Ukwazisa: Isiseko Soluntu Lwanamhlanje

Iinkonzo zikarhulumente zisisiseko sobomi bemihla ngemihla kwibutho labantu abalungelelanisiweyo. Ukusuka kwindlela abantu abahamba ngayo ukuya kwizikolo, ukusuka kumanzi acocekileyo aphuma kwiimpompo ukuya kubaphulaphuli abaphendula ngengozi bebiza ngo-"l'uluvo oluthi olu ncedo ludityaniswe kwibala lobomi bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa abemi abaninzi abafane banqumame beqwalasela ngokupheleleyo oko urhulumente akulungiselelayo okanye isizathu sokuba ezi nkonzo zibaluleke kangaka. Eli nqaku linikela ujongo olubanzi kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente: oko bakuko, indlela abasebenza ngayo, abasebenza ngayo, isizathu sokuba basebenze ngakumbi kunanini na kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Kunokuba ibe yimisebenzi engekho ngqiqweni, iinkonzo zikarhulumente zichaphazela impilo, ukhuseleko, imfundo, amathuba ezoqoqosho, kunye nomgangatho wemekobume. Ukuqonda kwazo kunceda abemi benze izigqibo zolwazi, babandakanyeke ngokunemveliso namaziko kawonke-wonke, kwaye baqonde ukubaluleka kokusebenza ngokumanyeneyo. Njengoko amabutho ebutho ekhula entsonkothile, indima yeenkonzo zikarhulumente iyaqhubeka iguquka //ukufikelela kwiingxaki ezintsha, ukufunxanela ubugcisa obutsha, nokuzabalazela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi abahlukahlukeneyo.

Ziyintoni Iinkonzo Zorhulumente?

Iinkonzo zikarhulumente ziquka uludwe lweenkqubo, imisebenzi, nezibonelelo ezinikezelwa ngurhulumente, urhulumente, norhulumente. Ezi nkonzo zixhaswa ngokuyintloko ngerhafu, iindleko, kunye nokuthunyelwa koorhulumente, kwaye zinikezelwa ngabasebenzi bakawonke wonke, imibutho efumene, namaqumrhu amaqabane. Uphawu olucacileyo lweenkonzo zikarhulumente kukuba banceda uluntu ngokubanzi kunokuba banikele ingeniso yangasese.

Iinkonzo zikarhulumente zingabalwa ngeendlela ezininzi: ngomgangatho karhulumente (umbutho, urhulumente, ummandla), ngomsebenzi (ukhuseleko, imfundo, impilo, izibonelelo), ngokufumana inkxaso-mali (ingeniso yemali, irhafu edityanisiweyo, iminikelo yemali), okanye ngembuyekezo (abantu, amashishini, abantu basekuhlaleni), ngoko ke, umsebenzi obaluleke ngakumbi wokuqwalasela oko ezi nkonzo zikuphumezayo: bakhusela, bafundisa, baphilisa, banxibelelane, baxhase, baxhase, baxhase, baxhase.

Umlinganiselo weenkonzo zikarhulumente uye wanwebeka ngokuphawulekayo kule nkulungwane idlulileyo. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1900, iinkonzo zikarhulumente zazilinganiselwe, zijoliswe kwinkonzo yesizwe, yeposi, yezithethe, nesiseko sesiseko. Namhlanje, oorhulumente kuzo zonke imigangatho banikela ngeminatha yokhuseleko loluntu, imimiselo yemekobume, iinkqubo zempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye namaziko emfundo aphambili. Oku kuphuhlisa ukuqwalaselwa koluntu ukuba iimfuno ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zinokucocwa ngesenzo esingokwembumba.

Iindidi zeenkonzo zikarhulumente

Nangona iinkonzo zikarhulumente zingafani kwiindawo namazwe, ezinye iindidi zikho ehlabathini lonke kule mihla.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nokusesikweni

Iinkonzo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke zibucala obubonakalayo nobukhawulezileyo bukarhulumente. Ziquka ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukukhuselwa komlilo, iinkonzo zongxamiseko (EMS), ukusabela kwintlekele, kunye nenkqubo yokugweba yolwaphulo-mthetho (iinkundla, iingcebiso, ukugcinwa komthetho). Ezi nkonzo zigcina ucwangco, ukukhusela ubomi nempahla, nokuqinisekisa ukuba kuxhomekeke kumthetho.

