Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zisisiseko sendlela iimpikiswano zomthetho wamakhaya eziconjululwa ngayo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, eqinisekisiweyo, nefanelekileyo. Nokuba olo ngquzulwano lubandakanya isivumelwano esaphukileyo, intlukwano yempahla, ityala lomntu, okanye imbambano yomthetho wekhaya, inkqubo yokulawula ilungiselela iinkqubo zokufumana amalungelo neemfuno kunye neenkqubano kunye nezonyango. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo ziyimfuneko kungekuphela kwabafundi bomthetho kunye noochwepheshe bezomthetho kodwa kwanaye nabani na onokuthi ngosuku olunye afune ukunyanzeleka ukuba afumane ilungelo okanye akhusele ityala. Eli nqaku linikela imigaqo ebanzi, yeqonga lesigaba-tempila ngokweenkqubo zomthetho, ukusuka kumanyathelo okuqala okucombululo angaphandle okuqululweyo ngenyathelo lokugqibela lesibheno, ngengqiqo eluncedo koko kunokwenzeka kwingxelo nganye yesaphulo-cholo.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya ngumthetho olawula iimpikiswano zangasese phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, okanye eminye imibutho. Ume ngokwahlukileyo kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, oqhubana netyala elichasene nesizwe. Kwimeko yoluntu, iqela elilimeleyo (umchasi) lifuna ikhapyufazelo (inkozo zemali) okanye imiyalelo ephuma kwiqela elithenjiweyo labangela umonakalo (ummangalelwa), kanti umtshutshisi umele abonise ukuba unetyala [FLT:] elisengqiqweni [FLT] [FF:0]

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka uludwe oluninzi lwemimandla engaphakathi, kuquka umthetho wesivumelwano (ukungavumelani kwesivumelwano), i-tort yomthetho (i-gligente, ukushwabana, imveliso yetyala), umthetho wempahla (iimpikiswano zomhlaba, imicimbi ye-mnini-ndlu), umthetho wentsapho (igalelo lomntwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana), kunye nomthetho weshishini (iimpikiswano zengingqi, ukudityaniswa kwesivumelwano). Imithetho ye-procedignigate elawula indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwinkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yoluntu ifunyanwa kwimithetho yemithetho yephondo okanye yomthetho olinganayo, njengemithetho yenkundla kunye nomthetho. Ukuhlola okunegunya, ukukhangela i-Phondo yezentelekelelo-mthetho. [FLD: 0]

Iziphelo Zokugwetywa Kwabemi

Nangona yonke imeko ingaqhelekanga, uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni lulandela ukuqhubekeka jikelele kwesigaba. Ukuqonda la maqondo kunceda amaqela namagqwetha alungelelanisa iindleko, alawule iindleko, abeke ulindelo olusengqiqweni. Ngeli ngezantsi kukwaphulwa kwenyathelo ngalinye kwibhayisekile yobomi yasekuhlaleni.

1. Umgangatho ophambili wolawulo

Phambi kokuqulunqa ityala, iimpikiswano ezininzi zingaconjululwa ngemigudu engacwangciswanga okanye ngokusesikweni yangaphambi kokubekwa kwezakhono. Eli candelo alisoloko lifunwa ngumthetho, kodwa iinkundla zikhuthaza ngokuqhubekayo okanye zikwayalela amaqela ukuba azame ukuhlaliswa phambi kokuba abhenele ekuhlaziyweni. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • [[NTLA:0] Utshintsho : Amaqela [“ngokufuthi asebenzisa amagqwetha] awo, afuna ukutshintsha kwaye anikela ngelinge lokufikelela kwindawo yokuzithandela. Abaququzeleli abanobuchule bajolise kwimiba enomdla kunokujongana neendawo zokufumana izisombululo.
  • [[NTL: 0] IiLeta ezinamagama adityanisiweyo: Umlandu uthumela ileta echaza izikhalazo, isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, kunye nesisombululo esikhethekileyo esifunwayo (umz., isixa semali okanye isenzo sokulungisa). Ileta efunekayo elungiselelwe kakuhle ingenza isithuthi ngaphandle kokumangalelana.
  • Uququzelelo: Kwi-mediam-mlamli wesithathu wobundilele unceda ingxoxo phakathi kwamaqela. Umlamleli akanyanzeli sigqibo kodwa unceda amaqela afumane indawo efanayo. Imithetho emininzi ifuna ungenelelo phambi kokuvavanywa kwemeko ethile, njengemiba yentsapho okanye yemiba encinci.
  • Izivumelwano zokwahlula-hlula: Ezinye izivumelwano ziqulathe izivakalisi ezibophelelekileyo zokwahlula, ezifuna amaqela ukunikezela iimpikiswano kumphathi-mjikelo endaweni yenkundla. Ulwahlulo yinkqubo yabucala, engeyonkqubo eqhelekileyo esoloko iphumela kwisigqibo sokugqibela, esinganikezeli.

