Ukuqonda Umgaqo Wezaphuli - mthetho: Ukhokelo Olunengcebiso

Iinkqubo zomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho zisisiseko sayo nayiphina inkqubo esesikweni. Zinikela inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elungelelanisela amandla karhulumente okumangalela ngamalungelo ommangalelwa. Ukususela kwixesha uphando luqala ngalo isibheno sokugqibela, inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile, kucace, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Esi sikhokelo sinikela ukujonga ngokunzulu indlela inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho esebenza ngayo, ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olubandakanyekayo, noko abamangalelwa, amaxhoba, kunye noluntu banokukulindela kwinkqubo.

Oko KukuMthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho Nesizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uchaza ihambo engavumelekanga kwaye unika isohlwayo. Kodwa umthetho ngokwawo unamandla njengendlela onyanzelisa ngayo. Iprojekthi iqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa, abatshutshisi, kunye neenkundla zilandela imithetho engaguquguqukiyo, zithintela izenzo ezingekho mthethweni okanye ezixhaphazayo. Imigaqo engundoqo iquka inkqubo efunekayo, ukubekwa kweliso lobumsulwa, kwaye ilungelo lokufumana ityala elisesikweni. Ngaphandle kwemigaqo eqinileyo, iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, iziphumo ezigqwethekileyo, kunye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kuba nokwenzeka ngakumbi. imigaqo engundoqo yezenzo zokungalawuleki okanye ukuxhaphaza. kunye neenkundla zesizwe zixhomekeke kwimithetho epheleleyo yezomthetho esesikweni esesikweni esesikweni.

Amacandelo Enkqubo Yobulungisa Okwaphula Umthetho

Uhambo lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lulandela uthotho lwemigangatho echaziweyo. Ngoxa kukho umahluko kwiimeko zolawulo, umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala ungqinelana kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho.

Uphando

Umthetho onyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho uqalisa uphando xa kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa. Amagosa aqokelela ubungqina ngodliwano-ndlebe, ngokuhlola, ngokuhlola, nangokuphengulula. UMthetho wesine wokuLandlwa koMgaqo-siseko ukhusela abantu ekuphandeni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokuchasana kwezi zikhuseli bungacinywa phantsi komthetho osusiweyo. Abaxhasi-mali-mali mabavumelane nemithetho enxulumene nokuncinwa nokuncinwa nokuncinwa kwabantwana. FBI'S FI'S ezibekwa kuqala kwi-acrigieting bubonisa indlela abasebenza kumaziko asebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezintluntluntsonko, ukusuka kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemibamhlophe oluvela kwimilo lobugrozi.

Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa umthetho uthatha umntu ukuba abekwe kwityala lobubanjwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo. Isizathu esifanelekileyo sifuna ubungqina obaneleyo bokukhokela umntu onolwazelelelo ukuba akholelwe ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa, nokuba lowo ukrokrelekileyo uye wabanjwa. Ukubanjwa kungenziwa ngesiqinisekiso sokubanjwa ngujaji, okanye ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba umphathi-mikhosi unikele ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho okanye unemeko ezingalindelekanga. Ekubambekeni, umkrokreqi kufuneka axelelwe amalungelo awo njengoko emiselwe . UMiranda v. . [iiiii- Arizona[FLT]]. Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokuhlala buthule okanye ilungelo lokunika izilumkiso. Ukunganikezeli kwesilumkiso kuMdadi.

Ukuqokelela kunye nembonakalo yokuqala

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ukrokra ubhaliwe — inkqubo ebhala inkcazelo yakhe, iminwe kunye nemifanekiso. Ummangalelwa kufuneka asiwe phambi kwejaji ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungeyomfuneko, ngokuqhelekileyo kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48. Ekuveleni kokuqala, ijaji ixelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, ichaza amalungelo abo, icwangcise nebheyile okanye ezinye iimeko zokukhulula. Oku kuthethwa kunika ummangalelwa ithuba lokucela igqwetha elimiselweyo lenkundla ukuba akanamali.

Ukuvumela Izigqibo

Abagwebi bahlola ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngabanyanzeli bomthetho ukuze bagqibe enoba banokuyifaka na ityala eliqhelekileyo. Baqwalasela amandla obungqina, ubungqatha betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, nomdla woluntu. Kwezinye iindawo, ityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala liyafuneka xa kuwiswa izityholo. I-jaji ezukileyo — iqela elilawula abemi — indlebe efihlakeleyo kwaye igqiba ukuba umbangi ukhona. Okanye, ukuva kokuqala kungaqulungela phambi komgwebi ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba limele liqhubeke na elo tyala. Umtshutshisi-jaji unegunya elibanzi kweli qonga, kodwa akanakutyhola ngokusekelwe kwi-diskinario okanye kwientshukumisa zobuliso.