Amasebe omlilo alungiselela ukucinezela umlilo, ukusabela kwezixhobo eziyingozi, kwaye ayaqhubeka enceda kwezonyango. Inkqubo yokugweba, ukukhusela, ukukhusela, ukukhusela, ukukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho, ulawulo lwezibonelelo, kunye nezolawulo lwezolawulo lwesizwe.

Amaqumrhu alawula ingxamiseko alungelelanisa ukusabela kwiintlekele zendalo ezinjengeenkanyamba, iinyikima, imililo yemlilo, kunye nezikhukula. Iintlangano ezinjengeFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) eUnited States zinikezela ngemali, imicimbi yobuchule, kunye nobuchule bokunceda uluntu lulungiselele, lusabele, luchase, luchaphazele, kwaye luchache kwiimeko zongxamiseko. [[FLT:]

Imfundo nophuhliso lombane

Imfundo esungulwe ngurhulumente yenye yeendidi ezinkulu nezinempembelelo enkulu zenkonzo kawonke-wonke. EUnited States, imfundo kawonke-wonke ukususela kwisikolo sabancinane ukuya kwibanga le-12 inikezelwa ngesisa kubo bonke abantwana, ixhaswe yirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, ingeniso karhulumente, kunye nemali-mali karhulumente. Iikholeji zikawonke-wonke neeyunivesithi zinikela imfundo ephezulu kumgangatho ophantsi, kwaye iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa umsebenzi ziqeqesha abantu ukuba bafumane imisebenzi ephantsi.

Iinkonzo zemfundo zidlulela ngaphaya kwemfundo yesithethe. Iinkqubo zemfundo zabantwana bamandulo njengeNtloko ixhasa inkqubela ephantsi yabantwana abafumanayo. Iithala leencwadi zikawonke-wonke linikela unikezelo lwasimahla lolwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nezithuba zoluntu. Uqeqesho loqeqesho kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho, ezisoloko zisetyenziswa kwiikholeji okanye kumasebe karhulumente, zinceda abasebenzi bafumane ubuchule obufunekayo kubaqeshi.

Ingeniso yezoqoqosho neyoluntu ininzi. Abemi abaninzi abafundileyo bafumana ingeniso ephezulu, ukungasebenzi okuphantsi, iziphumo ezingcono zempilo, nokuba nenxaxheba kakhulu kwezentlalo. Kwakhona oorhulumente baxhasa uphando lwemfundo, iinkqubo zokufumana inkxaso yezokondleko yesikolo, neenkonzo ezikhethekileyo zemfundo kubafundi abaneziphene.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Iinkonzo zonyango zorhulumente zisebenza kwimigangatho emininzi. Urhulumente wengingqi unika iMedicare abantu abakhulileyo nabaneziphene, iMedicaid kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi kunye neentsapho, iSebe lezonyango lamagqala emikhosi, kunye neSebe lezempilo laseIndiya kwi-Indiyan Health Services for Intive America. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphethe izibhedlele zikawonke-wonke, iikliniki zempilo zoluntu, neenkonzo zempilo zengqondo.

Iinkonzo zempilo kawonke-wonke zijolise kwimpilo yabemi kunezonyango ngalunye. Oku kuquka ukujongwa kwezifo, amaphulo okugoma, unyango lwempilo, uhlolo lokutya, umgangatho wokujonga amanzi, kunye nokulawula izifo ezasulelayo. Ii-ARC ezifana neZiko lokuLawula kunye ne-(CDC) neWorld Health Organization (WHOP) emisela imigangatho, iqokelela ugcino-lwazi, kunye nokusebenzisana kwimingcinga-nkqubo yempilo. CDC.gov

Umthetho karhulumente uqinisekisa ukuba amayeza, izixhobo zonyango, izinto zokutya, kunye neendawo zemisebenzi. IFDA ivumela amayeza kwaye ijonge ukhuseleko lwawo, ngeli xesha i-OSHA imisela imigangatho yokhuseleko emsebenzini. Le misebenzi ilawula ikhusela ukhuseleko lwemveliso noncedo loluntu.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Iinkonzo zokwakha zinkqubo zokwemvelo ezenza ukuba ubomi banamhlanje bubekho. Oorhulumente bakha baze bagcine iindlela, iibhulorho, amatonela, izikhuseli zenqwelo-moya, amazibuko enqanawa, izitimela, uloliwe, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha uwonke-wonke. Bakwalawula izinto ezisebenzisa amandla afana nokusela amanzi, izikhuseli-manzi amdaka, i-grid yombane, kunye nee-intanethi ze-intanethi ezidadiweyo.