Imigudu yangaphambili yolwakhiwo ingalondoloza ixesha elibalulekileyo kunye nendleko. Zinika amatheko ulawulo oluthe kratya kwiziphumo. Kumacebo aphambili ocwangciso, tyelela i [[FLT: 0] icandelo leMelika Bar Comment leDespute Resolution.

Ukuphosa Izikhalazo Nezishwankathelayo

Ukuba imigudu yokuzichaza ingaphumeleli, ummangali uqala ukumangalela ngokufaka i- uphazamiso lwenkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sichaze ngokucacileyo iimbambano ezisemthethweni, iingxelo ezibunyani ezixhasa ezo mbango, kwaye isiqabu esiceliweyo. Ucalucalulo olukwisigaba siquka:

  • Jouridiction and Venue: I-Placttiff mayiyifake kwinkundla enolawulo lweziqu zombini (igunya lokuva olo hlobo lomba) kunye negunya lobuqu phezu kommangalelwa. Imithetho yeVnue imisela indawo eyiyo.
  • Isalathisi somda: Zonke iintengiso zoluntu zinexesha elilinganiselweyo lokugcina. Ukungalufumani ixesha elipheleleyo eliqhelekileyo lokuzibophelela ngokungenasiphelo. Umthetho wohlobo lwento nolawulo lwahlukeneyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubhabha iFoe: Iinkundla zifuna umrhumo ukuvula ityala. Iintambo ze-indigent zinokubakhona kwifluti.

Ngokuhambisana nesikhalazo, inkundla ikhupha umkhalazo ``isaziso esisemthethweni' sokuba ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule ngexesha elimisiweyo (ngokufuthi 20 ukuya kumashumi amathathu eentsuku). Izicelo zithumela ummangalelwa ukuba avele aze akhusele, okanye umgwebo ongagqibekanga ungangeniswa nxamnye nabo.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokubhala, ummangalelwa kufuneka asebenzise isikhalazo aze abize ummangalelwa ekuthobeleni imithetho ebhaliweyo. Inkonzo yenkqubo iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba ufumana isaziso sokwenyani sokumangalelwa kunye nethuba lokuviwa (imfuneko yenkqubo efunekayo yomgaqo-siseko. Iindlela zenkonzo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Inkonzo yeyakho buqu: Umncedisi wenkqubo okanye umgwebi ngokobuqu unika ummangalelwa la maxwebhu.
  • Inkonzo ecwangcisiweyo: Ukuba inkonzo yobuqu ayifikeleleki, amaphepha angashiywa nomntu olinganayo kwindlu okanye indawo yoshishino, okanye ethunyelweyo aze alandelwe yiposi yesibini.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isiqinisekiso sokhupho: Xa ummangalelwa engenakufunyanwa, inkundla ingavumela isaziso ngokupapashwa kwiphephandaba njengendawo yokugqibela yokukhetha.

Emva kwenkonzo, ifayile elula i- isikhuseli senkonzo ngenkundla, ibhala indlela nexa ummangalelwa esetyenzisiweyo. Inkonzo engagunyaziswanga ingakhokelela ekugxothweni okanye ekulibaziseni.

