IGood Wesihlanu Agreement, eyatyikitywa ngo-10 April 1998, isenye yezona zivumelwano zoxolo ezibalulekileyo zale nkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Yaphela iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yogonyamelo lwamahlelo kuMntla Ireland eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Iinkathazo" kwaye yaseka isiseko sokulawula amandla phakathi kwemibutho ye-mibutho yesizwe ne-Rondementism. Njengoko le nqaku lihlola imvelaphi, izicwangciso zalezobupolitika eNorthern Ireland, iRiphabliki yase-Ireland, kunye noManyene noBukumkani buyaqhubeka bushicileleka ngoku-/i-Bredinn, utshintsho lobunibo, kunye nempikiswano ekwi-Ireland ngokumanyana nokuguquka kwe-Arish with Covementan.

Imvelaphi Nembali

I-Ireland esemntla wadalwa nguRhulumente we-Ireland Act 1920, wahlula esi siqithi saba ngamaProtestanti amaninzi, i-oyile emalunga nama-6 ephondo e-Irish Free State esezantsi, ininzi lwamaKatolika ase-Irish ekhululekileyo kwilizwe lasezantsi. Ukusuka kwisiseko sayo, i-Northern Ireland yabandezeleka ngenxa yolwahluko olunzulu lwamaqumrhu. Uninzi lwabalawuli bezobupolitika, ngelixesha iqaqoshana elijongene nekhethelo elicwangcisiweyo kwizindlu, umsebenzi, kunye nomelo lonyulo. Olu manyano lwabangela ukuqhankqesho kwamalungelo abantu ekupheleni koo 1960, olwathi lwaya lukhula lwaba yimfazwe epheleleyo yowe-196994, ukuya ku-1998.

IiNtlekele zabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-3,500 zashiya amashumi amawaka enzakele. Amaqela emikhosi alwayo kumacala omabini. .I-Prigional Republican Republican Army (IRA) namanye amaqela eeRiphabliki, kunye nemikhosi enyanisekileyo enjenge Ulster Colourifior Force (UVF) kunye neUlster Defence Association (UDA).

Kuyo yonke iminyaka yee-1980 kunye nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, iintetho ezifihlakeleyo phakathi koorhulumente baseBritane nabase-Ireland, kunye naphakathi kweenkokeli zoburiphabliki namagosa, zabeka isiseko sokuxoxisana. Isivumelwano se-Anglo - Irish sangonyaka ka1994 sanika iDublin indima ephambili kwimicimbi yaseMntla-Irish, eyathi yacaphukisa amaqhina kodwa yabonisa ukuba le ngxabano izakuconjululwa kuphela ngentsebenziswano enqamlezileyo. I-Domining Street ubhengezo lwe-Admigracties lwango-1999, lwalandelana ngefestile yezopoliti ye-opoliti yengxoxo. Ezi ntetho, zaye zikhokelwa yi-Steator George Mitchell Revement, eqululwe ngokubhekiselele ngokubhekiselele kokubini kwe-Inter Ireland naseRiphabliki ye-1998.

Amalungiselelo Ayintloko Esivumelwano

Isiqendu 1: Ukuqhuba ngamandla neNdibano yaseMntla Ireland

Isivumelwano saseka urhulumente owenziwe wandula ukusetyenziswa kwe-inver - Northern Ireland esekelwe kulawulo olunamandla phakathi kwe-milingo kunye namaqela esizwe. INdibano yaseMntla Ireland, enyulwe ngobuchule (iVote eHlulwayodwa), yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zolawulo oluphezulu zabelwe ngokwemo-mxhelo. Isikhokelo esingundoqo sabelwa ngenkqubo ye-d'Hondt, kwaye izigqibo eziphambili zifuna ukunqamleza umanyano, mhlawumbi ngobunzima boninzi (60% lwamalungu ovota, kuquka i-40% yama-opera evota, kunye namaqumrhu omanyano) okanye inkqubo yokwamkelwa ngokulinganayo (inko zombini wamaqela). Le nkqubo yayihloselwe ukunqanda nabani nabani uluntu ekulawuleni amanye.

