Ukuqonda Umgangatho Osemthethweni Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya wakha umphambili wesisombululo sempikiswano kwinkqubo yale mihla engokwasemthethweni, ulawula phantse zonke iinkalo zokunxibelelana kwabantu ngasese ngezantsi kwezivumelwano zeshishini kunye nolwalamano lomnini-fama kunye neengxabano zokonzakalisa ngokwezakhono. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ofuna ukohlwaya ulungelelwano lukarhulumente ngokutshutshiswa, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ulungiselela amaqela azimeleyo ukusombulula iingxabano, afune imbuyekezo zengozi, kwaye anyanzelise izibophelelo ezisemthethweni. Ukuqonda imaphu yendlela yomgaqo-mthetho yetyala yamakhaya kubalulekile kuye nabani na onokuba ubandakanyekekayo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba ngummangali othetha ityala okanye ummangali ophendulayo.

Inkqubo yonikezelo lwamakhaya yenzelwe ukuba ibe yelungelelwaniso nengqinelaneyo, nesakhiwo ngasinye seqonga kweso sangaphambili. Ngelixesha imithetho ekhethekileyo kunye nemigca yexesha iyahluka ngokwamagunya `inkundla zomthetho zilandela eyazo ikhowudi ze-proceded, ngelixa iinkundla zephondo zinamathela kwi Imithetho ye-Federal yeProcediture[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [isakhiwo esingundoqo sihlala sihambelana ngaphaya kowona mmandla wamazwe aseMelika.] Ubuchule besibonelelo solwazi sisebenzisa izigqibo zolwazi, ukusingatha ukulindela, nokusebenza ngokunempumelelo ngesiluleko esisemthethweni.

Le sikhokelo sinikezela ngokuhamba ngokubanzi kwinkqubo yokumangalelwa kwamakhaya, ukusuka kwingxoxo yangaphambi komthetho osemthethweni kumthetho wasemva kwetyala. Isigaba ngasinye sihlolwa ngokweenkcukacha, kuquka iindlela eziluncedo, imigibe eqhelekileyo, kunye noqwalaselo olulungeleleneyo oluyiziphumo zobume. Ukuba ujongene neziphumo zakho zokuqala zokumangalelwa okanye ufuna ukuqonda bhetele indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo, eli nqaku linikela ukhokelo olunegunya olufunayo.

Yintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo ("iindidiccultures", amashishini, amaqumrhu karhulumente, neminye imibutho" apho elinye iqela lithe lasilela ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi osemthethweni okanye libangele umonakalo ngenxa yehambo ephosakeleyo. Iinjongo eziphambili zomthetho wasekuhlaleni ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusombulula iimpikiswano ngokuchanekileyo ngokucwangcisa, ngobundilele
  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] Imbuyekezo yokubuyisa [ ngomonakalo ofelwe ngenxa yezenzo okanye izithulelo zomnye umntu
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukunika amalungelo asemthethweni nezibophelelo ukuvela kwizivumelwano, imimiselo, okanye umthetho oqhelekileyo
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusungula umonakalo wexesha elizayo ngokukhulula okanye ukukhupha imigwebo

Umlinganiselo womthetho wasekuhlaleni ubanzi ngendlela engaqhelekanga, uquka iindawo ezininzi zokuqhelisela.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Ukudityaniswa kwemibutho kuvela xa elinye iqela limisela ulwaphuko lwesivumelwano esinyanzelekileyo esisemthethweni. La matyala asenokubandakanya yonke into ukusuka kwizivumelwano ezilula zenkonzo kunye nezivumelwano zentengiso ukuya kurhwebo oluntsonkothileyo, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, kunye nezivumelwano zokuthenga indawo. Ummangali-mthetho ukhangela ilahleko yemali ukuze azibeke kwindawo ebeya kuba ixakekile ukuba isivumelwano senziwe, okanye umsebenzi othile ofuna ukuba iqela elo laphulayo liphumeze iimbopheleleko zalo zesivumelwano.

Ingxelo Enconywayo

Umthetho wetort ulungisa iimpazamo ezibangelwa yingozi kumntu okanye kwimpahla, ngaphandle kolwalamano olubi. Ingxelo eqhele ukuthethwa ngayo iquka ukwenzakala komntu ngokobuqu kwiingozi zemoto okanye kwityala letyala lemali, ukusetyenziswa kwezamayeza, ukunyeliswa, ukuqhatha, kunye netyala lemveliso. Abantu abachaphazelekayo badla ngokufuna ilahleko kwiindleko zezonyango, ukulahlekelwa kwemivuzo, iintlungu, ukubandezeleka, kwakunye neziphumo zokohlwaywa kwiimeko ezithile ezibandakanya ihambo engafanelekanga.

