Ukwazisa

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMelika ingulwamkelo olukhulu noluntsonkothileyo, elungiselelwe ukugcina ucwangco, ukucombulula, nokudlulisela iziphumo. Kunye nabani na ongenelela kule ndawo ngendawo `njengommangalelwa, ummangalelwa, umnini-shishini, okanye nje ummi onomdla wokwazi (ukuqonda ezona ndlela ziphambili ezimbini zibalulekileyo). Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho kunye neenkundla zamakhaya zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo, iinjongo, kunye neziphumo. Ngelixesha zingenayo kwindlu enye yenkundla yenkundla kunye neengcali ezininzi zezomthetho, imisebenzi yazo ayinakohluka ngakumbi. Eli nqaku linikela ukuqikelelwa okunegunya, ngokuthelekisa iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkundla zamakhaya, ukuhlola imiqathangozo ezohlukeneyo, iimilinganiselo yazo ezisisiseko, kunye neenkqubo zeli hlabathi lokwenene. Ngesiphelo, uya kuba nokuqondwa okucacileyo kweendlela ezithile ezifanelekileyo zokuqhuba iidilesi kunye nezingakulindele ukuba ulindele ntoni nako kwakho.

Ziyintoni Iinkundla Zezaphuli - mthetho?

Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho ziindawo apho urhulumente egweba abantu okanye imibutho etyholwayo ngokwenza izenzo abantu abazigqala ziyingozi okanye zisongela. Ibinzana elithi “ulwaphulo-mthetho” libhekisela kwisenzo esichasene nomthetho, kwaye injongo ephambili yomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho kukusohlwaya, ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluzayo, nokukhusela uluntu. Xa urhulumente egqiba ukuzisa izityholo, eli tyala lingena kwinkqubo yenkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iinkalo Ezibalaseleyo Zeenkundla Zezaphuli - mthetho

  • I-Defendant vs. Ukugwetywa: Ityala lisoloko liziswa ngumtshutshisi (umela urhulumente) kummangalelwa. Ixhoba alilolungu kwityala; urhulumente uqhubana nebutho labantu.
  • Ibheriji yobuMqondisi: Ingxengxezo kufuneka ingqine ityala “ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni,” owona mgangatho uphakamileyo wobungqina kumthetho waseMelika. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu unengqiqo onokuba nobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni ngetyala lommangalelwa elisekelwe kubungqina.
  • Uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho: Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zisingatha ii-feloni (ityala elikhulu elifana nokubulala, ukuphanga, i-arson), iimpazamo (ityala elingangeni nto zincinci, i-DUI), kunye nokwaphula umthetho (ukungalawuleki komthetho okufana namatikiti ezithuthi).
  • Iziphumo ezicacileyo: Kwisigqibo, ijaji inganyanzela ukuvalelwa, iinkokhelo, ukuvalelwa, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye umdibaniso. Kwimeko zekomkhulu, isohlwayo sokufa singaqwalaselwa. Ukugwetywa kuthetha ukuba ummangalelwa akafumani tyala kwaye akanakubekwa sohlwayo esinye ngaphantsi kokhuseleko oluphindiweyo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Asekunene kwicebiso: AbaKhuseli banelungelo lomgaqo-siseko kwigqwetha; ukuba abanamali, inkundla mayimisele umkhuseli kawonke-wonke.

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho: Ukuyeka Ukubanjwa Ndize Ndigwetywe

Isigebengu esiqhelekileyo esiqhubeka siqala ngokubanjwa okanye ngokumiswa. Ummangalelwa usiwa phambi kwejaji ukuze abonakale kwindawo yokuqala apho kufundwa izityholo, ibheyile icwangcisiwe, kwaye isibongozo singene. Ngexesha letyala langaphambi kwetyala, ukufunyanwa, iintshukumo ziyagcinwa (umz., ukuvala ubungqina), kwaye isibongozo sokuphendula singenziwa ````````````a'''''', sisenza isibongozo setyala elilula. Ukuba akukho singqiniso sifikelelo, ityala liyaqhubeka livavanywa. Kwityala lejaji ligqiba ukuba linetyala okanye limsulwa, umgwebi usenza isigqibo. Emva kokuba kugwetywe isigwebo, isigwebo silandela, kwaye abamangali bafumana ityala elifanelekileyo lokubhenela nasiphi na.

Imizekelo Yezaphuli - mthetho

  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo: ukubulala, ukuhlasela, ukuphanga
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwempahla: ukuqhekeza, ukurceny,
  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zeziyobisi:
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe: ukuqhatha, ukurhwebelana,
  • Amatyala emoto: IDUI, ukuqhuba ngokungakhathali

Ziyintoni Iinkundla Zamakhaya?

