Ukwazisa: Ikrele elinomphantsi othe tyaba loncedo lwasemzini

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe luhlala lungesinye sezixhobo eziphikisana kakhulu kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ingakumbi xa lujoliswe kulawulo olunqila. Kwesinye isandla, uncedo lungadambisa ubuhlwempu, ukuphucula iziphumo zempilo, kunye nokuxhasa izibonelelo kubemi abasweleyo. Kwesinye, lungaqhubeka luzingisa ngokungaziyo ii-ofisi ezicinezelayo, ukuthoba iinjongo zedemokhrasi, kunye nobuqhetseba. iimpembelelo zezixhobo zangaphandle zoncedo lwamazwe angaphandle kulawulo olulawulayo [[ zikude kakhulu, zifuna uhlolo oluthe ngqo, olufuna ukuncitshiswa kwemali ekuhambeni kwazo kunye nezibonelo zamandla zasekhaya, izikhundla, kunye nobuchule boshishino. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalulo olugunya, oluphuma kubungqina kunye nophando olusuka ehlabathini lonke.

Ukuchaza Uncedo Lwamanye Amazwe: Okungaphezu Kwemali

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe, olubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuba yiNkxaso yoPhuhliso oluPhathiswayo (ODA), oluquka izibonelelo, imali-mali ebolekiweyo, uncedo lobugcisa, kunye nenkxaso yohlobo loncedo enikwa ngoorhulumente abanikelayo, amaqumrhu amaninzi, neziseko ezizimeleyo. Iinjongo ezichaziweyo ziquka ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, ukukhululeka kobuntu, kunye nokukhuthazwa kolawulo olulungileyo. Noko ke, uncedo lusoloko lungafane ludityaniswa nemithetho yezorhwebo, okanye iimeko zorhwebo, kunye noorhulumente abanolawulo oluphezulu kakhulu, okanye abasebenzisa inkxaso engakumbi abasebenzi abakwizinjongo zabo.

Iintlobo ezingundoqo zoncedo ziquka:

  • uncedo lweBhitecal – ukudluliswa ngqo korhulumente omnye ukuya komnye, okusoloko kudityaniswe kulungelelwaniso lwezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uncedo olungumqukumbelo – ijeliswe ngemibutho enjenge World Bank, IMF, okanye amasebe eUN, anamanqanaba ahlukeneyo omlinganiselo wemiqathango.
  • Uncedo olukhoyo – uncedo longxamiseko ngexesha lengxaki, nangona oku kunokuthi kuphenjelelwe.
  • Uncedo lwezentengiso – ubuchule noqeqesho, olunokuxhasa ubuchule bombuso okanye luphethulwe ukwakhiwa kokunyaniseka kolawulo.

Ukuqonda ukwenziwa nolawulo loncedo kubaluleke kuba uncedo lunikezelwa njani izinto kanye ngexabiso elinikiweyo. Kwimimiselo ye-athorital, ukungabikho kwamaziko okuvelela acace gca kwandisa ubungozi obuya kuba sisixhobo sokuxhasa kunokuba kuphuhliswe.

Indlela Ungenelelo loncedo lwamazwe angaphandle noLawulo olugunyazisiweyo

Ulawulo lolawulo olugunyazisiweyo luphawulwa ngegunya elipheleleyo, ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika olulinganiselweyo, umthetho obuthathaka, kunye nokucinezelwa kokwahlukana. Xa uncedo lwamanye amazwe lungena kwimekobume ezinjalo, lungaguqula ulungelelwaniso lwezopolitiko ngeendlela ezininzi, kwaye lungacetywa, ezininzi zingacetywanga.