Izibonelelo zezothutho zibalulekile kumsebenzi wezoqoqosho, ukudibanisa abantu nemisebenzi, impahla kwiimarike, kunye noluntu oluhlala kwelinye. Inkqubo ye- Interstate Highway yase-U.S., yaqaliswa kwiminyaka yee-1950, yenye yemisebenzi emikhulu kawonke-wonke kwimbali. Iinkqubo zokuthutha kawonke-wonke ``ibhusi, iziporo ezihamba ngaphantsi komhlaba, iziporo ezilula' zokwenza izigidi ezingakwazi okanye ezikhetha ukuqhuba.

I-Agency yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNtlalo-ntle yamanzi iyimfuneko ngokulinganayo. Amasebe karhulumente aqinisekisa ukuselwa okukhuselekileyo ngezixhobo zonyango kunye neenkqubo zokusasaza, kwaye alawula amanzi amdaka ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nemekobume. I-U.S.I-E.S. I-EPA yoKhuselo lweNyuselo-bume be-ES (EPA) imisela imilinganiselo yokusela amanzi acocekileyo kwaye ijonge ukucocwa kweengingqi ezingcolisiwe. EPA.gov

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, i-intanethi yebhanki ebanzi iye yaba yinkonzo ebalulekileyo yezibonelelo. Oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba bafaka imali ekwandiseni ukufikelela kwe-intanethi ephezulu kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni nangaphantsi kwenkonzo, beqonda ukuba unxibelelwano lubalulekile kwimfundo, kwezonyango, kwishishini, nakwinxaxheba yezentlalo-ntle.

Inkxaso yemali yemali

Iinkonzo zoluntu zikhusela abantu kunye neentsapho ezijongene nobunzima bezoqoqosho, ukukhubazeka, okanye ezinye iingxaki. Ezi nkqubo ziquka uncedo lwemali (njengoncedo lwexeshana kwiintsapho ezisweleyo, okanye lwe-TANF, kunye nokhuseleko loMdatha-Mbindi-mali, okanye lwe-SSI), uncedo lokutya (Inkqubo yeNkcubeko yezemali, okanye i-SNAP), uncedo lwezindlu (indawo e-Specter 8 zokuhlala, izindlu zikawonke-wonke), kunye noncedo lwamandla (LIIIAIP).

Iinkonzo zentlalo zibandakanya iinkonzo zokukhusela abantwana, ukunyamekela abantwana, ukuxhasa abantwana, ukuxhasa abantwana abakhulileyo, ukuxhasa abantu abaneziphene, kunye neenkqubo zamagqala. Ezi nkonzo zijolise ekuthinteleni ukuxhatshazwa nokutyeshelwa, ukuxhasa abantu ababuthathaka, nokunceda abantu bazinze baze bangakwazi ukuzinceda.

I-Internet yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni intsonkothile yaye idla ngokwahlulwa, neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezinikezelwa ngamasebe asekuhlaleni. Iindlela zokufumana inkxaso, imigangatho eyingenelo, kunye neenkqubo zokusetyenziswa komsebenzi zahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Nangona zikho ezi ngxaki, iinkonzo zoluntu zinegalelo elibalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu, indlala, nokungabi namakhaya. Ngokutsho kwe-U.S.S. i-S. Censurence Bureauragement, iinkqubo ze-inshorensis, izigidi zabantu baseMerika zinyuse ngaphezu komgca wobuhlwempu.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo noovimba bendalo

Iinkonzo zokusingqongileyo zikhusela umoya, amanzi, umhlaba, kunye nendalo yezizukulwana zangoku nezexesha elizayo. Iirhulumente zimisela kwaye zinyanzelisa imimiselo emisela imiqathango elinganisela ungcoliso, ukulawula inkunkuma, ukukhusela izilwanyana ezisengozini, nokugcina amazwe kawonke-wonke. I-EPA ilawula imithetho engundoqo yemeko-bume, kuquka i-Cease Air Act, i-Cec Water Act, kunye noMthetho wokulondolozwa Kwezinto Zokulondoloza Indalo ne-Rece Recovery Act.

