumelelo, ikhupha abo banezinto ezincinane. Iinkundla ezininzi kumazwe amaninzi zifake iimfuno ezinjalo ezidityanisiweyo njengendlela egqithileyo. right b. Kelly [2]] [2] CIRT] [2] inkundla ephethe ukuba ukuva okukhawulezileyo kufunwayo ukuva kufunyani ukuba ngaba kukho unobangela ukukhuthuka kwempahla nokuba ngaba injalo na.

Umngxuma Olinganayo

Enye yeenkalo eziphikisayo zokungakhathalelwa kwemibutho yabemi yinkqubo eBanzi eNgalinganiyo. Phantsi kwalo cwangciso, urhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni angasebenzisana namagosa karhulumente (njenge-DEA okanye FBI) ukuthabatha izinto phantsi komthetho karhulumente, ezisoloko zinemigangatho esezantsi kunye nezindululo zemali ezingakumbi. Oku kuvumela amazwe ukuba athintele imithetho yawo yokuguqula izinto. Umzekelo, urhulumente ofuna ukunyanzeleka kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yi-mali (njengo-DEA okanye i-FBI) angafumana ngokulula i-"ethenwa, kwaye urhulumente uyakwazi ukugcina i-80% yemali efunyenweyo. [iK] ibhale ingxelo yokuba ukungenelwa kwemithetho epheleleyo kotshintsho nokuxhaphaza imigudu yokuphatha nokuxhaphaza. [FLDip:1], ngo-2015, kunye noGeneral Atneyney, umlawuli wesizwe othenjiweyo, kodwa ephantsi kwemeko ephantsi kwegunyaziwe.

IiNguqu zoMgangatho kaRhulumente neempendulo zoMgwebi

Utshintsho Olusemthethweni: Ukukholelwa Kubo Obufunekayo Nemithwalo Ephakamileyo Yobungqina

Ukuphendula ukwanda kweengxaki zomthetho, ubuncinane ama-37 amagunya aye enza utshintsho kwimithetho yawo yezoburhulumente ukususela ngo-2014. Olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo luquka:

  • Ukugweba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho phambi kokuba impahla ilahlekelwe (umz., New Mexico, Nebraska, North Carolina). eNew Mexico, umthetho wama 2015 waphelisa ukulahlekelwa kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni ngokupheleleyo, ufuna urhulumente ukuba abonise ukuba unetyala ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho phambi kokuba afumane izinto. Noko ke, umthetho wancitshiswa ngowama-2019 emva kokuba amasebe amapolisa ekhala ngelahleko yemali.
  • ubeka umthwalo wobungqina kurhulumente kwaye uphakamisela umgangatho ku "ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyiselayo" (umz., Ohio, Florida). Oku kwenza kube nzima ngamapolisa ukubamba impahla ngaphandle kobungqina obunamandla.
  • Ukunyuka kwembonakalo ngokufuna ingxelo yonyaka yesaphuko, kuquka uhlobo, ixabiso, kunye nesimo sempahla. Amazwana amaninzi ngoku apapasha ugcino-lwazi kwi-intanethi, nangona ukuthobela kuyahluka-hluka.

Ngaphandle kwezi nguqulelo, ukunyanzelisa kuhlala kungahambelani. Ingxelo yonyaka wama-2020 evela kwi- UU. Isebe le-Ofisi yeNkqutyana-mikhosi yeNkqutyana ye-ethelela-mbuso yafumanisa ukuba abameli abaninzi bomthetho abaphumelelanga ukunikela ingxelo echanileyo yokulahlekelwa yi-data, kwaye iinkqubo zobuveleli zazibuthathaka. Ingxelo yeDOJ OIG ibalase okuqhubekayo ukungathweswa kwetyala [.

