Yintoni IRiphabliki?

Yi-riphabliki yindlela karhulumente apho ulawulo luxhomekeke kubantu, kwaye amandla asetyenziswa ngabameli abanyuliweyo kunye negunya elilawulayo elilawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko. Eli gama lisuka kwi-Latin i-translata. ngokwenyani “imicimbi kawonke-wonke” okanye“ impahla kawonke-wonke" okubonisa ukuba urhulumente akalolawulo lomntu olunolawulo lokumkani okanye lwezihandiba kodwa ukholoselwano lwabo bonke abemi. Kwi-Riphabliki, amagosa kufuneka asebenze kwisiseko semithetho emisela igunya likarhulumente, eqinisekisa ukuphendula nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu.

Namhlanje, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samazwe ehlabathi azichaza njengeeriphabliki, kodwa intsingiselo ecacileyo iyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Embilini, uriphabliki lugatya ulawulo olusisiseko namandla obuqu, luthabathel' indawo yolawulo oludumileyo kunye nomthetho. Ukuqonda iziqalelo zommeli olawulayo/umsebenzi we-Riphabliki, apho zisuka khona, kwaye luluphi ucelomngeni olufuneka kuwo nawuphi na ummi othembisiweyo. Eli nqaku likhupha ezo migaqo esisiseko, lisebenzisa imizekelo yembali, iziseko zentanda-ntanda-bulumko, kunye neezicelo zale mihla.

Iimpawu ezikhoyo zamaRiphabliki

Nangona iiriphabliki zivela ngeendlela ezininzi, zineempawu eziliqela ezahlulayo kulawulo lookumkani, ulawulo lobuzwilakhe nolawulo - melo olungqalileyo.

Ulongamo Oluqhelekileyo Nomelo

Kwirepublic, igunya elipheleleyo lezobupolitika lixhomekeke kubantu, abalisebenzisayo ngokungangqalanga ngoomameli abanyuliweyo. Oku kwenza ii-riphabliki zibe uhlobo lwedemokhrasi yabameli, ngokuchasene nolawulo-lwazi oluthe ngqo apho abemi bavota khona kwimbambano nganye. Urhulumente womelo uvumela ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kwaye uvumela udidi olunobuchule lwemimiselo yeenkqubo entsonkothileyo. Kodwa kwakhona, lunikela inkcaso kunyulo olufanelekileyo, kwiinkqubo ezicace gcalu, kunye neevoti ezibonisa ulwazi.

Umthetho nemida yomgaqo-siseko

IiRiphabliki zibotshelelwe ngumgaqo-siseko ```zibhalwe'' okanye zingabhalwanga) ezimisela imithetho esisiseko yokulawula. Akukho mphathi-mikhosi, kwanomongameli onyuliweyo odumileyo, ongaphezulu komthetho. Umgaqo-siseko omisela ukwahlulwa kwamandla (owokubulala, owiso-mthetho, owezomthetho) kwaye usoloko uquka irekhodi yamalungelo akhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. Esi siseko somthetho sithintela umthetho owenziwe ngokungekho semthethweni kwaye sinika iinkqubo zokungavavanywa kwezenzo zomthetho.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane

Umgaqo ongundoqo woburiphabliki ngowokuba uluvo lukaninzi kufuneka lulungelelaniswe ngokukhuselwa kwabantu abambalwa nabantu abambalwa. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo, umthetho omninzi ungaguqukela ekubeni “iinkomfa yabantu abaninzi.” IiRiphabliki ziqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisa, yokuhlanganisa, yonqulo, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo .] Iziqinisekiso ezihlala zisebenza naxa zingathandwa. Oku kubophelelo kwizinto ezininzi nokunyamezelana kungezizo zonke iingcamango ze-Riphabliki.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano

Ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni amandla agqithisileyo, ama-riphabliki ayahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe alinganayo. Ngomzekelo oqhelekileyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yenza imithetho, igunya eliphetheyo liyayinyanzelisa, kwaye ijaji iyayichaza. Isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukumisela okanye ukukhangela amanye (ngokomzekelo, isebe eliphetheyo lingawubeka umgaqo-mthetho, i-partrolition ingaqinisekisa abagwebi, kwaye i-jaji-yaluni isenokubetha izenzo zokungathathi ngqongqo. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukuqwalasela nokulalanisa.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nendaleko

Ingcamango yeriphabliki ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo kwiNqaba Ekhanyiselweyo; iingcambu zayo zafikelela nzulu mandulo.