Iipaki zesizwe, amahlathi, iindawo zokuzimela izilwanyana zasendle, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle ngamazwe alawulwa ngurhulumente agcina ubuhle bendalo, izityalo nezityalo kunye namathuba okuzonwabisa. Urhulumente kunye neepaki zasekuhlaleni zinika iingenelo ezifanayo kwizikali ezincinane. Ezi ndawo zikhuselekileyo zixhasa ukukhenketha, ukuzonwabisa ngaphandle, kunye nophando lwenzululwazi.

Iinkonzo zezokomelezwa kwendalo zixhomekeke ekuxhaseni nasekuzaliseni imimandla yendalo. Kwilizwe ngalinye, amaqumrhu asebenzisa amandla, amandla, nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukukhusela imekobume kuya kugqalwa njengokuyimfuneko kwimpilo yoluntu, ukulondoloza izoqoqosho, nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho Yeenkonzo Zorhulumente

Iinkonzo zikarhulumente aziyonkcitho nje kwibutho labantu; zikukuveliswa koqoqosho nokuzinza kwesiseko sorhwebo. Abasebenzi abafunde kakhulu, izibonelelo ezithembekileyo, iinkqubo zonyango loluntu ezisebenzayo, kunye neminatha yokhuseleko olunamandla idala iimeko zokukhula nophuhliso lwamacandelo.

Ngokomzekelo, imali esetyenziswa ekulungiseni izinto inegalelo elinamandla. Ierandi nganye efakwe kwiindlela, kwiibhulorho, nakwiivenkile ivelisa iidola ezininzi kumsebenzi wezoqoqosho ngokucutha iindleko zezothutho, ngokuphucula ingeniso, nangokudala imisebenzi yokwakha. Imfundo kawonke-wonke yandisa ikomkhulu labantu, inyusa ingeniso nerhafu ekhoyo kubomi bonke. Ukungenelela kwempilo yoluntu kuthintela izifo ezinokukhupha uqoqosho nokunciphisa inxaxheba kwabasebenzi.

Iinkonzo zentlalo nazo zineengenelo zezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-SNAP kunye ne-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa zisebenza njengezinzisi ezizenzekelayo ngexesha lododobalako-mali, ukugcina imali echithwayo xa iimfuno zobuqu zithe zaphela. Uncedo lwendlu lunciphisa ukungabi namakhaya, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zempilo neenkonzo zongxamiseko. Imfundo yabantwana babantwana ivelisa inzuzo ephezulu ngokusebenza kakuhle kwesikolo, ingeniso ephezulu, kunye nokuncitshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iinkonzo zikarhulumente zixhaswa ngemali ephambili ngerhafu, edla ngokusetyenziswa kwiingxoxo zezopolitiko eziqhubekayo. Kodwa xa zijongwa njengokuthengwa kweenzuzo ezimanyeneyo, imali yerhafu ingaqondwa njengemiba yotyalo-mali olunemivuzo engenakuthelekelelwa. Isitshixo kukusebenza kakuhle: ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo zinika ixabiso eliphezulu lee-andimali ezichithwayo.

Indlela Iinkonzo zikarhulumente Ezihlawulwa Ngayo

Ukuqonda iindlela zokuxhasa imali kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela iinkonzo zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo.

ii-Taxes zingumthombo omkhulu. Urhulumente wengingqi uxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yengeniso nerhafu ehlawulwa yimiqaqo (ethi ixhase uKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye neMedicare). Urhulumente usebenzisa umxube werhafu yengeniso, iirhafu, kunye nerhafu ekhutshwayo. Urhulumente uxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, kunye nerhafu kunye nerhafu yomsebenzisi. Ukusasazwa kweminyhorhozo yerhafu kunye nohlahlozo lwemali kuxhomekeke kwingxoxo eqhubekayo yemithetho.