Iingxabano Zempahla

Ucalulo lwempahla luquka iimbambano zomda, iimfazwe ezibambene neendawo, ii-asterence, ukuncitshiswa, kunye nezibhengezo zequmrhu. Ezi meko zidla ngokubandakanya imibuzo entsonkothileyo ngobunikazi, amalungelo okulawulwa kwempahla, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho wempahla.

Umthetho Wentsapho Ubalulekile

Ngoxa amatyala omthetho wentsapho — kuquka uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nenkxaso engokwasemthethweni — zilandela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo, zihlala zihleli ngokwendalo. La matyala abeka phambili isigqibo esithe ngqo kwiimpikiswano zobufama kwaye ngokufuthi abandakanya ukuqwalaselwa okucacileyo nokuqiqa okungakumbi kwemithetho.

Inkqubo yomthetho wesiBini: IsiKhokelo soMgaqo-ndlela

Umgca wexesha othe ngqo woluntu ungathatha iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka, kuxhomekeka kubuntsonkotha betyala, ukuxinana kwenkundla, kunye nendlela yokudityaniswa kwamaqela. Ukuqonda iqonga ngalinye kunceda abasebenzi balindele oko kungaphambili kwaye balungiselele ngokufanelekileyo.

Unyuso lwangaphambili

Phambi kokuba ityala lisoloko libekwa, iimpikiswano ezininzi zidlula kwisigaba sokubekwa kwetyala ngaphambi kokuba lihlaziywe. Eli xesha libalulekile ekuhloleni amandla etyala, ukugcina ubungqina, nokuhlola isigqibo ngaphandle kongenelelo lwenkundla. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

Uphando kunye nohlolo lwetyala

Izixhobo ezinokuba zikho kufuneka ziqhube uphando olunenyaniso phambi kokugqiba isikhalazo. Oku kuquka ukuqokelela amaxwebhu, udliwano-ndlebe namangqina, ukugcina ubungqina obuphathekayo, nokubuzana neengcali. Uhlolo olusengqiqweni lomonakalo ./okanye uhlahlolo lwemeko-ntle nezoqoqosho nezoqoqosho----------------helps lubonisa ukuba ukuhlahlela kufanelekile na ngokwemali. Ama-Attorney adla ngokuvavanya ukuphumelela kwempumelelo , umlinganiselo weziphumo ezinokubuyiselwa, kunye neendleko zoqhubekeko.

Iileta Ezifunekayo

Inyathelo lokuqala elisesikweni kwingxubusho ezininzi zamakhaya liyileta efunwayo. Olu xwebhu, oluthunyelwa ligqwetha leqela, luchaza isiseko esiyinyaniso nesomthetho seli tyala, lukhankanya isiqabu esifunwayo (ngokuqhelekileyo isixa semali), kwaye lumisela ixesha lokuphendula. Uluvo oluthe tye lusebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ludlulisela ubunzulu bento efunwayo, lunika ithuba lokuhlalisa, ukumisela ingxelo yemigudu yangaphambili yoqikelelo, kwaye lungazalisa iimfuneko ezithile zomthetho zokufaka iindidi ezithile zomthetho.

Inkcitho kunye neSisombululo seNkxaso esiSemngeni

Imicimbi isoloko ibandakanyeka kwingxoxo engqalileyo yokucombulula impikiswano ngaphandle kongenelelo lwenkundla. Abaququzeleli abanobuchule bajolise ingqalelo kwiinjongo kunokuba bafumane iindawo, befuna izisombululo ezithetha ngemibandela yamalungu omabini aphantsi. Xa ingxoxo engqalileyo ingaphumeleli, enye ingxubusho yengxoxo (ADR) inika iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo zokusombulula isigqibo:

  • I-mediation: Icandelo elingondilele lesithathu lomlamleli unceda unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela kodwa ayinyanzelisi sigqibo. I-Media asiyonto idibanisa kwaye ayifihli, ivumela amaqela ukuba ahlole ukhetho lwamagophe ngokukhululekileyo. Ngokwe[FLT][3] Icandelo le-Melika leSigqibo seMvo seMvo-Dinte [, iphumeza amazinga okuhlalisa ama-mali ka-70-85 xa amaqela ethathiswane ngokholo olulungileyo.
  • I-Arbittion: Izivumelwano zinika imeko yazo kumququzeleli wobundilele okhupha isigqibo sesidibanisi okanye esingabopheleliyo. Ulwahlulo lusoloko lukhawuleza kwaye lungaphantsi kwemithetho esemthethweni kune nkundla kodwa lunemida yokufumana kunye namalungelo e-applicate. Izivumelwano ezininzi zorhwebo ziqulathe iingxelo ezifunekayo kumgaqo wokukhupha i-arbitration phambi kokuzidiza.
  • IiNgqungquthela zoQoqoso:[ Ezinye iinkundla zifuna amaqela ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zebhunga, ngokufuthi ekhokelwa ngumgwebi okanye imajista, ukuphanda isigqibo phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Ugqibo lwangaphambi kokwenziwa lunika inzuzo ebalulekileyo: indleko ezicuthiweyo, ucombululo olukhawulezileyo, ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwiziphumo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafaka imali enzulu kweli nqanaba [[FLT: 1] phambi kokuba bafake inkcitho kunye nokungaqiniseki kwemali epheleleyo.

Ukuvunywa kwekhamandela le-Shonat-* Ukuqalisa uMthetho

Ukuba imigudu yangaphambi kokumiselwa kwetyala iyasilela, ummangali uqalisa ukumangalelana ngokufaka isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu lwesiseko kufuneka lwanelise iimfuno eziliqela zomthetho luze lumisele iqonga letyala lilonke.

Ukukhetha Inkundla Echanekileyo

Ityala kunye neendawo zokuqwalaselwa zibalulekile ekuqaleni. Ulawulo lwesihloko somchasi lumisela ukuba inkundla inegunya lokuva uhlobo lwempikiswano---"/ienkundla zorhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo zinegunya elibanzi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, lo gama iinkundla zephondo zinegunya elisikelwe umda kwiimeko ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe, ukwahluka-hluka kobumi, okanye intelekelelo ethile yomthetho. Ulawulo lomntu kufuneka ukuba ummangalelwa abe nonxulumano oluncinane ngokwaneleyo nemeko ye-aum. IVeneue imisela indawo ethile apho liza kuthethwa khona icala.

Umlinganiselo

Umthetho ngamnye wesivumelwano uphantsi kommiselo wemiqathango .ukubekwa kwetyala ixesha elimiselweyo. Le misebenzi yokumiselwa kwexesha iyahluka ngokohlobo kunye negunya. Umzekelo, iziphumo zokwenzakala komntu ngamnye zidla ngokusikelwe umda iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemitha emithathu, ngoxa ulwahlulo lwesivumelwano lungasuka kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwelishumi kuxhomekeka ekubeni isivumelwano sibhaliwe okanye sibhalwe ngomlomo. [iii-Missions eyingozi kwityala [[, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lufanelekile bani lwaso. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba unalo liba likhona, jonga kwigqwethawe ukuba unelungelo lakho.

Izigaba Zesikhalazo

Isikhalazo esimiselwe kakuhle siquka:

  • [[UKWENZIWA: 0] Umba obonisa inkundla, amaqela, kunye nenani letyala
  • Jouridiction and Venue Regionations: imisela igunya lenkundla lokuva ityala
  • Inkcazo ezikhoyo:
  • Iipesenti ze-Legal (amanani): ingcamango nganye eyahlukeneyo yomthetho icelw'ehyiwe njengobalo olwahlukileyo
  • [[UMTLL:0] Ichaza unyango olufunwayo, kuquka umonakalo, isiqabu esikhutshiweyo, okanye ugwebo lokususa
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Uxanduva loMlawuli weNkqutyana: Ukuba umkhankanyi ufuna ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, oku makuqukwe kwisikhalazo okanye kugcinwe ngokwahlukeneyo ngexesha elifunekayo

Isikhalazo kufuneka sanelise imigangatho esebenzayo yokuncenga. Kwinkundla yesizwe, [[FLT: 0] I-RLE 8 yeMimiselo ye-Federal yeProcedie ifuna "ingxelo emfutshane necacileyo ebonisa ukuba umceli unelungelo lokukhulula." Lo mgangatho, ochazwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Bll Atlantic Corp. v. [[FLT:] [2003] [2007] [umyalelo we-'Act:] kunye [[FLT] noMfundo we-General RefectalGenelset [Plact:] [5] , ufuna intelo elungileyo yemeko yokubalayenzile.[FUFUT]

Phasi 3: Inkonzo yenkqubela-phambili", Igunya eliKhuselayo

Emva kokugqiba isikhalazo, ummangalelwa makazise ngokusemthethweni ummangalelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwenkonzo yokumangalela. Eli nyathelo liyimfuneko ngokusemthethweni.