Izigqibo Eziyintloko Zenkundla Eziphazamisa Uqheliselo Lwesizwe

Ngaphaya kwe u-Tims, ezinye izigqibo ezininzi ziphembelele imithetho yemo. State v. Unyaka wama- 2008 i-Toyota Tacoma (I-App. 2020]), inkundla yathi ukulahlekelwa sisithuthi esilingana ne-$2 000 ngenxa yetyala elincinane leziyobisi. i-State yaphula intebeko yomthetho eninzi yemithetho yomgaqo-siseko. Isichasi seFofitute ye-$,159,4],4 [i-20] (i-ML. inkundla ye-Ct.App.211]

However, state supreme courts have sometimes upheld aggressive forfeiture practices. In Hand v. State (Iowa 2020), the Iowa Supreme Court rejected a due process challenge to the state’s forfeiture law, finding that the low burden of proof and lack of a hearing requirement did not violate constitutional guarantees. The split among state courts creates a fractured legal environment, with property owners’ rights heavily dependent on their location.

Izizathu Zokunyanzeliswa Komthetho Nabemi

Ukuphatha Ingeniso: Ukuxhaphaza

Izisusa zemali ezakhelwe ukulahlwa kwe-Chicago kunye [[FLT]] ne[FLT] State University State uphakamiso-mali] lufumene ukuba amaziko amapolisa afumana ulwahlulo olukhulu lwengeniso anokungena kwingeniso anokungena kwimida yeSicago[[[FLT:] kunye [[FLT:]] ne[FLT] National Burezona State [Umbuso] uPromargin [[FLT:]] ubungqina obucacileyo bobuhlanga [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]] [iiiiiii-okshicity]. Oku kufumanisa ukuba amaziko amapolisa afumana ingeniso enkulu kakhulu yemali ehlawulwa yi-oktronce nge-ogn exhook'iiat , inyusa i-omatiko yezixhobo zikawonke. [[FLT:]]

Abahlali abahluthwa impahla yabo basoloko bejongene nobunzima obukhulu. Ukuxhuzula kwemali kungatshayela imali egciniweyo, ngelinye ixesha isithuthi sinokuthintela umntu ukuba angayi emsebenzini. I-Institute yeJaji [[FLT: 1] ibhale phantsi amatyala amaninzi apho abantu baphulukana namashumi amawaka eerandi ngaphandle kokukhohliswa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ingxaki yengqondo nemali inzima, kwaye abaninzi abaze bayifumane impahla yabo.

Ikamva Lemibutho Yaseburhulumenteni Elilungele Ukuhlawuliswa

Ukukhangela phambili, ulawulo olusemthethweni luza kuqhubeka luguquka. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise ukuvuma okukhulayo kokunqanda ukulahlekelwa, kwaye izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphantsi koxinzelelo lwamaqela abambeleleyo nakhululekileyo okumisela utshintsho oluthe rhoqo. Imigudu yeBpartistan kumgangatho wesizwe, enjenge [[FLT:][FLT]] FAIRS [[FLT:] [1] [iiiii-[FLT]] [1] (i-FTPGrand Reconsole Implifict Act Act Act [F]), ivezwe kodwa ayidlulangadluliswanga. [FT:] kwinqanaba, ukwakhiwa komanyano phakathi [[FLT: 2]] [ictalGU] [ictive] kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomthetho-Melikanvices ezisebenzayo ze-Melika.[FU.]

Ekuqukumbeleni, inkxaso-mali yelizwe ngumkhwa ophikiswa kakhulu ohlala ekudibaneni kolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Imingeni engokwasemthethweni ejongene nayo. (utshintsho olungokomGaqo-siseko luye lwayiphucula ukuya kumgangatho osesikweni) inyanzelisa amapolisa kunye nabenzi bomthetho ukuba bahlolisise indlela abalawula ngayo okusesikweni. Ngoxa iinguqu zenze inkqubela, inkqubo ihlala ikhuselwe kukungalungisi, noxanduva kubaphathi bempahla ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abo lusoloko lungavumelekanga. Njengoko iinkundla ziqhubeka zilinganisa izikali nemithetho ehlambulula imithetho, iziphumo ziya kubumba kungekuphela kwesohlwayelo esibambileyo kodwa ulwalamano oluphangaleleyo phakathi kwabemi nesizwe.