Ulungelelaniso

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa ufundwa izityholo ezisemthethweni aze acelwe ukuba angene esibhedlele: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye kungekho khuphiswano (nolo imattere). Isibongozo esinetyala sirhoxa ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwaye sikhokelela ngqo ekugwetyweni. Isibongozo sommangalelwa asikho sommangalelwa esiphumeza ngokufanayo kwisiqinisekiso kodwa asinakusetyenziswa njengemvume yokuvuma ityala kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ukuba angabi natyala, inkundla imisela ucwangciso lokuqulungela nokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Ukuqhubekeka

Iinkqubo zangaphambili zovavanyo zibalulekile ekulungiseni imeko phambi kokuvavanywa. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuva iindlebe, ukuthatha inyathelo, kunye nokuthethana.

Umbuzo

Ukufumana kufuneka ingtshutshiso kunye nokhuseleko ukuze kudibane ubungqina nolwazi. Ukhuseleko lunelungelo lokwazi ubungqina obunxamnye nabo, kuquka uluhlu lwamangqina, iingxelo, iingxelo zamapolisa, kunye nobungqina obuphathekayo. Ityala kufuneka likwatyhile ubungqina bokuthethelela — izinto ezinokubanceda ummangalelwa — phantsi Brady v. Maryland. Ukungatyhili kungaphumela ekuvulweni kwezivumo okanye ekugxothweni. Ukuzikhusela, kufuneka kunikezele isaziso sendlela yokuzikhusela, enjenge-alibi okanye efeva. [[FLT:][2] Inhlangano ye-Criminalgist Languages Galmment [[FLT]][FLT]] inikeza izikhokelo ezineenkcukacha zokufumana izinto.

Intshukumo zangaphambili zovavanyo

Iintshukumo zefayile ze-attorney ukusombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Intshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho wokucinezela ubungqina – uphikisa ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha – uthetha ukuba ubungqina obunganele okanye uqhekeko olusemthethweni kwizityholo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho wotshintsho lwendawo – ucela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kushukunyiswe ngenxa yekhethe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umvo kwi limine[UMTL:1] – ukufuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile okanye ubungqina xa kuvavanywa.

Ijaji ibeka imithetho kule miqathango, enokuyinqumla ngokuphawulekayo imicimbi yokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Uthethwano lwe-Plea luphawu lwezigwebo zale mihla. Ummangalelwa angavuma ukumangalela ityala elincinane okanye amkele isigwebo esithile ukutshintshiselana ngelungelo lokufumana ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala. Malunga nama-90-95% amatyala karhulumente kunye norhulumente aconjululwe ngokufaka isicelo. Le nkqubo igcina ubuncwane benkundla kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amacala omabini. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba inyanzela abamangalelwa-tyala abamsulwa ukuba banxulumane ukuphepha izigwebo eziqathaleyo. Abagwebi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izivumelwano zingene ngokuzithandela nangendlela epheleleyo yokuqonda iziphumo.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelwayo, ityala liyaqhubeka lisiwa kwityala. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza nangobudlelane liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala (okanye ligweba lodwa ukuba ilungelo lokuchophela ityala livunyiwe). Ityala lilandela imithetho engqongqo yobungqina kunye nenkqubo.

Ukhetho

Inkqubo yokukhetha igqibo labachopheli-tyala iqala ngequmrhu labaququzeleli bejaji. Abachopheli kunye nokhuselo babuza ukuba bachaze iikhethe okanye ikhethe elinokuchaphazela ukungakhetheki. Icala ngalinye lingamcel ’ umngeni ijaji ngesizathu (engathintelwanga ukuba ikhethe libonisiwe) okanye lisebenzise inani elilinganiselweyo leengxaki zokugxotha abachopheli ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu. Noko ke, ukukhutshwa kweengxaki akunakusetyenziswa kwidiski esekelwe kuhlanga okanye kubufana, njengoko kusungulwe bhonson. Keythkicky