Inkonzo ifeziwe ngokuhambisa izibhengezo (isaziso esilungelelanisiweyo senkundla) kunye nekopi yesikhalazo kummangalelwa. Iindlela zenkonzo zahluka ngokwamagunya kodwa zisoloko ziquka:

  • Inkonzo ye-Eyodwa: uhlangulo lommangalelwa ngumphathi-mikhosi, umncedisi wenkqubo, okanye omnye umntu ogunyazisiweyo
  • Inkonzo elungiselelweyo: Unikezelo kumntu omdala ofanelekileyo kwindawo yokuhlala yommangalelwa okanye indawo yoshishino
  • Inkonzo Inkonzo ngeposi: Amanye amagunya avumela inkonzo igqitha kwi-imeyili eqinisekisiweyo nerisithi yokubuyisa
  • Isiqinisekiso ngokhupho: Xa ummangalelwa engenakufunyanwa nakubeni kusenziwa imigudu emikhulu, inkundla ingagunyazisa isaziso ngempapasho yamaphephandaba

[[FLT: 0] inkonzo elungileyo ingaphumela ekususweni kwemeko okanye ulibaziseko olubalulekileyo, ngoko abalawuli kufuneka balandele iimfuno zeproceddy ngqo. Abakhuseli abakholelwa ukuba inkonzo ibingalunganga bangayila intshukumo yokufaka inkonzo ye-'shash' phambi kokuphendula kwisikhalazo.

Phase 4: Impendulo yomKhuseli ``Impendulo''.

Xa egqibile, ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo lokuphendula iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuya kwezingama-30 enkundleni karhulumente, kunye neenkundla zephondo ezihlukeneyo. Ummangalelwa uneenketho eziliqela ezisebenzayo:

Ukujija Impendulo

Eyona mpendulo iqhelekileyo yimpendulo, ephendula kwisityholo ngasinye esikhalaza ngokuvuma, ngokukhanyela, okanye ngokuchaza ulwazi olunganelanga ukuze aqalise inkolelo. Ummangalelwa kufuneka aphakamise naluphi na ukhuselo lokuvuma (njengomthetho wemiqathango, ukunikela, okanye ukugatya) okanye umngcipheko wokuzikhupha. Impendulo ingaquka ii-anticlaims ngokuchasene nommangali-wodwa, ii-claims ezinqamlezayo ezichasene ne-codendendida, okanye i-partleths ezichasene namaqela awongezelelekileyo.

Ukuzimisela Ukuyikhupha

Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa usenokuphembelela ukupheliswa, ephikisa ngelithi isikhalazo asiphumeleli njengomcimbi womthetho kwanaxa ecinga ukuba zonke izityholo eziyinyaniso ziyinyaniso. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokugxothwa ziquka oku:

  • Ukungabikho kolawulo lwezigqeba
  • Ukungabi nagunya
  • Indawo engafanelekanga
  • Umsebenzi ongonelanga wenkqubela
  • Ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza intengo apho isiqabu singanikwa khona (owona mhlaba uqheleke kakhulu)
  • Ukungaphumeleli ukudibana neqela elibalulekileyo

Ukuba inkundla inika inyathelo lokugxotha, ummangalelwa unikwa ikhefu lokulungisa isikhalazo ukulungisa iintsilelo. Ukuba inkundla iyakhanyela ukuhamba, ummangalelwa makafake impendulo ngexesha elichaziweyo.

Phase 5: Uhlolo olukhoyo

Ukufunyaniswa kwengxelo kusoloko kuliqondo elinzulu nelibiza imali eninzi lokuchana kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Kuvumela omabini amaqela ukufumana ubungqina kwelinye nakumaqela amathathu, ukukhusela "ukuvavanywa ngokulalela" nokukhuthaza ukuphicothwa kolwazi. Umlinganiselo wokufunyanwa kolwazi ubanzi: amaqela angafumana ukufunyanwa malunga nayo nayiphi na into engeyomfuneko enxulumene nentetho okanye ukuzikhusela kweqela.