IGrisi Yamandulo NeRoma

Nangona i-Athene yaqhelisela uhlobo oluthile lwedemokhrasi engqalileyo, yiRome Republic (509-27 BCE) eyalungiselela umzekelo wokuqala omkhulu wemiqathango yamaziko abameli. AmaRoma akhetha ii-console ezimbini minyaka le, iNdlu yeeNtsimi eqanjwe ngabadala base-patricia, kunye neendibano ezidumileyo ezabeka imithetho. Umgaqo-siseko weRiphabliki, nangona ungekho mbhalwe, wadala ulungelelwano oluluqilimayo phakathi kwamaqumrhu aphezulu kunye namaqumrhu aziwayo. Ukuwa kwawo ekugqibeleni phantsi kobunzima bemfazwe yamakhaya kunye nebhongo lemfuno le-obhini yanika kamva ingqhinga elilumkisayo ngemithetho e-Riphabliki.

Ngaphambili, isixeko saseGrisi iSparta neCarthage zazama ukudibanisa urhulumente − neempawu zolawulo oluphezulu, zolawulo lobuzwilakhe nezolawulo-mpumlo. Umbhali-mbali uPolybius wancoma iRiphabliki yamaRoma ngokudibanisa ezi zinto, ephikisa ngelithi inkqubo enjalo yayizinzile ngakumbi kuneentlobo ezinyulu zomthetho.

Ukuvuselelwa KweeNguqulelo

Emva kokuwa kweRoma, uburiphabliki banyamalala kakhulu eYurophu de kwangasekupheleni kwamaXesha aphakathi, xa isixeko sasemntla Itali savuselela urhulumente we-(professor), iVenice, iFlorence, iGenoa, kunye nezinye zaba ziirepublic ngamagama, nangona zazisoloko zilawulwa ziintsapho ze-oligarchy. UFlorentine uNicoljilla Machiavelli, kwisixeko sakhe [FLT:] Dioscores kuLivy, ehlalutya ireji yamaRoma eriphabliki yaza isithi umlinganiselo wokuthatha inxaxheba, intsebenziswano yoluntu, intle, kunye nengxabano yamaxesha athile iyakwazi ukukhusela inkululeko. Umsebenzi wakhe waphembelela abaquququleli be-Riphabliki zale mihla.

Isiseko sokukhanyiselwa

Ngenkulungwane ye - 17 neye - 18 kwaqhambuka ingcamango yeriphabliki, eyayiqhutywa zizithandi zobulumko ezazifuna ukuthethelela ukuchaswa kolawulo olupheleleyo lolawulo lookumkani.

uJohn Locke (1689) waphikisa kwi Izivumelwano Ezibini zikaRhulumente urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke kwimvume yabalawulwayo kwaye abemi bagcine amalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Ukuba umlawuli uphula loo malungelo, abantu bangavukela ngokusesikweni. Umthetho walatha ngqo uMthetho we-America weSindululo senkululeko.
Ubaron de Montesquieu [1748], Umoya woMthetho, walumkisa ukuba ngaphandle kolwahlulo lwamagunya, inkululeko ilahlekile. Wayithanda inkqubo yaseBritane (wathi ngempazamo wayibona njenge trartite) kwaye wathethelela ulawulo, iProgiants, kunye nenkululeko yejaji. Isakhiwo sakhe sabhalwa kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.S.
Joan JAcques Rousseau [1762] wanika umbono othe kratya kwi INkqubano yeNtlalo , ephikisa ukuba ulawulo lungabantu njengeqela “uthanda." Ngelixesha uRousseau engazange athembise urhulumente ongummeli, iingcamango zakhe ngolawulo oluqhelekileyo lwase Frentshi.