4. Indlela Ummeli Asabela Ngayo

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa makafake ifayile impendulo ngexesha elichaziweyo kwisicelo. Iimpendulo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Impendulo: Uxwebhu oluvumayo okanye olusikhabayo isikhalazo ngasinye esikhalazweni. Ummangalelwa angaphakamisa ukhuseleko lokuvuma (umz., ummiselo wemiqathango, imvume, i-raver).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibalaustlaim: Ummangalelwa angaqiqa ngokuchasene nomphandle ophuma kwintengiselwano enye okanye kwisiganeko esinye. Umzekelo, kwimeko yengozi yemoto, ummangalelwa angaphikisana nommangalelwa ukuba ummangalelwa wayenetyala.
  • Cros-Claim. Kwimeko ezininzi, ummangalelwa angaqinisa ityala ngokuchasene nedefanti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha : Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa angayila intshukumo ephikisayo yokuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza isikhalazo esinokunikwa sona isiqabu, okanye inkundla ayinalo igunya. Ukuba iyavunywa, ityala lingarhoxiswa okanye ikhefu elinikiweyo libe sekupheleni.

Ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuphendula ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ummangalelwa angacela umgwebo omiselweyo , odla ngokunika impesa isiqabu esifunwayo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.

5. Ukufunyaniswa

Ukufumanisa okusoloko kulelona xesha libalulekileyo lokufumana ulwazi olungenaxabiso lokuzithethelela kwemibutho. Injongo yalo kukuvumela amacala omabini afumane ubungqina kwelinye icala nakumaqela amathathu, ukuphelisa ukumangaliswa ekuzanyweni nokukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa okufanelekileyo. Umlinganiselo wokufumana into ebanzi: amaqela angafumana naluphi na ulwazi olungeyomfuneko olunxulumene nentengiso okanye ukhuseleko lwawo nawuphi na umbutho. Iinkonzo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ubalo [: Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo. Iinkundla zisoloko zilinganisela inani (umz., 25 yemibuzo).
  • Izithuba: I-aperson, ubungqina obufungekileyo obuthatyathwe phambi kokuvavanywa. Ii-athorney zingabuza imibuzo zize zilandele ngexesha lokwenene. Izixhobo zokufumana zisona sixhobo sinamandla sokuvavanya ukuthembeka nokutshixa ubungqina.
  • Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), okanye izinto ezibonakalayo. Kwixesha lanamhlanje lamanani, i-email, imibhalo, kunye nemetadata zigxininisa kakhulu.
  • Izicelo ze-Adjustant: Iqela licela elinye ukuba livume okanye likhanyele iingxelo ezithile ezibunyani okanye ezingokwasemthethweni. Inkcukacha ezivunyiweyo zithathwa zingqinelwe ngokuqinisekisiweyo ngenxa yetyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Subpoenas: Isetyenziswa ukunyanzela iingingqi ezingenayo ukwenza amaxwebhu okanye ukungqina kwi-aseaved.

Iimpikiswano ezifunyenweyo ziqhelekile. Ii-attorney zisenokufuna imiyalelo yokukhusela ukufumanisa into okanye ukunyanzela ukuba iqela lisilele ukuphendula. Imithetho elinganayo yeProcedia nemeko ifuna umlinganiselo ekufunyanisweni."Umthwalo akufunekanga ungaphezulu kwengenelo enokwenzeka.

6. Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela angafaka ifayile yentshukumo efuna imiba emincinane okanye aphumelele ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Intshukumo ezingundoqo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka:

  • [[NTL: 0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: Ifakelwa xa kungekho mpikiswano yokwenene malunga nayo nayiphi na into ephathekayo kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho. Inkundla ihlola ubungqina (iindawo, amaxwebhu) ukugqiba ukuba ukuvavanywa kuyimfuneko na.
  • Motion kwi Limine: Isicelo sokususa ubungqina obuthile ekukhankanyweni ekucinyweni. Umzekelo, intshukumo ingafuna ukungabufaki ubungqina bendawo zangaphambili zeqela kuba azinakufumaneka ukungqina ubutyala.
  • [[NKQUBO] Intshukumo: Kwiinkundla zequmrhu (neenkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente), intshukumo ecel' umngeni ukubonakala kobungqina obungochwepheshe, ephikisayo ayihlangabezi imiqathango yokunyaniseka phantsi I-Deubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmacetics.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umqukumbelo kwi Compel: ifakelwa ukunyanzela iqela ukuba lithobele izicelo zokufumana.