Izixhobo Zokufumanisa

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo ngexesha elibaluliweyo. Imithetho yomanyano imisela amatyala kwi 25 (kuquka inxenye encinci) ngaphandle kwemvume yenkundla. Iingingqi ziluncedo ekufumaneni ulwazi olusisiseko, ukuchaza amangqina, nokufumana ubukho bamaphepha.
  • Izicelo zemveliso: Izicelo zamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha (ESI), kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo. Kwixesha lamanani, i-e-firecty ithe yaba siso sigxininiso esikhulu, ifuna amaqela ukugcina nokuvelisa ii-imeyili, iidatabase, iinkcazelo zentlalo-lwazi, kunye nezinye iirekhodi ze-elektroniki. [FLT]][FLT]]U.S.S isikhokelo senkundla sokufumana imithetho yangoku yolawulo olukhoyo[ inika iinkcukacha malunga neemfuno-enkunkcazo zobuso-lulo phantsi komthetho 34 nomthetho (umthetho).
  • Imimiselo: Imibuzo engoomlomo yamangqina okanye amaqela aphantsi kwesifungo, eqhutywa phambi komcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla. Amaxwebhu avumela amagqwetha ukuba ahlole ukuthembeka kobungqina, isitshixo sobungqina, kwaye ahlolisise ingxelo yenyaniso ngobunzulu. Amacandelo angasusa amangqina enyaniso, amangqina oochwepheshe, kunye nabameli bequmrhu.
  • Izicelo ze Admigsion: iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezithi iqela eliphikisanayo malivume okanye likhanye phantsi kwesifungo. Izicelo zokwamkelwa ngokumxinwa kwemiba yokuvavanya ngokuseka izibakala ezinganakwanga. Ukusilela ukuphendula ngexesha elifanelekileyo kuphumeza uvumo oluzenzekelayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Subpoenas: iNkundla iyalela amaqela esithathu ukuba akhuphe amaxwebhu okanye angqine ekugcinweni.

Ukulawula Iimpikiswano Ezifunyanisiweyo

Ukufunyanwa kwale ngxelo akunangquzulwano. Iimpikiswano zidla ngokuvela kubungakanani bezicelo, izibhengezo zelungelo (ilungelo eliphezulu, imfundiso yemveliso, okanye imfihlelo), kunye nokulungelelana kwemithwalo yokufumana. Iinkundla ziya zifuna amaqela ukudibana nokudibana phambi kokufumana iintshukumo zethala lemali, kwaye imikhosi emininzi ifuna icebo lokufihla icebo elivunyiweyo elivunyiwe yinkundla kwasekuqaleni kolu qikelelo. Kwinkundla yesebe, umthetho 26(f) ugunyazisa ingquthela yokufumana apho amaqela axubusha ngendalo yawo, ugcino lweES, kunye nokucetyiswa kokufunyanwa.

Unyuko lokufumana i-elektroniki luguqule eli nqanaba. Iipalitime kufuneka zisebenzise iligigati igcina i-ESI efanelekileyo, ivelise i-metadata xa ifanelekile, kunye nemibandela yedilesi yokulungiselela kunye nokuphengulula. Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina iESI kungaphumela kwizingxengxezo ezinzima, kuquka imiyalelo engalunganga okanye ugwebo olungagqibekanga.

Icala 6: Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela afaka iifayile zentshukumo ezahlukeneyo ezilungiselelwe ukubumba ingxelo ecacileyo, inciphisa imiba, okanye isombulule imeko ngaphandle kovavanyo. Intshukumo ezingundoqo zangaphambi kwetyala ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: ukuphikisana ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo nokuba iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengomthetho. Isishwankathelo somgwebo sisixhobo esinamandla esinokucombulula ityala, okanye imibandela ethile kwityala. Inkundla ijonga ubungqina ekukhanyeni okungqinelanayo kwiqela elingahambiyo. Ukuba iyaphumelela, umgwebo oshwankathelweyo ungaphelisa imfuneko yokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo okanye enciphileyo yemiba yokuqwalasela abachopheli.
  • Motion kwi Limine: Isicelo sokususa ikhethe okanye ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo phambi kokuba inikwe abachopheli-tyala. Le ntlanganiso yentetho ingumbandela ofana nolu lwenkolo lwangaphambili, ukuhlalisana, okanye ubungqina obunobuchule obungafikeleliyo kwimigangatho ecacileyo.
  • Intshukumo yobuchule: Kwinkundla yorhulumente kunye neenkundla ezininzi zephondo, i Daubert imigangatho ilawula ukungakwazi kolwazi ukungqinelana. Intshukumo ekhabayo ivavanya ukuthembeka nokubaluleka kwendlela yobuchule obuchaseneyo, ekwaziyo ukugxeka ubungqina obubukhaliphayo phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.
  • I-Motion kwi Compel:[ Ukuba iqela aliphumeleli ukuvelisa iimpendulo zokufumana, iqela elicelayo lingashukunyiselwa ukunyanzela ukuthobela, lifuna ungenelelo lwenkundla kunye nemvume enokwenzeka.