Imali yemali yomsebenzisi nerhafu yemali enceda abantu abathile okanye amaqela. Imizekelo iquka iindlela eziluncedo, iindleko zohambo lukawonke-wonke, iindleko zokungena epakini, kunye nerhafu yokwakha ingeniso yemvume.

Ukudluliswa koburhulumente kwemali phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Urhulumente worhulumente unika izibonelelo kumazwe nakwimimandla yeenkqubo ezifana ne-Medicaid, imfundo, ezothutho, kunye nezoncedo lwentlekele. Ezi zithutho zinokuba nemibandela (imimandla ephicothayo ukufikelela kwimigangatho ethile) okanye ngokungaxhomekekanga (ukuvumela ukulungele ukusetyenziswa koncedo).

Ukuboleka ngelinye ijelo lemali, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi emikhulu yemali enjengezikolo, uhola-ndlela, kunye nezityalo zonyango lwamanzi. Amatyala asasazwayo axabisa ixesha elide, alingana neengenelo zexesha elide zezibonelelo kunye nentlawulo yabahlawuleli bezonyango abaza kunandipha ezo nzuzo.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente wale mihla

Ubuxhakaxhaka butshintsha indlela eziveliswa ngayo iinkonzo zikarhulumente, zisenza zifikeleleke, ziphumelele kwaye zikwazi ukusabela. Ukutshintshwa kwamanani kuye kwaba yinto ephambili kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente, akhawulezwe yisifo esibulalayo se-COVID-19.

Kwiziqhagamsheli kunye nee-apps ezihambayo zivumela abemi ukuba bafikelele kwiinkonzo ngaphandle kokutyelela ii-ofisi eziphathekayo. Abantu bangawahlaziya amalayisensi okuqhuba, iirhafu zefayile, ukufakela iinzuzo, ukubhalisa ukuvota, nokuhlawula imali ehlawulwayo kwi-intanethi. Ezi nkonzo zamanani zinciphisa amaxesha okulinda, iindleko zolawulo eziphantsi, kwaye ziphucula ulwaneliseko lwabathengi.

[[NTL:0] Izixhobo zokulwa noxinzelelo zinceda oorhulumente babonise iimfuno, oovimba abajoliswe kubo, kunye neziphumo zomlinganiselo. Umzekelo, amasebe ezempilo kawonke-wonke asebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukulandelela ukuqhambuka kwezifo nokunikezela ngemichiza. Amasebe ezothutho ahlolisisa iipatroli ukwenzela ukulungelelanisa ixesha kunye nokunciphisa ukuminyana. Amasebe enkonzo yoluntu asebenzisa ukuqikelela ukuba zikho iimfuno ezisemngciphekweni wokuhlaselwa kwabantwana kunye nokungenelela kwasekuqaleni.

ubuchule bokwenza nokwenza izinto ngokwazo iya isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo. Ii-Chatbot ziphendula imibuzo yommi, izicelo zenkqubo zenkqubo ezizenzekelayo, kunye nee-algorithm zomatshini zokufunda ubuqhetseba kwiinkqubo eziyingenelo. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zikhulula abasebenzi abangabantu ukuqwalasela kwiimeko ezinzima nezigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwabangela iingxaki. Izisongelo zokungalawuleki zifuna ukusoloko ziqwalaselwa kunye notyalo-mali. Ukwahlulwa kwamanani kuthetha ukuba abanye abemi abanazo ii-intanethi okanye ubuchule bokufunda amanani. Inkxalabo zobuqu kufuneka zilungelelaniswe neengenelo zokwenziwa kwesigqibo sogcino-lwazi. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ubugcisa busebenza ngokulinganayo nokungena komngeniselo, hayi nje kuphela.

Iinkonzo zikarhulumente Ezinokujamelana Neengxaki

Phezu kwayo nje indima yazo ebalulekileyo, iinkonzo zikarhulumente zijamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo noluzingisileyo olusongela ukuphumelela nokuzixhasa kwazo.

izithintelo zemasti yemali ngumba ongapheliyo. Ingeniso yerhafu idla ngokukhula kancinci, ngeli xesha imfuneko yeenkonzo inyuka ngokwanda kwabemi, ukwaluphala kwamanani, kunye nexabiso elinyukayo. Oorhulumente abaninzi bajongene nokungafezeki koqingqo-mali lwesakhiwo, benyanzelisa ukhetho olunzima phakathi kwemali ebekwa phambili. Ukulondolozwa kogcino-mali-zixhobo/iibrorhorho, iinkqubo zamanzi, iziphumo ezisasazekileyo zemali.