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ingxelo yokuvula inikela umba wolwakho. Ingxengxezo iqala ngokuthetha, ichaza ubungqina ezabunikelayo ukuze kubonakale ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukuzithethelela kungathetha ngokukhawuleza emva koko okanye kugcine ingxelo yabo de kube kuqalisile. Ingxelo yokuvula ayibobungqina kodwa yimapu yendlela.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala lamapolisa liqala lichaza ityala lalo, libiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. AmaNgqina anikela ubungqina obungqalileyo kwaye afanele anqamleze anqamleze ngokuzithethelela. Imithetho yobungqina ilawula oko kungenakubonwa. Intetho — ngaphandle kwengxelo yenkundla enikelwa ukungqina inyaniso yetyala kodwa inyanzelekile — isoloko ikhutshwa ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Emva kokuba ingxengxengxezo ithekile, ingxengxengxeza isenokushukuma ukuze igwebe i-aregile ukuba ubungqina abunanelanga. Ukuba ingxengxengxezo ichaza eyayo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokungqina inyaniso kodwa akanakunyanzelwa ukuba enze njalo; umgwebi uyalelwa ukuba angamkeli i-gatyani.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bukho, omabini amacala anikela iimpikiswano zokuqukumbela. Ingtshutshiso kufuneka iphikisane ukuba ubungqina bungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukhuseleko lubalaselisa ubuthathaka, ukungangqinelani, okanye ukungaphumeleli kobungqina. Ingtshutshiso idla ngokuqala iphinde iphikise emva kokuvalwa kokhuselo.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo, kuquka izigaba zetyala, umthwalo wokungqina, nomgangatho wokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Abachopheli bejaji bagweba ngasese, ngokufuthi kangangeeyure okanye iintsuku. Ukuze bavume, imigaqo emininzi ifuna isigqibo esingqinelanayo. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakuvuma (i-"engasayi kuba ngabachopheli-mthetho"), ijaji isenokuyichaza ngokuphosakeleyo, kwaye umtshutshisi angagqiba ukulilungisa kwakhona elo tyala.

Intshukumo yesifungo nePostgradian Display

Ukuba isigqibo sisithi "asinatyala," ummangalelwa ukhululwe kwaye akanakubekwa tyala linye ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphindwe kabini. Ukuba isigqibo singu "ubuxoki," ukhuseleko lungayiphumeza ifayile ukuvavanya okutsha okanye umgwebo, uphikisa ngelithi ubungqina abunelanga ngokwasemthethweni. Ezi ndlela zinqabileyo ukunikwa kodwa zigcine imiba yokubhenela.

Ukugweba

Ukugwetywa kulandela ukunyanzelisa kwaye kusoloko kuyinto eyahlukeneyo apho ijaji iqwalasela imigaqo ekhuthaza ukungaguquguquki nokubeka iliso. Injongo kukunyanzela isohlwayo esilingana nolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neemeko zomoni. Izigwebo ezinokwenzeka ziquka ukuvalelwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukulingwa, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuhlawuliswa, okanye ukudityaniswa. Iimithetho ezininzi zisebenzisa izikhokelo zokugweba ukukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, nangona abagwebi begcina ingqiqo kwimiqathango ethile. Kwimiqathango enzulu, izigwebo zisenokuquka ukuvalelwa ubomi okanye, kwezinye iimeko nakumgangatho wolawulo, isigwebo sokufa. IKhomishini egunyazisa i-United States [[FLT] [FLT]] i-Adginglated transformation comssionssions processionment for meko zolawulo.

Iintlobo zezigwebo

  • Ukuvalela – ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye entolongweni, ngokufuthi ngegama elinqanda ukusetyenziswa okanye elisetyenziswa ukukhupha umva.
  • Iprojekthi - - ulawulo kuluntu oluphantsi kweemeko (umz., uvavanyo lweziyobisi, umhla wokufika kwexesha).
  • [[UMTL:0] Izipho kunye nobuyekezo – izigwebo zemali ezihlawulwayo kurhulumente okanye kumaxhoba.
  • Inkonzo yekomyunithi – umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kumaziko angeyonzuzo okanye urhulumente.
  • iinkqubo ezi-Alternal – iinkundla zeziyobisi, inkundla yempilo yengqondo, okanye iinkqubo zokuzihlaziya ezijolise ekulungiseni izinto.

Izibheno

Ityala limele lidluliselwe kwityala, lithethwe, lithethwe, libhalwe phantsi, libhalwe ityala.

Isaziso sesibheno

Ummangalelwa makabhale isaziso sokubhenela kummiselo ongqongqo, oqheleke kwiintsuku ezilishumi ukuya kwezingama-30 emva komgwebo. Ukusilela ukwenza njalo kurhoxa ekufakeni isibheno.

Iziseko Zokubhenela

Kukho izizathu eziqhelekileyo eziquka imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuvuma okungafanelekanga kobungqina, ukungalungi komtshutshisi, ukungaphumeleli koncedo lwesiluleko, okanye ukungabufumani ubungqina. Ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba impazamo ichaphazela iziphumo zetyala. Ngaphantsi "kwempazamo engenasiphako" umgangatho, ukuba impazamo ibincinane kwaye ayiphembeleli, ukugwetywa kungahlala kumile.