Isigaba sangaphambi kovavanyo siquka ingqungquthela yangaphambili yangaphambili , apho inkundla namaqela enza iinkqubo zokuvavanya, ithetha ngentshukumo ezibalaseleyo, kwaye ixubusha izinto ezinokwenzeka ekuhlawulwe kuzo. Inkundla ibeka imiyalelo yangaphambi kovavanyo elawula ihambo yetyala.

Phase 7: Ukuvavanywa kwetyala kwabaenzi-zigqibo

Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngokulungisa okanye ngokuthabatha inyathelo elingafanelekanga, liqhubekela phambili ekugwetyweni. Iinkundla zamakhaya zinokuba phambi kwejaji (ukuvavanywa kwetyala) okanye phambi kwejaji. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labemi ligcinwe yiSigqibo seSebengethi, kodwa amaqela amele ukuba afune ukuba abachopheli-tyala ngokwemithetho elandelwayo okanye ilungelo ligwetywe.

Ukhetho

Kumatyala abachopheli-tyala, isigaba sokuqala sinzima, apho amagqwetha kunye nabagwebi babuza ukuba babonise uqhekeko okanye ukungakwazi ukungakhethi buso. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa imingeni yokucinezela (ngokuqhelekileyo 3-6 kwiimeko zabemi) ukugxotha abagwebi ngaphandle kwesizathu, kunye nee-challengens zombangela [ (ongenakuthintelwa) ukugxotha abasebenzi bejaji abangenamkhethelo. Ukukhetha okukhethiweyo kungayiphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zokuvavanywa.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Iqela ngalinye linikela ingxelo yokuvula echaza uhlobo lwezibakala, ubungqina eliza kubunikela, nesigqibo eliza kusifuna. Iingxelo zokuvula asiyompikiswano kodwa yimaphu yokunceda abachopheli-tyala baqonde ubungqina njengoko butyhilwa. Lo mmangalelwa uyaqhubeka kuqala, elandelwa ngummangalelwa.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

I-placttiff ichaza umba wayo kuqala, ibiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa iziboniso. Ingqina ngalinye lifumana uvavanyo olungqalileyo [ ngeqela elibizayo, lilandelwa liqela [ umhloli wocatshulwa [ ngecebo eliphikisayo lokuvavanya ukuthembeka nokukhupha ubungqina obulungileyo. Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli, angashukuma kugwebo njengomba womthetho (isigqibo esithe ngqo) ukuba ubungqina bomlalti bungangeneli ngokusemthethweni.

Ummangalelwa uchaza ityala labo, elandela isakhiwo esinye. Ummangalelwa anganikela ubungqina bokuphikisa ityala lommangalelwa. Kulo lonke icala, ijaji ilawula ngokuchasa okucacileyo, ilawule isantya setyala, kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ityala lihlala lilungile.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikelwe, iqela ngalinye linikela impikiswano yokuqukumbela ishwankathela ubungqina kunye nokukhuthaza isigqibo esilungileyo. Ummangali uhamba kuqala kwaye angabeka ixesha lokuphinda aphindiwe emva kwengxoxo yommangalelwa. Iingxoxo zokuvala ezinempumelelo zidibanisa ubungqina kwingxelo enyanzelisayo, ukunikela ingcebiso kwityala lengingqi yenginya, kwaye acacise ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba umthetho uxhase indawo yomxhasi wabo.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Phambi kokuba iqhinga liququzelele, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ama-athorney angenisa imiyalelo ecetliweyo yejaji kwaye angachasa kwimiyalelo yokugqibela yenkundla. Abachopheli-mthetho ngoko bakwenza ngasese, baqwalasele ubungqina phantsi kwesiseko esisemthethweni senkundla. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, umgangatho wokungqina uqhelekile uphakamiso lobungqina .

Izigqibo zikaJury kwimicimbi yamakhaya kufuneka zisoloko zingqinelana, nangona amanye amagunya evumela izigqibo ezincinci ze-tan-u Implumplumpl kwiimeko ezithile. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abanakusifikelela isigqibo (isigqeba esixhonyiweyo), inkundla ingavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye ityala lingaphinda licingwe.

Intshukumo yePost-Trial − Inika ingcebiso ngesiphumo

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nento lingayifaka ifayile yentshukumo zasemva kovavanyo:

  • Ukuqulunqa umgwebo njengomcimbi woMthetho (ukuvuselelwa): Ukuxambulisana ukuba ubungqina abunelanga ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa isigqibo
  • Ukuququzelela ukuvavanywa okutsha: ukuxela iimpazamo kwinkqubo yokuvavanya, njengemithetho ephoxekileyo ecacileyo, imiyalelo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-tyala, okanye ukuziphatha okubi
  • Umtha wogcino okanye wongezo: Balula umkruthakruthwano njengogqithisileyo okanye onganelanga

Ezi zinyathelo mazigcinwe kwimida engqongqo yexesha iintsuku ezingama-28 emva kokungena komgwebo kwinkundla yenkundla yesizwe. Inkundla inganika ityala elitsha, iguqule umgwebo, okanye ivumele isigqibo sime.