Ukuba unikezelo lomgwebo wesishwankathelo luye luphele ngaphambi kokuba kuvavanywe. Ukuba alivunywanga, ityala liqhubekela kumhla wokuvavanywa kwetyala.

7. Ukuvavanywa

Ityala linikelwa ngokusesikweni kobungqina nempikiswano phambi kwejaji (ukuchotshelwa kwetyala) okanye kwejaji kunye nabachopheli-tyala (ukuchotshelwa kwetyala). Inkqubo yokuchotshelwa kwetyala idla ngokuvela ngalo myalelo:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (Inani elipheleleyo): Kumatyala abachopheli-tyala, amagqwetha abuza abazakuba ngabachopheli-mthetho ukuba bachaze iimkhethe. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa imingeni ekhululayo (inani elilinganiselweyo) kunye nocelomngeni lonobangela.
  • IiNgxelo eziVulayo: iqela ngalinye lichaza ubungqina elilindele ukubunikela kunye nebali eliza kulichaza. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina kodwa zisebenza njengemap yendlela.
  • Umzekelo-ngecala- kwi-Chief: Umchazi unikela ubungqina (ubungqina bobungqina, amaxwebhu, imiboniso) ukungqina inxalenye nganye yentengiso zabo. AmaNgqina avavanywa ngqo, aze anqamleze ngokuzikhusela.
  • Ityala leDefentant [[FL:1]: Ummangalelwa unikela ubungqina bawo namangqina, kuquka naziphina izinto zokuzikhusela ezivumayo okanye ii-antam.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingxowa-mali kunye nokhuthuzo: I-placttiff inganika ubungqina obongezelelekileyo ukuphikisa imeko yokhuselo, kwaye ukhuselo lungaphendula ngendlela efanayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo : Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina lize lichaze isizathu sokuba ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala balawule bebakhetha. Umlahli udla ngokuhamba kuqala kwaye ugqibelele.
  • Imiyalelo e-JURT: Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho kumthetho osebenzayo. Kwityala lebhentshi, ijaji isebenzisa umthetho ngqo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isigqibo ne memoriding: Abachopheli-tyala (okanye ijaji) bayazenza ngabom kwaye babuyisela isigqibo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, isigqibo asifuni kudibene ngaphandle kokuba sifunwa yimithetho yasekuhlaleni; uninzi lwanele rhoqo.

Ityala lingathatha usuku olunye okanye iiveki eziliqela, kuxhomekeka ekuntsonkothekeni. Iimeko ezininzi zabemi azingeni kwityala elingu-90% ziconjululwa ngokuhlaliswa okanye ukuqukunjelwa phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

8. Isigwebo nentshukumo yasemva

Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla ingena kugwebo lubonakalisa isiphumo. Umgwebo ungaquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo ombaxa: umonakalo wokuqokelela (ukulahlekelwa ngokoqobo), ilahleko yesohlwayo (kumatyala okuziphatha okubi kakhulu), kwaye maxa wambi umonakalo ogama linguwo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uncedo olungasebenziyo: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze okanye aphephe ukwenza isenzo esithile (umz., susa ucingo, uyeke ukupapasha iingxelo ezinyelisayo).
  • [[Uncedo lokwalatha] : Isindululo senkundla samalungelo amaqela ngaphandle komonakalo ohlawuliswayo.

Emva komgwebo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayifakela imposiso yasemva kovavanyo, njenge imo yogwebo njengombandela womthetho (ukutsha kwakhona intshukumo yangaphambili) okanye imvakalelo yovavanyo olutsha [ olusekelwe kwimposiso ezisemthethweni okanye kwihambo engalunganga. Le ntshukumo mayibekwe ngokukhawuleza.