Imisebenzi engundoqo ingaphazamisa iinkonzo. Iinguqu kulawulo zizisa amade kwizinto eziza kuqala, amanqanaba emali, kunye noyilo lwenkqubo. Ipatrisan gridlock inokuba libazisela uqingqo-mali, ukubotshelelwa, nokunqanda utshintsho olufunekayo. Imijikelo emifutshane yezopolitiko isenokungqubana nocwangciso kunye notyalo-mali lwexesha elide.

Ukuthembana okukhoyo kunye nokuqonda kucetyiswa kodwa kubuthathaka. Amava angalunganga ngesebe eliphethe imikhosi, iimbono zokulahlwa kwenkunkuma kunye nokungafezeki, kunye nokuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika kusenokuphelisa ukuthemba kurhulumente. Ukungathembani kukwenza kube nzima ukunyusa ingeniso, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokufumana abasebenzi abanamava. Ukubuyiselwa komntu kufuneka ukuba abe mhlophe, aphendule iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

[[FLT: 0] Imingeni yomsebenzi iyakhula. Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente ajongene nabasebenzi abalupheleyo, enamanani amakhulu abaqeshwa abanamava abasondela ekuthatheni umhlala-phantsi. Ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi nokugcina abasebenzi abanobuchule, ingakumbi kumacandelo obugcisa anjenge IT, ukhuseleko lobungcali, kunye nobunjineli, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi xa imivuzo yecandelo labucala iphezulu. Iinkqubo zokuqesha abaqeshiweyo kunye nabasebenzi abangqongqo balawula le ngxaki.

[[[NTL:0] Utshintsho lwezentengiselwano luthuba kunye nocelomngeni. Iinkqubo zelifa zibiza imali eninzi ukugcina kwaye kunzima ukudibana neeplatfomu zale mihla. Izisongelo zokungalawuleki zimele ziqhubeke ziqokelela uqeqesho, izibonelelo, kunye nolwakhiwo lolwakhiwo lwemali ukuze zigcine isantya.

ukwenziwa nokufakwa kuhlala kusemgangathweni ongagqitywanga. Ngokwembali, iinkonzo zikarhulumente azisoloko zahlulwa ngokusesikweni kwiilayini zobuhlanga, zesizwe, zelizwe, kunye nezoqoqosho. Ukuvuleka, ukungalungisi mekobume, kunye nenkxaso-mali yesikolo ezingafaniyo zizinto ezisemgangathweni eziqhubeka zisenza iziphumo. Ukuthetha ngezi ndawo kufuna inkqubo yequmrhu, ukubophelana kwamaqela, nokuphendula kobuzwe.

Ikamva leenkonzo zikarhulumente

Xa ujonga phambili, kufuneka urhulumente aqhelane nokutshintsha okunzulu kwamanani, ubugcisa, imekobume kunye nezoqoqosho.

ukwenziwa kobuqu kunye noyilo oluphakathi komsebenzisi luza kuba luxhaphakile kakhulu. Oorhulumente baya bamkela imigaqo yoyilo oluphakathi lomntu, ifomu ezilula, iinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi, kunye neenkonzo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zomntu ngamnye. Injongo kukwenza iinkonzo zibe lula ukusebenzisa njengemigangatho yezorhwebo njenge-Amazon okanye njenge-intanethi yogcino-mali.

Iinkonzo ezi-'ovulayo nezinempembelelo' ziya kufumana ingeniso. Kunokuba balinde iintlekele, oorhulumente baza kutyala imali eninzi kungenelelo lwangaphambili nakwizisombululo eziphezulu zomsinga. Imizekelo iquka ukuqokelela imali kuphuhliso lwabantwana bamandulo ukucutha iindleko zamva kwentlalo, ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukuphawula nokuxhasa abantu abanobuhlolo, kunye nokwakha ugcino-moya lokuzinzisa ukunciphisa umonakalo wentlekele.