Ukuqiniswa nokuDityaniswa kweNgxowa-mali

Ukufunyanwa okuzinzileyo kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko kungokokuba uncedo lwamanye amazwe lungacinezela ukusinda kwe-autocracy . Inkokeli zingasebenzisa imithombo yoncedo olunamandla . imali enokuthi ithunyelwe kwimisebenzi yokuphuhlisa imikhosi yokhuseleko , iinkonzo zobuntlola, kunye neeyunithi zomkhosi ezicinezela inkcaso. Umzekelo, uncedo olucelelwa iikliniki zempilo lungakhulula ingeniso yoxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lorhulumente. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi "resiqalekiso" inguqulelo yoncedo lwamanye amazwe: kanye njengokuba iingeniso ze-oli zinokuyifaka kulawulo oluphezulu, ngoko ke zingakhulula uncedo lwe-oyile.

Uphando oluququzelelayo lwabaphengululi abanje UBueno de Mesquita kunye no Smith (2009)[FL:1] lubonise ukuba uncedo lwe-octracracy lunyusa amathuba okusinda kolawulo, ingakumbi xa umphathi elawula ukusasazwa komxhasi. Oku akuthethi ukuba lonke uncedo luyingozi, kodwa umngcipheko uphezulu ngakumbi xa ukungabikho kwemicimbi yokuphendula.

Ulwandiso

Iinkokeli ezinegunya zisoloko zisebenzisa uncedo ukuthenga ukunyaniseka phakathi kwabaphathi-mikhosi, abaphathi-mikhosi, kunye namaqabane eshishini. Ngokusasaza izivumelwano zoncedo, imisebenzi, kunye neenkonzo ezikhethekayo, zingakha umbutho wabaxhasi abaxhomekeke kulawulo oluqhubekekayo. Le icebo lokwenza umgangatho inciphisa amathuba okuphambuka nokuqululisa. Umzekelo, e-Ethiopia phantsi kweMeles Zenawi kwaye kamva u-Abiy Ahmed, uncedo olukhulu olusuka kwinkciso-eces-esterns", interss zorhwebo zamaTshayinas eziphezulu eziphezulu zamatyala zeqela eenqanawa, ukukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemibutho eequmrhuluko.

Ukuthotywa Kweziko Ledemokhrasi Noluntu

Ngelixesha ezinye iinkqubo zoncedo zijolise ekuxhaseni uluntu kunye notshintsho lwedemokhrasi, impembelelo yazo kwiimeko zolawulo oluphantsi isoloko ilinganiselwe okanye ingasebenzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo oorhulumente bafumana inkxaso-mali, okanye imibutho ecinezelayo abafumana inkxaso yamanye amazwe, bewachaza njengabenzi bezorhwebo. Umzekelo, eRashiya, umthetho ka-2012 ufuna i-NGONGO inkxaso yamanye amazwe ukuze ibhalise njenge "i-RGOcreant," iyazibhinqinisa kwaye ithinte imisebenzi yayo. Ngokufanayo, eHungary naseTurkey, ulawulo lolawulo lwezintlulo-ndaba kunye neenkundla zelizwe luye lujolise amaqela abantu abahlasele inkcuka kumazwe angaphandle njengabaphinisi bezongenelo lwamazwe angaphandle.

Ngaphezu koko, uncedo lungakonakalisa ngokungalindelekanga ushishino lwedemokhrasi ngokufumana inyathelo lokuqala lasekuhlaleni. Xa abantu behlabathi lonke benikela ngokuziinqobo zengxowa-mali yamaqela enkcaso, loo maqela asengozini yokuphulukana negunya lasekuhlaleni kwaye apeyintwa njengoonodoli bemidlalo yaseNtshona. Oku kwadlala eYiputa emva kwemvukelo yowama-2011, apho i-U.S. yafumana inkxaso kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni yaba yindawo yokubalasela ukukhuphisana kolawulo lomkhosi.

Ukuwohloka Kwezoqoqosho Nokudodobala Kweziko

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi xa ulawulo olukhulu olunxulumene ne-GDP yelizwe, lungagqwetha uqoqosho lwezoqoqosho lwengingqi. Lungabangela uxabiso lwentengiselwano (isifo se Dutch), lunciphisa intshukumisa yoorhulumente ukuqokelela iirhafu zasekhaya, kwaye ludala iinkqubo ezihambelana nezigqitha amaqumrhu karhulumente. Kulawulo olunegunya, ezi nguqulelo zisoloko zinyuswa kuba ukugeleza kulawulwa ngabalawuli abancinane ngolawulo oluncinane lukawonke-wonke. Isiphumo sinokuba ligobe ligobe lide apho ulawulo lwe-clique lulawula zombini uncedo namandla ezobupolitika, ngelinye isebe likarhulumente.