Ezi ngcinga, kunye namava asebenzisekayo eDutch Republic nesiNgesi Commonwealth, zanika abaseki beUnited States neFransi ingqokelela eninzi yengcamango eyathi yaza yavelisa umgaqo - siseko weriphabliki wale mihla.

Imvukelo YaseMerika NeyaseFransi

I-United States yaseka iriphabliki yokuqala enkulu yamatyala kuma-grayscale kwixesha langoku. UmGaqo-siseko wewaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe ananye wasungula irejista yephondo egxininisa ngamandla kwii-checks nolungelelwano. IBhili yamaLungelo yongezelela imigaqo ecacileyo yenkululeko yabantu, kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, neyonqulo.

IRiphabliki yokuqala yaseFransi (1792-1804) yayinesiphithiphithi esikhulu, idipozithi phakathi kwedemokhrasi yolawulo-moya nenkqubo yolawulo-mthetho. Kodwa iMvukelo yamaFrentshi ikwasasaza iinjongo zeriphabliki(i-liberty, ukulingana, umanyano(ukunqamleza ilizwekazi), kunye nemithetho emininzi ye-Riphabliki kaNapoleon kamva yadibanisa imigaqo-mthetho.

Iintlobo zeeRiphabliki

Iiriphabliki zanamhlanje zithatha iindlela ezininzi zolawulo. Olona khetho luxhaphakileyo lusekelwe kulwalamano oluphakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho nendlu yowiso-mthetho.

IiRiphabliki zoMangameli

Kwinkqubo yomongameli, umongameli onyulwe ngqo usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, ezimeleyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Igama lomongameli lisisigxina, kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakumsusa lula umphathi oyintloko. I-United States ngumzekelo oyintloko; ezinye iiriphabliki ezidumileyo zomongameli ziquka iBrazil, i-Argentina, iMexico, ne-South Korea. Le nkqubo inika uzinzo noxanduva olucacileyo kodwa ibeka ubomi esichengeni sokuqhatha kunye nokunyathela igosa umongameli kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho xa isuka kumaqela aphikisanayo.

IiRiphabliki zePalamente

Kwipalamente, intloko yephondo ngumongameli (ngokufuthi unemisebenzi yesithethe), ngoxa umphathi-mikhosi engumphathi-mikhosi emele iphendule ipalamente. Umphathi-mikhosi kunye nekhabhathi ingamalungu epalamente yaye inokugxothwa yivoti yokungathembani. IJamani, i-Itali, i-Itali, iyiparamente. Le nkqubo ithambile ngakumbi kwaye ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sombutho, kodwa ingenza utshintsho oluqhelekileyo lukarhulumente kwaye ingalawulwa ngqo ngumphathi-ofisi.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ezinye iiriphabliki zidibanisa amalungu azo zombini iinkqubo. IFransi, iRashiya, iYiputa neTaiwan zinomongameli onyuliweyo owelelana ngqo namagunya aphezulu kunye neNkulumbuso. Ukulungelelana kwegunya kuxhomekeke kwindlela emiselwe ngayo umGaqo-siseko nakwiqela lendlu yowiso-mthetho. Iinkqubo ezilawulayo zingadibanisa ukhokelo olunamandla nokuziphendulela kwiingqungquthela, kodwa zikwabeka engozini iimbambano zokuhlalisana kwabantu abatshatileyo.

IiRepublics Ezimanyeneyo

Irepublic karhulumente yahlula ulawulo phakathi korhulumente ophakathi namaphondo okanye amaphondo. Umgangatho ngamnye unamagunya awo aqinisekisiweyo ngumGaqo-siseko. I-United States, iJamani, i-Brazil, ne-Ostreliya ziiriphabliki zikarhulumente. I-Frederal inceda ekulawuleni imimandla emikhulu, eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokuvumela inkululeko yengingqi kwimibandela enjengemfundo, ubupolishi, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ngoxa urhulumente oyintloko elawula ukukhusela, inkqubo yamazwe asemzini, kunye nemali.