Ukhuthuzo oludibeneyo lwamacandelo ngapha nangapha luza kukhula. Unxulumano lukawonke-wonke, intsebenziswano engancediyo, kunye nezivumelwano zezorhulumente ziya kuxhaphaka ngakumbi njengoko oorhulumente befuna ubuncwane kunye nobuchule. Akukho nto inye enokucombulula iingxaki ezinzima ezifana nokungabi nakhaya, ukukhotyokiswa yi-opioid, okanye inguqulelo yemozulu kuphela.

[[NTLALA:0] Umlinganiselo wokulinganisa kunye nenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina iza kuqhubekeka ukuqhubela phambili. Oorhulumente bazakusebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo uvavanyo olunzima, ukuvavanywa okungacwangciswanga, kunye nohlalutyo lwexabiso lokufumana ingeniso ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi imisebenzi kunye nonikezelo lwezibonelelo ngokufanelekileyo. Amaqonga abonisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle aza kwenza ugcino-lwazi lufumaneke kuwonke wonke, luncede ulawulo lwangaphandle nolwakhiwo.

Ulungiso olumanyeneyo kunye nokuzinza luza kuba yimisebenzi engundoqo. Oorhulumente baza kufaka imali eninzi kwisiseko esimelana nemozulu embi, bakhusele uluntu lwaselwandle ukusuka kumgangatho wolwandle, kunye notshintsho kumandla acocekileyo. Iinkonzo zokusingqongileyo ziza kudityaniswa kwinkalo nganye yolawulo.

Ukuzimela nokuqinisekisa okukhuselekileyo kuza kwenza ukuba kunikezelwe inkonzo engenamthungo. Njengoko iinkonzo ezininzi zihamba kwi-intanethi, oorhulumente baza kuvelisa iinkqubo ezikhuselekileyo zokuzichaza ngamanani ezikhusela ukuzimela okufihlakeleyo ngexa beqinisekisa ukuba luncedo nokukhusela ukuqhatha. Ezi nkqubo ziza kwenza ukuba kubekho "ukuze ngqo" apho abemi banikela ulwazi kanye kwaye lwabelane ngamanye amasebe ngemvume yabo.

Isiphumo: Isizathu Sokuba Iinkonzo zikaRhulumente Zibaluleke

Iinkonzo zikarhulumente aziyomisebenzi yolawulo engacacanga, kwaye ziluncedo ekuzibopheleleni ngokusisigxina kwizinto ezintle eziqhelekileyo. Zikhusela ubomi, zifundise abantwana, ziphilise abagulayo, zinxibelelane nabantu, zixhase ababuthathaka, zize zikhusele imekobume. Zinceda umsebenzi wezoqoqosho, zikhuthaza umanyano lwentlalo, kwaye ziphakamisa umthetho.

Ubunjani kunye nokusebenza kweenkonzo zikarhulumente kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani bobomi bommi ngamnye. Xa iinkonzo zisebenza kakuhle, ziphantse zingabonakali; xa zingaphumeleli, iziphumo zikhawulezile kwaye ziyabonakala. Le mda ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuqhubekeka kophucuko, ukuxhasa ngemali eqinileyo, nokuthembisana kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ukuqonda iinkonzo zikarhulumente linyathelo lokuqala lokuba ngummi onolwazi nokhutheleyo. Kuvumela abantu ukuba bakhuthaze ngokunempumelelo iinkonzo abazifunayo, baphendule iinkokeli ngokwenza kwazo, baqonde izibonelelo ezintsonkothileyo ezenza ukuba kubekho ubomi banamhlanje. Njengoko iingxaki zivela kwaye kuvela amathuba amatsha, iinkonzo zikarhulumente ziza kuhlala zibalulekile/__ kwaye zifanelwe yingqalelo esengqiqweni kuzo zonke iinkonzo ezizikhonzayo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kweenkonzo zikarhulumente kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke, oovimba abanjenge-USA.gov banikezela ngoovimba beefayili ababanzi, ngeli lixa imibutho enjenge Brookings Institution[ inika uphando nohlalutyo kwinkqubo kunye nolawulo.