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkundla zamakhaya zinika amaqela azimeleyo imvume yokuqhubana kwabantu, amashishini, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente, ngokucombulula iimbambano ezingabandakanyekiyo kwihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Injongo asikoso, kodwa sisigqibo: ukudibanisa iqela elinzakeleyo, ukunyanzelisa amalungelo, okanye ukufuna ukwenza izenzo ezithile. Umthetho wamakhaya ubandakanya uludwe olukhulu lonxulumano lwabantu, ukusuka kwisivumelwano esaphukileyo ukuya kwingozi yemoto ukuya kuqhawulo - mtshato.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zeenkundla Zamakhaya

  • Umthetho ocacileyo vs. Umkhuseli: Ummangali uqala ukumangalela ngokufaka ityala; ummangalelwa uyaphendula. Akukho mtshutshisi. Omabini amacala amelwe ngamagqwetha azimeleyo, nangona amanye amagqwetha anokuzimela (pro se).
  • I-Bhurden yeMbukiso: I-Placttiff mayingqine imeko yabo “ngokuqwalasela ubungqina,” ithetha ukuba inokwenzeka kakhulu kunengeyo (kunamathuba angama-50%) ukuba ummangalelwa ufanelwe yiyo. Oku kumgangatho osezantsi kakhulu kunangendlela esengqiqweni yokuthandabuza.
  • Uhlobo lwetyala:[ Iinkundla zamakhaya ziva amatyala okuchaphazeleka (ukungxwelerheka kobuqu, ukunyeliswa, ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle kwezamayeza), iimpikiswano zombutho, iimpikiswano zempahla, imicimbi yentsapho (igalelo, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana), kunye nezenzo zodidi.
  • [[NTL:0] Iziphumo ezicacileyo: IiRemedia zidla ngokuthatha uhlobo lomonakalo wemali (ulawulo, isalathiso, igama lomlomo), imiyalelo (uxwebhu oluyalela ukumisa okanye ukunyanzela isenzo), okanye umsebenzi othile (ukunyanzela iqela ukuphumeza imbopheleleko esemthethweni). Ixesha lokufumana imvume alize libe sisiphumo senkundla yasekuhlaleni.

Iindidi Zomzekelo Wabemi Kubunzulu

[[FLT:] impikiswano ivela xa iqela elithile lisilela ukubeka isivumelwano, njengokwaphula ishishini elidala umonakalo. [[FLT:] Ingozi yemoto ingumthetho wefomati. ibandakanya uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, nokungathotyelwa kweqela kusoloko kuphathwa kwiinkundla zentsapho ezikhethekileyo. iprojects ezifanayo, [[FLT:] imigca, ii-omatiliti, ii-omatiloshe.[5] [FLT]

Inkqubo yoqikelelo lwangaphakathi

Ityala loluntu liqala ngokuqukumbela isikhalazo nokunceda ummangalelwa. Ummangalelwa ngoko ufakela impendulo okanye inyathelo lokurhoxa. Isigaba sokufunyanwa silandelayo, apho amacala omabini atshintshisana amaxwebhu, amangqina, aze aqokelele ubungqina. Amatyala amaninzi ahlala phambi kokuthethwa ngetyala, ngengxoxo, ngezophakamiso, okanye ngokukhuthuza. Ukuba akukho sabelo sifikelelwe, ityala liye liqulethwe phambi kwenkundla ephezulu.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Kwezaphuli - mthetho Neenkundla Zamakhaya

Xa uqala ukucinga, ezi nkundla zimbini zisenokubonakala zifana kuba zibandakanya abagwebi, amagqwetha namatyala.