Uncedo loncedo lunciphisa ukuthathelwa ityala korhulumente kubemi bakhe. Xa inkokeli ikwazi ukuxhasa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ngenkxaso yangaphandle kunerhafu, abemi abanaso esininzi sokufuna umelo okanye utshintsho lwenkqubo. Le nto isiphumo esithe ngqo [ ibhaliwe kakuhle kwimisebenzi ye-oyile exhobileyo, kodwa ikwasebenza nakumazwe anolwando oluphezulu loncedo lwe-GDP olufana neRwanda, i-Uganda, neBangladesh.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo Yezobupolitika: Ukuba Nemeko, Ukungabi Nabugocigoci, Nokubonisa Imiqondiso

Ukuqonda intsingiselo yezobupolitika kufuna ukungazivumeli iindlela uncedo olusebenza ngazo. Ezintathu zivelele: umlinganiselo womlinganiselo, ukuqhankqalaza, kunye nomqondiso.

Ukuba Yimeko: Intsomi Yokungalibali

Abanikeli abaninzi badibanisa iimeko zokunceda, njengengqeqesho, ukuphuculwa kwamalungelo abantu, okanye unyulo lwamahala. Noko ke, ulawulo lwezibhombu luneengcaphephe ezikhethekileyo ku i-ignifig okanye ukujika imiqathango. Banokuthembisa utshintsho lokukhusela ukhuthuzo, ngoko ke ukulibazisa okanye ukubuyisela. Naxa iimeko zihlangatyezwana ngokwegama, zisoloko ziswele ukuthenjwa. Ubungqina obugobekileyo, obubukelwe [20,04] [FLT], bucebisa ukuba iziphumo ezithe kratya zikhuthaza ukukhutshwa komgangatho othe ngqo okanye ukubuyiselwa kwazo. Endaweni yoko, bubonakala busebenza kuphela xa zixhaswa ngamandla nangoko zixhaswa zizinto ezintle zezobupolitika.

Ukungakwazi Ukuthetha: Ubuthathaka Bokuphawula

Kwanaxa abanikeli bezama ukuphawula uncedo lweenjongo ezithile", ukufundisa, impilo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, lungatshintshwa kuqingqo-mali lukarhulumente. Imali efumana isikolo ezizigidi ezingama-100 ingavumela urhulumente ukuba asuse ii-dola ezingama-100 zemali yakhe emalini kwimali ye-odola esetyenziswa emkhosini okanye kwi-arhente. Le ingxaki engenakukwazi ukumelana nayo iqhelekile kwindawo apho uqingqo-mali lwemali lungacacanga kwaye lungamele luziphendulele. Ukuzibamba, abanikeli kufuneka basebenzise uphatho olungqongqo, kodwa kwii-acracracs ezingafuni ukuhloliswa, oku kusoloko kungenakwenzeka.

Umqondiso: Uncedo njengeNdlela yokuLawula kwezezobupolitika

Uncedo lwangaphandle lukwathumela imiqondiso enamandla yezopolitiko. Xa umnikeli omkhulu enika uncedo olukhulu kumphathi onyanzelisayo, loo mholi ufumana ukumiselwa kwesizwe kunye nesixhobo sokugunyazisa esinokusetyenziswa ekhaya ukuthulisa abagxeki. Amaqela alwayo ajongene nedabi elinyukileyo xa echasa ulawulo oluxhaswa ziibhiliyoni zeNtshona okanye zamaTshayina. I-metacity (inkqumbhu okanye hayi) ekwamkelwe ngurhulumente, kwana ethandwayo, kwanamandla ehlabathi lonke. Le siphumo sibhengezwa ngokukodwa xa uncedo luphinda luqalise emva kwexesha lokuvuselelwa okanye ukurhoxiwa, njengoko kubonwa e-Myanmar (201) nangoko-Ethio2018).