9. Izibheno

Ukuba iqela likholelwa ukuba inkundla yetyala yenze impazamo engokwasemthethweni eyachaphazela iziphumo, basenokubhenela kwinkundla echaphazelekayo. Inkqubo yesibheno ibandakanya oku:

  • INotice yeZibheno: Uxwebhu olufutshane olugcinwe kwinkundla echongiweyo ngexesha elingqongqo (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka kumgwebo).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhutshelwe kwiSibheno: Itracki yokuvavanya, imiboniso, kunye nezibongozo ziqokelelwe ukwenzela inkundla echazayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Appellate Imisofuda[[FLT: 1]]: iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo ezichaza iimpazamo ezicinywayo nesizathu sokuba umgwebo uzakubuyiselwa okanye uguqulwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impikiswano ye-Oral : Ii-athorney zivela phambi kwabagwebi abathatha inxaxheba ukuphendula imibuzo.
  • Ukuququzelela: Inkundla yeziphumo isenokuqinisekisa, ibuyisela umva, i-vacate, okanye i-remand (emva) imeko yoqhubekeko-phambili. Izibheno ngokuqheleke aziquki bungqina obutsha okanye ubuphindi bobungqina; umgangatho wokuhlola usoloko “usebenzisa ingqiqo” okanye“ impazamo enkulu” ukwenzela iiziphumo ezinyani, kunye no-okanye [[FLT:] udevo [[FT:3] ukwenzela iziphelo ezisemthethweni.

Inkundla ephakamileyo okanye ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States isenokubhenela ngakumbi kwinkundla yetyala, kodwa uhlolisiso olunjalo lunokucaciswa yaye alufane lunikelwe.

Enye iNkxaso

Asizizo zonke iingxabano zamakhaya ezimele ziconjululwe ngokucazululwa. Iindlela ze-ADR zinika amaqela amathuba okuba abhetyebhetye, akhawulezise, yaye angabikho ncam ngendlela yokulungisa. Ezi ndlela zintathu ziqhelekileyo zezo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uquko-mali: Iingxubusho ezithe ngqo phakathi kwamaqela (okanye amagqwetha abo) ngaphandle kweqela lesithathu. Yindlela elula nephantsi kakhulu, kwaye igcina ulwalamano.
  • Intsingiselo yequmrhu : Umxhasi ongathathi-nxaxheba unceda amaqela anxibelelana kunye nokhetho lohlahlo. Umlamli akanagunya lokumisela isigqibo. Imiyalelo iya igunyaziswa zinkundla phambi kokuvavanywa kwemiqathango emininzi.
  • I-Arbitration: Umququzeleli ongathathi-nxaxheba uva ubungqina kwaye unikezela ngesidibanisi okanye isigqibo esingabopheleliyo. Ulwahlulo luxhaphakile kwizivumelwano zorhwebo nakuthengi, nangona kuphikiswana ngobulungisa. ABA inika izinto kwi-arbitration
  • UMthetho wokhuthazo: iqela ngalinye ligcina igqwetha eliqeqeshiweyo ngokusebenzisana kwaye liyavuma ukuncokola ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokuya enkundleni. Ukuba inkqubo ayiphumeleli, amagqwetha omabini ayarhoxa, kwaye amaqela kufuneka aqeshe isiluleko esitsha sokulishwa.

I-ADR inokonga ixesha, inciphise iindleko, ize ivumele iindlela zonyango ezingaphaya koko inkundla inokukuyalela.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zenzelwe ukulungiselela izigqibo ezifanelekileyo nezilungeleleneyo kwiimbambano zangasese, ukuphakamisa umthetho ngoxa uhlonela amalungelo awo onke amaqela. Ukusukela kwingxoxo yokuqala yangaphambi kokufunyaniswa, ukuvavanywa, kunye nesibheno esinokwenzeka, isigaba ngasinye sisebenzisa injongo ekhethekileyo: ukuchonga iimbambano, ukuqokelela ubungqina, ukuvumela ukuhlaliswa, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuba unomakhandi ongathathi-nxaxheba usebenzise umthetho kwiimeko. Ngelixa indlela yokukhalazela ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibelo, ukuvavanya, ukuqonda ukwakhiwa kweproccolertic systsss, ingcessssss, igrapt sy sy sy sy sy sy sy sy, interversignation, interver, impumelelo, iziphumo, impumelelo, impumelelo, impumelelo, impumelelo, impumelelo,