  • I-Purpose: Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zohlwaya kwaye zithintela ihambo eyingozi kwibutho labantu. Iinkundla zamakhaya zicombulula iimpikiswano zabucala kwaye zinika amaqela onzakalayo unyango.
  • Izabelo zezaphuli-mthetho zifaka urhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) kummangalelwa. Amatyala angaphakathi abandakanya ummangalelwa omangalelwayo.
  • Ibheridi yobungqina: Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho afuna ubungqina obungaphaya kokuthandatyuzwa okusengqiqweni (malunga no-90-99%) ukuqiniseka). Amatyala abemi afuna ukuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kobungqina (ngaphezulu kwama-50%). Umgangatho wesithathu, “ubungqina obucacileyo nobuyiselayo," usetyenziswa kwiminye imicimbi yasekuhlaleni efana nobuqhekeko okanye ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abazali.
  • IKontes:[ iinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zingakhokelela ekuvalelweni, ekufeni, okanye kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho eliya kwilizwe. Isigwebo sabemi siphumela kumonakalo wemali, imiqathango, okanye enye inkululeko elinganayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umphetho we-opardiy oyi- IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sikhusela abamangalelwa ukuba bangazanywa kabini ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Akukho khuseleko olunjalo lukhoyo kwiimeko zamakhaya; ungamangalelwa izihlandlo ezininzi kunesiganeko esinye, nangona u-res judicata (umva we-campeistrusia) imida yokuphinda-phinda.
  • Elunge ngasekunene ku Jury: Zombini iinkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala kwiimeko ezithile, kodwa amajaji asekuhlaleni akafumaneki kuzo zonke iintlobo zeengxelo (umz., amatyala alinganayo) kwaye afuna abalawuli abangaphantsi kweshumi elinesibini. Amajaji akwaphula umthetho kufuneka ahlangane ukuze aqinisekiswe kwityala elinzulu; amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni angabuyisela isigqibo ngemiqatha ekwakhenkene.
  • Ingxelo: [ Enkundleni yakwaphula-mthetho, urhulumente uhlawula igqwetha elikhuselayo ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuhlawula omnye. Kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni, amaqela amele ahlawulele amagqwetha awo, nangona uncedo olusemthethweni lufumaneka kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi kwiimeko ezithile.

Imizekelo Ebonisa Umahluko

Amatyala ehlabathi lokwenene anceda ekucaciseni indlela isiganeko esinye esinokuthi sikhokelele ngayo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho neyoburhulumente.

Umzekelo Wetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Khawucinge ngendoda ehlasela ummelwane wayo ngokoqobo. Igqwetha lesithili lisenokuyityhola ngokuhlasela nangebhetri, ngokutyhola ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba igwetyiwe, inokujamelana nexesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni, ityala lezaphuli-mthetho, nokuligwetywa. Indima yexhoba liyingqina; urhulumente uzama ukulithethelela ibutho labantu.

Umzekelo womzekelo wetyala langaphakathi

Kwalelo xhoba linye lingabhala ityala lokwenzakala komntu ohlaselayo kwinkundla yamakhaya, lifuna ukonakaliswa kweendleko zonyango, iintlungu, kunye nokubandezeleka, kunye nomvuzo olahlekileyo. Umlinganiselo wabemi (umzekelo) wenza kube lula ukuzuza imbuyiselo, nokuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liphela ngokugwetywa. Oku kuboniswa ngokudumileyo lityala lika-O.J. Simpson: ligwetywe ngokuwenqela ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokubulala kodwa lifunyaniswe lityala eliphosakeleyo lokufa kwityala loluntu, lize lihlawule ii-3,5 zezigidi zezigidi zemali.

Ezinye Imizekelo Eqhelekileyo

  • Umqhubi onxilayo ubulala umntu: Ilizwane lityhola ukubulala umntu ngecala (ngokushwabana). Okwangoku, intsapho yalo imangalelwa ngokufa okuphosakeleyo (ityala).
  • Ishishini alikwazi ukuhambisa izinto njengoko kuthenjisiweyo: Umthengi usenokumangalelwa ngokuphulwa kwesivumelwano (imali). Ukuba ishishini libandakanyeke ekuqhatheni, abatshutshisi nabo basenokuzisa izityholo zolwaphulo - mthetho.
  • Ngokungekho mthethweni umninindawo angena kwindlu yendlu ehlala kuyo: Umninindlu usenokumangalela ukuhlaselwa (indawo efihlakeleyo), yaye umninindlu unokujamelana nezityholo zetyala lolwaphulo - mthetho.

Indima YaBagwebi Nemibhiyozo

Nangona abagwebi nabagwebi bevela kuzo zombini iinkqubo, imisebenzi yabo namandla abo ayahluka.

ABagwebi

Kwinkundla yamatyala, ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo ommangalelwa asemthethweni akhuselwe, imithetho yemiqathango, ilawula ityala, kwaye ibeka isigwebo emva kwetyala (kwimigaqo yemithetho). Kwinkundla yamakhaya, ijaji ijonge ukufunyanwa, icombulule iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela, kwaye isenokugqiba ityala kwityala lebhedri. Kwakhona abagwebi banengqiqo ephangaleleyo kuzo zombini izicwangciso zokungabuboni ubungqina, ukuyalela ijaji, nokunika isigwebo esifutshane ukuba akukho mbambano yokwenene.