Uphando Lomzekelo: Uncedo Luyasebenza

EYiputa: Amaziko Oncedo Lomkhosi

I-Egypt ifumana ngaphezu ko-R2,3 amawaka ezigidi ngonyaka kuncedo lomkhosi wase-U.S., ilifa leKampu David Accons. Phezu kwako nje ukuxhatshazwa okuphindaphindiweyo kwamalungelo abantu, urhulumente we-Adbel Fattah el-Sisi uye wafumana olu ncedo ngokuqhubekayo. Olu ncedo luye lwasetyenziswa ukuguqula imikhosi exhobileyo kunye nokungavumelani, kuquka ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukuthuthunjiswa, kunye nokuchaswa kwentlalo kuluntu. [FLT: 0] ukubhukuqwa kwamalungelo e-U.S. uncedo lokucinezela iinjongo zokucinezela iinjongo zophuhliso-mthetho [ luye lwaphawulwa ngokungqalileyo nangendlela yokulawula amalungelo abantu. Sekunjalo, abaphathi be-U.S. Abalawuli abalandelelanayo baye balahla imeko yokuphuculwa kokhuseleko loluntu, bakhankanya izilangazelelo lwezizo zoxolo, njengoko kuboniswa ngoxolo lwe-Expluediant.

IRwanda: Impumelelo Okanye Amandla Azenzekelayo?

IRwanda phantsi koPaul Game isoloko ichazwa njengempumelelo ephambili yemeko yezoqoqosho, ukuphucuka kwempilo, kunye nokunganyaniseki okusezantsi. Kodwa ikwalixesha elinokwahlukana okunzima kwinkcaso yezobupolitika, imithombo yezopolitiko, kunye nebutho labantu. U Donor, kuquka i-UK, Sweden, kunye neBhanki yeWorld, iye yafaka iibhiliyoni zeerandi eRwanda, idumisa impumelelo yayo. Noko ke, uninzi lwale nkxaso luye lwasetyenziswa [[FLT: 0] ukuxhasa ulawulo lwe-Rwanda ye-Patriotic Front . Urhulumente usebenzisa uncedo lokuhambisa iinkonzo ngokunempumelelo, kodwa ukujonga nokulawula, ukuvala ulawulo, ukurhoxandeka kwamandla, nokuxhasa ummandla we-CR.GSGS, ukuxhasa ukumizwa kwengxaki ye-DRGS.

Etiyopiya: Uncedo Phakathi Kwemfazwe Yamakhaya Nokucinezelwa

Etiyopiya, emva kokuba ithe yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ngabanikeli bemali yaseNtshona, yafumana ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi ezingama-4, 000 e-U.S.E. kunye nabanye kwii-2010. Phantsi koMphathiswa oMphathiswa uAhimed, ilizwe ekuqaleni labona ukuvulwa kwedemokhrasi, kodwa ukususela kuma-2020 ukuya phambili, urhulumente walwa imfazwe yamakhaya enenkohlakalo eTigray, ekwakunengxelo yokucoca ubuhlanga nendlala njengesixhobo semfazwe. Uxaso luninzi uncedo oluphakathi koluntu olucelwe ukuvalelwa okanye ukuphambukiswa ngurhulumente. [[FLT: 0] Ungquzulwano lwabhebhetha ukungaphumeleli kwemiqathango yoncedo [[[FLT]]:]: abanikeli baqhubeka benikela uncedo kwanoncedo kwanjengolawulo lwenkohlakalo. Imeko olubhaliweyo lwakhokelela ekufuneni uncedo lwemfazwe entlalweni kwemikhosini, kunye neengcalizo zezo zezo zezo zezopolitiko.

Imodeli ye-China: Akukho Mitya Incanyathelisiweyo?