Iinkqubo zeposi: Izibheno nokhuthuzo

Ukuqukunjelwa kwetyala akubonisi isiphelo sokubekwa kwetyala. Iinkqubo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zasemva kovavanyo zingalandela: ukubhenela nokunyanzelisa ugwebo.

Inkqubo Eza Kufikelelwa Ngayo

Iqela eliphulukana netyala lingasidlulisa isigwebo senkundla yetyala ephakamileyo. Izibheno asizizo ezo zesibini; zilinganiselwe ekuhloleni irekhodi yetyala ngenxa yeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Inkundla yezomthetho ihlolisisa:

  • Nokuba ngaba inkundla yamatyala iwusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo umthetho
  • Nokuba ngaba iimpazamo ezingundoqo zokumiselwa kwenkqubo yekhompyutha zenzekile na
  • Nokuba ngaba isigqibo sixhaswa ngobungqina obucacileyo

Iqela elinomtsalane (umphulaphuli) lifakela imposiso emfutshane yokuba kwenzeke impazamo eguqukayo, ngeli lixa iqela eliphendulayo (umngxuma) likhusela umgwebo. Ezinye izibongozo ziquka impikiswano yomlomo phambi kweqela labagwebi. Inkundla yeneprofellate ingaqinisekisa, iphinde iphinde ilungiswe, iphinde ilungiswe ukwenzela iziphumo ezithe rhoqo, okanye ilungise ugwebo. Umgangatho wohlolo utshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha ngenkupho: imibuzo esemthethweni iyaphinda incitshiswa u-novovo [[[FLT:] (ukutsha], iziphumo eziyinyaniso zempazamo ecacileyo, kunye nezigwebo ezicacileyo zokusetyenziswa kakubi kolwazi olucacileyo.

Imilinganiselo eqingqiweyo yexesha eliqingqiweyo ingqongqo-qinisiwe qho iintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka ekungeneni kwesigwebo kwinkundla yenkundla yephondo. Emva kokusetyenziswa kwemichiza yetyala edinisayo, amaqela asenokufuna uhlolo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States ngesixhobo esinesantya esiphezulu se-certiorari, nangona iNkundla inikela uhlolo olunjalo kwicandelo elincinane kuphela.

Ukunyanzelwa Komgwebo

Ukuba umntu ophulukana nale ngxaki akahlawulwa ngokuzithandela, lowo uphumeleleyo umele alandele iindlela zokunyanzelisa, eziyahluka ngokwamandla:

  • I-Writ yephulo: igunyazisa umlawuli wetyala ukuphatha nokuthengisa impahla yomkweleti engakhululanga ukuze anelise umgwebo
  • Imali epheleleyo: ithe yalungelelaniswa incopho-okanye ityala lemali
  • I- I-Lieon edityanisiweyo: A ubuxoki nxamnye nempahla yokwenene yetyala ekufuneka ihlawulwa xa impahla ithengiswe
  • Ukukhulula iProjectings: Ukusilela ukuhambisana nemiyalelo ekhutshiweyo okanye imigwebo ethile yomsebenzi

Ezinye iimpahla zikhutshiwe kwingqokelela, kuquka ii-akhawunti ezithile zomhlala-phantsi, iindawo zokuhlala ezingundoqo (kwindawo esezantsi yokukhulula) kunye nempahla yobuqu ekwixabiso elichaziweyo. Ababoleki-mali nabo bangafaka ifayile yokuwiswa kwemali, enokukhulula ityala lomgwebo. I-Colvolution isoloko ilelona qondo linzima lokuhlawula , ingakumbi xa umgcini-tyala enezinto ezisikelwe umda okanye enezinto ezithenjiweyo ezithe zarhoxiswayo ukuphepha ukuhlawulwa.

Ukuzinziswa: Eyona Ndawo Inokusetyenziswa Kuyo Yonke Imitha

Kumele kugxininiswe ukuba ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kungahlala nakweliphi na iqondo, phambi kokuba kufunyaniswe, ngexesha lokufunyanwa, kumanyathelo endlu yasenkundleni, okanye nasemva kwesigqibo ngexa kusesafuneka. Ubeko lunika ingcebiso yohlobo oluthile, indleko ezicuthiweyo, ukuzimela, kunye nokulawula iziphumo zobuqu. Ababhexeshi basoloko behlola amandla nobuthathaka bemeko yabo kunye nomngcipheko wokuqhubekela kwisigaba esilandelayo. Imali elungileyo inokuba nobubulumko kunokuqhaga, akukho nto inokwenzeka.