Juries

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iSithandathu soMphengululo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba abachopheli-mthetho baphumele ityala elinzulu. Ukuba abachopheli betyala banokusigqiba isigqibo. Ukuba abagwebi abakwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo, bangalichasa ityala, yaye ukumangalelwa kwetyala kungalilungisa ityala lasekuhlaleni. Kwityala leSindululo seSebenth, i-Revenment Reconstement igcina ilungelo lokufumana izigwebo kwinkundla zetyala elikwinkundla yomthetho omnye apho ityala lingaphaya kwama-2020 000. Noko ke, amatyala amaninzi amakhaya awabandanisi jamelene netyala (umz., imimiselo, ukwahlukana, imimiselo, imimiselo, imimiselo, imimiselo yomgwebo yamakhaya idla ngokuba namalungu amancinane (ngokufuthi amathandathu) yaye akudingeyomfuneko yokuba avumelane kwiinkundla zikarhulumente; izigwebo-jaji ze-mthetho zikarhulumente kufuneka zihlangane ngaphandle kokuba avumelane amaqela avumelane iityala zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuwohloka Komthetho Wabesaphuli - mthetho Nowamakhaya

Isenzo esinye singabangela iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezoburhulumente. Oku kulalanisa kubalulekile: nokuba elinye icala liphela ekugwetyweni, elinye lingaqhubeka. Umzekelo, inkampani ethengisa iimveliso ezingalunganga ngokwaziyo isenokujamelana nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho lobuqhetseba kunye nokumangalelwa kwesizwe ngokuphanda ngomonakalo obangelwa zimveliso. Ukuqonda oku kudityanisiweyo kubalulekile kubantu nakubathengi xa kuvavanywa ukuchana kwabo ngokwasemthethweni.

Ukongezelela, ezinye iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni zinqumla imida. Umgaqo ofanayo wokuzibeka esichengeni solwaphulo-mthetho oweyisa isityholo solwaphulo-mthetho unakho ukoyisa ibhetri yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ubunzima obahlukeneyo bobungqina buthetha ukuba ummangalelwa angaphumelela kwinkundla yakwaphula umthetho (ngokuba ingtshutshiso ayinakungqina ukuba unetyala ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni) kodwa aphulukane nenkundla yasekuhlaleni (ngokuba ummangali-mthetho ufanele aphelise imilinganiselo engaphezu kwama-50%).

Yiyiphi Inkundla Eya Kuliva Ityala Lakho?

Ukuba ubandakanyekile kwimbambano engokwasemthethweni, uhlobo lwengxaki luye lunqumla inkundla. Ingaba umthetho okanye umthetho uyaphulwa? Oko kwalatha kwinkundla yezaphuli-mthetho. Ingaba kukho ukungavumelani ngemali, impahla, okanye umonakalo wobuqu ngaphandle komthetho wetyala? Le yinkundla yamakhaya. Kwezinye iimeko, amatyala aqala kwinkqubo enye kwaye ityala elinxulumene nayo livele kwenye. Nokuba kutheni le nto ingumgaqo-mthetho, kubalulekile ukufuna isiluleko esisemthethweni. Igqwetha elikhethekileyo ekuzikhuseleni ngokwezaphuli-mthetho okanye kwityala loluntu lingakukhokela ngemigaqo ye-procraccom, imilinganiselo ecacileyo, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Ukuzimela ngokwesini kuyingozi kusecele ukuba kubekho ingozi, kodwa ingakumbi kwinkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho apho kuxhonywa khona inkululeko esemthethweni.

Kwinkcukacha ezithe kratya, tyelela i Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho kwiphepha lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye ne webhsayithi ye- U.S. iinkundla ze-website kwiintlobo zamatyala[. Ezi zibonelelo zinika iingcaciso ezigunyazi zeenkqubo zenkundla kunye neenkcazelo ezisemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Ukunyanzelisa inkqubo yomthetho kufuneka uluvo olucacileyo lwamasebe ayo amabini aphambili: iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkundla zasekuhlaleni. Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zinyanzelisa imithetho kawonke-wonke, zohlwaya abaphuli-mthetho, zikhusela ibutho labantu lisebenzisa umthwalo ophezulu wokungqina; iinkundla zasekuhlaleni zicombulula iimbambano zabucala zize zihlawule amaxhoba phantsi komgangatho owenzelwa lula. Umahluko uchaphazela yonke into ebandakanye nemiphumo enokwenzeka yokuvalelwa kwetyala lakho kunye nemali ehlawulwayo. Ukuvuma ukuba iliphi inyathelo elisebenzayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho. Ukuba ujongene netyala okanye ucinga ukuba lithathe inyathelo elifanelekileyo, kukuya kumalathisi ofanelekileyo oya kuchaza imithetho ethile yenkundla eya kuwe eya kuwe kwaye ikuncede uphumele kwiziphumo ezintle.