I-Belt ne-Grade Initive kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lwe-bigadal zinika omnye umzekelo. Amagosa aseTshayina ayaziphepha iimfuno zezobupolitika ezicacileyo, agxininisa ukungathathi nxaxheba kwimicimbi yasekhaya. Oku kwenza ukuba uncedo lwamaTshayina lube nomtsalane kwimikhosi yezobuzwilane efuna ulawulo lwemali ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwedemokrati. Noko ke, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba uncedo lweTshayina lukwaqinisa abalawuli abazenzekelayo ngokubanika iprojekthi yesiseko esinokusetyenziswa ekuxhaselweni, nangokuboleka imigaqo yezolawulo lwamazwe ajongenempumezo zeNtshona. Amandla ezobupolitika ahlolwa ngokuqhubekayo, ngokubonisa ukuba [[FLT] [FLD]] i-ect 1] ekuboneni ukuba inokwenzeka kotshintsho lwedemokhrasi [FFFOL:1] kumazwe amkela ([FTB]]]]).[201866]

Iingenelo Ezisenokubakho: Xa Uncedo Lusebenza Kwimo Yolawulo

Nangona kukho ubungozi, uncedo lwamanye amazwe aluyongozi kwinkqubela yezobupolitika. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, uncedo lunga:

  • Iqinisekisa intlalo-ntle yabantu-Imisebenzi yemfundo nempilo isindisa ubomi kunye nokwandisa amakomkhulu abantu, kwanaphantsi kolawulo olucinezelayo. Umzekelo, amaphulo okugoma eAfghanistan phantsi kweTaliban (pre-2021) afikelela kwizigidi.
  • [[NTL: 0] Iziguqulo zobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka-xhaka bobuxhaka-mandla – Abanye oorhulumente abanolawulo olungqongqo bazalisekisa utshintsho lobuchule (umz., ukwenziwa kwerhafu, ulawulo lwamanani) ngokungaziyo enokuthi akhe umbilini wemeko kunye nokubonakala kwelinye icala, nto leyo edala iivulo zenguquko kwixa elizayo.
  • yenza kubekho isithuba soluntu – ukusebenzisa uncedo ukukhusela amaqela agwetyelweyo, ukuxhasa amajelo eendaba azimeleyo kwiindawo ezimxinwa, okanye uxwebhu lokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu lungaphela ekulawuleni identiliki, lubonelelwa ngabanikeli bemisebenzi ngobulumko kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni.
  • Uzinzo oluyipromote – Kumazwe abuthathaka, uncedo lungathintela ukuwa kukarhulumente, nto leyo enokuthi ikhokelele kwiziphumo ezimbi kakhulu, kuquka imfazwe, indlala, okanye ukudideka kwengingqi.

Isitshixo sikukuba ezi nzuzo zixhomekeke kuyilo lwenkathalo, ukujonga, nokuqonda nyani kwemisebenzi yezobupolitika. Ithemba elibalulekileyo ngamandla oncedo atshintshayo lisoloko libuya neziphumo.

Iingozi Ziyaphinda Zifike: Ubungqina Obuninzi

Umngcipheko ongaphezulu ngowokuba uncedo lwamanye amazwe lunweba ubomi bolawulo lweziqendu ze-athom. Iizifundo zolawulo oluphezulu, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwe-meta-analysis okubanzi uGinrich noLoftis (2020), lufumana udibaniso olunamandla phakathi koncedo olukhoyo kwimibutho kunye nolawulo olude lweminyaka edlulileyo. Iindlela zokuphucula umgangatho wolawulo zicacile: uncedo lwandisa oovimba bemali abakhoyo be-coneoptal-DP, lunciphisa umlinganiselo werhafuno-G, kwaye lunika ulungelelaliso lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngaphezu koko, uncedo lunokufumana urhwebo lwasekhaya kunye norhwebo [FLTLDF:], oludala uqoqosho oluxhomekeke kulwando lwangaphandle kolwangaphandle kolunemveliso.