Ukuzinziswa kwengxoxo kusisifungo esisisilumkiso phantsi koMthetho 408 weMithetho yoKhuseleko yoBufakazi, intsingiselo ayinakusetyenziswa njengobungqina betyala. Oku kukhuthaza iingxubusho ezivulekileyo. Amaqela angabhala izivumelwano zawo ezisisibophelelo eziquka ukukhutshwa kwamatyala, amalungiselelo ayimfihlo, kunye nemiyalelo yokuhlawulwa evumelanayo.

Imisebenzi Ecwangcisiweyo

Ukulawula inkqubo yokumangalelwa kwemibutho yamakhaya kufuna okungaphezulu kunolwazi olungokwemveli olufuna ukucinga ngendlela elungeleleneyo ngandlela zonke. Qwalasela le migaqo:

  • [[NTL:0] Ingenele kuvavanyo lwangaphambili. Ukuqonda amandla nobuthathaka besikhundla sakho kwasekuqaleni kukuvumela ukuba wenze izigqibo onolwazi malunga nokuhlaliswa, ubuchule bokufumana, kunye neendawo ezinikwe izibonelelo.
  • Ubungqina obukwimeko ebanzi ukusuka kumhla omnye. Umsebenzi ukugcina ubungqina obufanelekileyo ``````Ainjini'''''''''. Ukusuka kufutshane xa kulindelwe kakuhle. Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina kungakhokelela kwingxengxezo ezinzima.
  • Yakha ingxelo epheleleyo. Uxwebhu lonke olugcinwe, lonke umbuzo ofakiweyo uphendulwe, kwaye yonke intengiso yamkelekile iba yinxalenye yengxelo. Iingxelo ezitshintsha-tshintshayo okanye izingcelelo ezingekho semthethweni zingaliphazamisa iqela ekucinyweni okanye ekubhexezeni.
  • Ulwazi lwesimbo sokuphikisa solu ncedo, ubuncwane bomxhasi, kunye nokhetho lwejaji lungazisa izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Inkcitho. Imali eninzi. Iindleko ze-athorney, iindleko zolwazi lokunikela ubungqina, iindleko zokonga, neendleko zokothula zingaqokelelwa ngokukhawuleza. Imimiselo eshicilelweyo okanye amalungiselelo esivumelwano anokuvumela iqela elilawulayo ukuba lifumane iindleko zolahleko.

Isiphelo: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthethwa kwemibutho yabemi ngokuba nentembelo

Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zenzelwe ukulungiselela inkqubo elungileyo, elungelelanisiweyo yokucombulula iimpikiswano. Ngoxa uhambo ukusuka kwimpikiswano yokuqala ukuya kwisigwebo sokugqibela luntsonkothile, ukuqonda imapu yamaqhinga okunika amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokwentsingiselo kwimeko yabo, ukwenza izigqibo zolwazi, nokulawula ixabiso lemvakalelo nemali yokuchaphazeleka. Iqonga ngalinye linika amathuba okucombulula ingxubusho--aphotho, ukuhamba, ukuhlahlela, okanye ukuvavanywa kwetyala (yeyodwa kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngokwalo lwalo.)

Enoba uzabalazela ukuthethelela okanye ukhusela umntu, ukhokelo lweziluleko zomthetho ezinamava luxabisekile. Igqwetha eliqhelene nemithetho ebhaliweyo, imigangatho ecacileyo, kunye neendawo zoburhulumente zinokukunceda uqhube icandelo ngalinye ngokunempumelelo, ukhusele amalungelo akho, kwaye ujonge eyona miphumo inokwenzeka. Inkqubo yokulawula isebenza kakuhle xa abathathi-nxaxheba beqonda iindima zabo, behlonela inkqubo, kwaye bebandakanye nabaxhasi abanolwazi.

Ukhokelo olugunyazisiweyo lwenkqubo yamakhaya, [FLT] Ikhontrakthi yeNkcubeko yoLwazi lwasemthethweni lweNdlela yoluntu[ inika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi. Ukongeza, [FLT][5]U.S.Isikhokelo senkundla sokufaka ingxelo yoluntu [[[FLT]] inika ulwazi olusebenzisekayo kwabo bacinga ukulingwa kwinkundla yorhulumente.