AmaRiphabliki AmaSilamsi

Amaphondo ambalwa, anjengeIran nePakistan (zombini amaSilamsi ngokusemthethweni), aquka umthetho wamaSilamsi (ama-islam) kwiinkqubo zawo zomthetho ngoxa egcina iinkqubo zonyulo. Inkqubo yeIran intsonkothile ngokukhethekileyo, nenkokeli ephakamileyo yonqulo (iGuardian Jurist) enegunya elipheleleyo phezu kwegunya eliphetheyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye necandelo lephondo. Le mizekelo ingumzekelo engaqhelekanga ijongene neengxaki ezisuka kwidemokhrasi kunye nolawulo-mkhosi lonqulo.

Indima Yabemi KwiRiphabliki

IiRiphabliki zixhomekeke kwidinga nakulwazi lwabemi. Imibandela egqithiseleyo isenokunyanyezelwa kwi-monarch, kodwa irepublic ifuna ukuba abantu abakhutheleyo abathatha inxaxheba kurhulumente wabo.

Ukhetho

Eyona nto ibonakalayo kukuba ngummi kukuvota. Kwiriphabliki, unyulo oluthe rhoqo nolufanelekileyo yindlela abantu abalusebenzisa ngayo ulawulo. Abachongi bakhetha abaza kuchaza izilangazelelo zabo, imithetho yengxoxo, kunye noomphathi-mikhosi. Umvoti ophantsi ujongela phantsi ukuthoba isidima sommeli kwaye unakho ukuvumela amaqela amancinane angama-76organ ukuba alawule. Ngoko ke irepublic ezininzi zikhuthaza ukuvota ngokubhalisa, ngokubhalisa imfundo yezentlalo, kwana nokuvota okunyanzelelwayo (njengase-Australia).

Imfundo Yesidlangalala Nentetho yesidlangalala

Irepublic ayinakusebenza ukuba abemi abanalwazi ngeenkqubo nemigaqo yayo. Izikolo, amajelo eendaba, kunye nemibutho yoluntu yonke idlala indima ekufundiseni indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente, oko amalungelo abemi abanako, nendlela yokuvavanya izikhuphiso ezikhuphiswano. Ingcamango yokuba abemi kufuneka baqiqe kunye ngemibandela kawonke-wonke-wonke. /incopho yemeko apho iimbono ezahlukeneyo zinokuthotyelwa, kwaye ukulalanisa kuxatyiswe. Ukwanda kwe-diffrection ne-evoractary kusis.

Ukunganyaniseki, uMthetho, kunye noluntu

Ngaphandle konyulo, abemi bangaphembelela inkqubo ngokusebenzisa amaqela olawulo, imiboniso, izibongozo, nokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo. Imibutho yabemi basekuhlaleni, iicawa, ingqesho-mali, unxulumano olungoogcisayo, isebenza njengemibutho ephakathi kwabantu kunye norhulumente. Inikela imvume yokusebenza ngokumanyeneyo, ijonge inkqubela karhulumente, kwaye inceda iinkokeli zelizwe ezinamandla zimele ziphendule.

Inkonzo kaJury kunye nokubandakanya

Iirepublic ezininzi zifuna ukuba abemi balapho basebenze kumaqumrhu eejaji, beqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo banendima engqalileyo ekuphatheni okusesikweni. Iikomiti zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, iikomiti zesikolo neentlanganiso zedolophu zinika amathuba awongezelelekileyo okuba nenxaxheba. Oku kugaxelelwa kwengca komeleza unxulumano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente yaye kwakha intelekelelo kumaqumrhu kawonke-wonke.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene NeeRiphabliki Zanamhlanje

Phezu kwazo nje izinto eziluncedo, iiriphabliki zijamelene nocelomngeni olunzulu olunokuphelisa ukuzithemba kwabantu luze lubangele ukuba abameli baphelelwe lithemba.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Kwiiriphabliki ezininzi, izahlulo ezilwayo ezilwayo ziye zakhula ukusa kwinqanaba apho ukulalanisa kunqabile kwaye imveliso yemithetho ingasebenzi. I-hyperāpitanism isenokukhokelela ekuvalweni koorhulumente, kumadabi okugweba, nasekuncipheni kokuthembana. Xa abemi bewajonga amaziko abo njengezixhobo nje zokulwa iimfazwe ezilwa abantu, basenokurhoxa ngokupheleleyo kwezobupolitika, kudala umjikelo oyingozi.