Obunye umngcipheko yile ingozi yokuziphatha kubanikeli. Xa uncedo luqhubeka nokuba unjani na ukuziphatha kolawulo, urhulumente we-athorital ufunda ukuba isenokungawachaphazeli amalungelo abantu, ibe unyulo, okanye ihlasele abamelwane ngaphandle kokuphulukana nenkxaso yemali. Oku kunciphisa ukuthembeka komnikeli kwidemokhrasi nakumalungelo abantu, kuthoba ulungelelwano olubanzi lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Uxanduva lwabasebenzi

Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba oorhulumente namaziko amaninzi afuna uncedo anokusetyenziswa:

  1. Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho lwezopolitiko phambi kokufaka iimali ezinkulu. Qonda ukuba ngubani olawula uncedo uhamba, indlela ezidibana ngayo nezakhiwo zamandla zasekuhlaleni, nokuba iimeko zinganyanzeliswa kusini na.
  2. Sebenzisa imichiza ecacileyo, enokulandelelwa indlela echaphazelekayo ukunciphisa ulonwabo. Ukugqithiselwa kwemali ngokuthe ngqo kubemi (njengoko kucwangciso lwenqwelo-moya eKenya naseIndiya) kudlula ulawulo lukarhulumente kwaye kwakha ukuphendula koluntu.
  3. [[Uncedo:0] uncedo lokufumana njengenxalenye yecebo elibanzi eliquka uthethathethwano, izigunyaziso, kunye nenkxaso yoluntu oluzimeleyo. Uncedo lulodwa alunako ukuthoba ulawulo lolawulo; kufuneka ludityaniswe nezinye izixhobo.
  4. Zimisele ukusoyikisa nokunyanzelisa imiqathango xa imida ecacileyo yamalungelo abantu inqamlezene. Uncedo lokunqumamisa lungasoloko lusebenza, kodwa isisongelo singaguqula izibalo zolawulo.
  5. [[UMTL: 0] Ipakethi yobuchule bobutyala basekuhlaleni obufana nokuzimela uphicotho-zincwadi, uqingqo-mali lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokugcina ulawulo olusekelwe kuluntu. Oku kunganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uncedo lufikelela kwabangeneli abafunwayo kunokuba kufumaneke iibhokisi zorhulumente.

Injongo ayifanele ibe kukuphelisa lonke uncedo kulawulo lobuzwilakhe qha, kodwa ukuthatha intshukumo kungalimaza abantu abasengozini. Kodwa ukutshintsha ubuchule bokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokusebenzisa umatshini ozihambelayo ngeli lixa kunika inzuzo engakumbi.

Isiphelo: Kumyili Woncedo Onengqiqo Kwezobupolitika

Iintsingiselo zobupolitika zoncedo lwamanye amazwe kulawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe zinzulu kwaye ziyaphikisana. Uncedo lungasindisa ubomi kunye nokugcina uxinzelele, lunika abemi amandla kwaye lukhuthaza abacinezeli babo. Ubungqina obuvela eYiputa, eRwanda, e-Ethiopia, nangaphaya kokubonisa ukuba ukungahoyi imo yezopolitiko yezopolitiko kuyindlela yokulungiselela iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Abenzi bobupolitika mabawuyeke ubuxoki bokuba uncedo lungobugcisa okanye ubukho bezobupolitika. Endaweni yoko, bafanele bamkele indlela [[FLT:] ephakamele bafumane ulwazi oluneepolitiki [ ekwayamkela indlela yokunceda iziphumo zemithetho ephezulu, ubuthathaka bolawulo, namandla.

Ekugqibeleni, uncedo lwamanye amazwe alulungile okanye alulunganga ngokwemvelo kwidemokhrasi. Iziphumo zalo zixhomekeke kwi indlela edalwe ngayo, enikezelwa ngayo, kwaye ejongwa ngayo. Kubo bazinikele ekukhuthazeni amalungelo abantu kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, umsebenzi kukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwamaqabane asekuhlaleni, ukunyanzelisa imida ebomvu, nokomeleza abantu basekuhlaleni .