Iindlela zokukhetha zeNkundla ePhicothiweyo

Inkundla ethatha inxaxheba i-CPF inga:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso – uxhasa ukuqiniseka.
  • [[FLT: 0] buyisela umva - jika ukuqiniseka ukuba impazamo ikhetha isalatha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ityala eli- – buyisela ityala kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukwenzela ityala elibhekele phaya (umz., ukuvavanywa okutsha okanye ukucaphulwa).

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, inkundla egwebayo isenokuzilahla ngokuphandle ezi zityholo. Ityala likwanokubhenela kwimimiselo ethile yangaphambi kwetyala (umz., ukucinezela ubungqina) kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo.

Izibheno Ezingakumbi Noncedo Lothutho Lwasemva

Emva kwemithetho yenkundla yephondo, ummangalelwa angafuna uhlolo kwinkundla ephakamileyo karhulumente okanye yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ukuba kukho umgqeba-siseko obandakanyekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, abamangalelwa bangafaka izicelo zesicelo soncedo lwasemva kwe-2469componition (i-corpus) kwinkundla yesizwe, bethetha ngokuchasene komgaqo-siseko okungachazwanga ngokupheleleyo kwisibheno esithe ngqo.

Ukukhusela UmGaqo-siseko Kwabo Bamangalelwe

Iinkqubo zezaphuli-mthetho zisekelwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo noMphetho-nkqubo weshumi elinesine.

  • [[UMTL: 0] IsiHlalisi seNkqutyana yeMpatho – Ukhuseleko ekuphengululweni okungaqiqiyo nokuxhuzula; kufuneka imfuneko esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo.
  • FINTP [ - Ekunene ukuhlala uthulile; ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini; ekunene kwityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu; inkqubo efunekayo.
  • ISAHLUTYSP [ - Ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelinowonke wonke; isaziso sokuchophela amatyala ngokungakhethi; ungquzulwano lwamangqina; inkqubo yesinyanzelo kumangqina; uncedo lwesiluleko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana – Ukhuseleko kwibheyile egqithisileyo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine [ – inkqubo elindelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo olusetyenziswa kumazwe.

Ezi migaqo zisebenza nanini, ekubanjweni ngokubhenela. Ukungqubana kunokukhokelela ekucinezelweni kobungqina, ekuphelisweni kweenkolelo, okanye kwityala lomthetho.

Iindima Zabathabathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili

Abagwebi

Abatshutshisi ngamagosa karhulumente amela urhulumente. Banomsebenzi ongekuphela nje wokufuna iinkolelo kodwa nokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kwenziwe. Oku kuquka ukuchaza ubungqina bokucalula nokungadluliseli isigwebo. Abatshutshisi basebenzisa ubulumko obukhulu, obuchaphazela iziphumo eziphawulekayo.

Izixhobo zokukhusela

Amagqwetha okhuselo axhasa ummangalelwa. Ukuba agcinwe ngasese okanye amiselwe (abakhuseli basekuhlaleni), anikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni, avavanya ubungqina betyala, athethe ngezicelo, akhusele ekuvavanyeni. UMthetho weSithandathu wokuLandliswa uqinisekisa uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko. Ukungalinganisi kusenokuba zizibonelelo zokubhenela.

ABagwebi

Abagwebi bongamela iindlebe nezilingo, balawula kwiinkalo, bayalela amatyala, bamise izigwebo. Mabahlale bengakhethi buso, baqiniseke ukuba imigaqo iyalandelwa. Ekuvavanyweni kwesihlalo esiphambili, umgwebi wenza njengomgwebi womthetho nomfumani wenyaniso.

Juries

Indima yabo isekelwe kubungqina obunikelwayo, ingumthombo wenkqubo yobulungisa, ebonisa imilinganiselo yoluntu nokukhusela urhulumente ekuphangweni.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho azingobuchule nje obuqhelekileyo — zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokukhusela inkululeko, ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezichanekileyo, kunye nokugcina intembelo kawonke-wonke. Ukusuka kuphando lokuqala ngokugwetywa nangokubhena, iqonga ngalinye lenzelwe ukulinganisa impumelelo ngokusesikweni. Ukuba ungumfundi, ugqirha osemthethweni, okanye ummi nje ofuna ukuqonda indlela okuphunyezwa ngayo okusesikweni, ulwazi ngezi nkqubo lukunika amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ukuqhubeka ufundo, iCornell Legional Information Institute inikeza uphindo oluphezulu lwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.