Urhwaphilizo Nokubanjwa

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla sikawonke-wonke ngenxa yenzuzo yangasese, //inika ilungelo lokufumana nayiphi na iriphabliki. Kunokuthatha uhlobo lokunyoba, ukurhwebelana, ukurhwebelana ngempahla, okanye iminikelo engekho mthethweni. Ngaphandle kokungekho mthethweni, “ukubanjwa okucacileyo," kwenzeka xa izityebi okanye iinkampani zemali zisebenzisa igunya eligqithisileyo ngokugunyazisa, ngokufaka isiqendu serejiji, nangokuphatha amajelo e-pajini.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu nokuxhasa ngedemokhrasi

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwakho utyekelo oluxhalabisayo lweenkokeli ezinyuliweyo ezinegunya lokunikela ingqalelo kwinkcitho yeendlu zowiso-mthetho, iinkundla, kunye namaphephandaba. Zisebenzisa ubugcisa bekhompyutha ezizikhuseli, zingahlasela amaqumrhu azimeleyo, zinciphise ingqibelelo yokhetho, zize zinciphise inkululeko yabantu. Le nkqubo “yolawulo-demokhrasi” ingenza iriphabliki ibe ngumatshini wokukhetha ngexesha lolawulo lomntu ngoxa igcina ifaçade yonyulo. Amazwe anjenge-Hungary, Poland, kunye ne-Turkey aye afumana ukurhoxiswa okuphawulekayo kwemilinganiselo ye-Riphabliki.

Inkcazelo kunye noNxibelelwano lwangaphandle

Iingxelo zobuxoki zale mihla zibangela ukuba zisasazeke ngokukhawuleza, zidibanise imibutho yabantu kwaye zibangele iingxoxo zibe nzima. Abadlali bangaphandle basenokufuna ukuphembelela unyulo okanye ukuhlwayela ukungavisisani. IiRiphabliki zimele zifake imali ekubhaleni ulwazi, zixhase ugcino-lwazi oluzimeleyo, zimisele ukhuseleko lweziko lekhompyutha ukuze zikhusele ingqungquthela kawonke wonke.

Ukungakhathali Nokungathabathi Nto

Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba amavoti abo akabalulekile okanye bonke abezobupolitika bayafana, bangayeka ukuthatha inxaxheba. Umvoti ochaphazelekayo, ingakumbi phakathi kwezizukulwana ezincinane, ungenza buthathaka ubumeli bukarhulumente kwaye unokushiya inkqubo ilawulwa ngamanani abantu abadala, abatyebileyo. Utshintsho olufana nobhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti, ukuvota okujongelwe phantsi, kwaye ukwenza unyulo lweholide kunganceda ekupheliseni lo tyekelo.

Isiphelo

IiRiphabliki zimela enye yezona migudu yoluntu ehlala ihleli yokudibanisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo nenkululeko. Ukusukela kwiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso yamaRoma ukuya kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko yanamhlanje, isithethe seriphabliki siye saguquka ukuze sihlangabezane neemeko ezintsha ngoxa silondoloza imigaqo esisiseko: ulawulo lwabantu, ulawulo lomthetho, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokwahlula amagunya. Kodwa le migaqo ayifuni ukuquququzelelwa, isidima soluntu, nokuhlala sihleli siphezulu. Njengabemi beriphabliki, sinethuba nembopheleleko yokuqonda inkqubo yethu, sibandakanye nemithetho yayo, kwaye siyayikhusela kwimikhosi yokungakhathali nokulawula. Ngexesha lokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunye neengxaki zomhlaba, ukulawulwa kwenkululeko nemigaqo yezomthetho kuhlala kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwenkululeko nemithetho esesikweni.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona ungeno lwe-Encyclopedia Britannica kwii-riphabliki, i- Encyclopedia yeFilosofi e-riphabliki, kunye [FLT] kunye nohlalutyo lobugcinci bobuGcinci bobuGcibo obukwi-infonso.