UMphathiswa wokuqala nesekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala ziintloko ezimanyeneyo zomphathi-mikhosi, ezinyulwe yiNdibano enenkxaso enqamlezileyo. Isivumelwano sakwalungiselela iCvic Forum ukunika uluntu ilizwi ekuqhutyweni kwemigaqo, nangona lo mzimba ubungasoloko usebenza.

IsiCwangciso

Ukuthetha ngethemba lobuzwe lokusondelelana neRiphabliki yase-Ireland, iSivumelwano sadala iBhunga loBalungiseleli baseMntla-ntshona, elidibanisa abalungiseleli abasuka kuMntla Ireland oLawulweyo kunye noRhulumente wase-Ireland ukusebenzisana kwimimandla enomdla ofana nowolimo, wokhenketho, wothutho, nempilo. IBhunga lixhaswa ngamaqumrhu amathandathu azalisekisayo (umz., Waterwayways Ireland, InterTradeIreland) anikela iinkonzo kuzo zonke izisekelo. Esi sakhiwo sibonakalisa umqathango we-Ireland ngaphandle kokubhiyohlolo-siseko somGwano-mGwale wase-Ireland (umntla Ireland)

ISicwangciso-qhinga 3: IZiko

IBhunga leBritane-Irish lasekwa ukuze linxulumanise oorhulumente base-UK nase-Ireland nabaphathi abahlukeneyo basemntla Ireland, eSkotlani, naseWales, kunye neSikele soMant kunye neziQithi zeMajelo. Ingqungquthela yeIrishi yeIrish ilungiselela umanyano phakathi kweBritane ne-Ireland kwimicimbi engeyodevolve.

Amalungelo Abantu Nezenzo

Isivumelwano saquka iSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungu aMalungelo abantu kumthetho waseMntla-ntshona we-Irish .Isithembiso kamva sazaliseka ngoMthetho wamaLungelo oBuntu ka-1998. IKhomishini yaseMntla Ireland yamaLungelo abantu yamiselwa ukuqwalasela nokucebisa ngokukhusela amalungelo. IPatten Report (1999) yakhokelela ekuguquleni iNgqungquthela ye-Ulster Consabulary, ithabathel indawo yayo ngenkonzo yamapolisa aseNorthern Ireland (PSNI), eyamkela i-ethoos ye-prothophosssss. Imfuneko yokuba amashumi amahlanu% amapolisa amatsha ajoyi ajoyi ajoyi azimisele ukuphendula imbali.

Ukukhululwa Nokukhululwa Kwentolongo

Amaqela emikhosi yamajoni avuma ukukhulula izixhobo zawo kwiminyaka emibini, nangona le nkqubo yabonakala icotha yaye ithanda ukuxabana. Urhulumente waseBritane wavuma kwasekuqaleni ukukhulula amabanjwa akwimibutho yomkhosi ahlala epheliswa. Ngonyaka wama 2000, amabanjwa angaphezu kwama-400 aye akhululwe, umlinganiselo onzima kodwa oyimfuneko wokwakha intembelo.

Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu Kwinkulungwane Yama - 21

Ishumi lokuqala leminyaka emva kokuba iSivumelwano siphawulwe yinkqubela nentengiselwano. INdibano yamiswa izihlandlo ezine phakathi ko 2000 no-2002 ngenxa yokungavumelani nge-IRA i-URGUP kujoliseko loburhulumente. Ukuwa ngokupheleleyo kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 2002, kwaye i-Northern Ireland yabuyela kulawulo olungqalileyo ukusuka eWestminster. I-manisse ekugqibeleni yagqitywa ngo-2002 nge-St Andrews Province (2006), eyakhokelela ekubuyiselweni kokubuyiselwa kwedemokhrasi neDidemoc Union Party (DUPP) kunye neSin Féin njengeqela elikhulu lemibutho elinokuthelekelelana.

Phakathi kowama-2007 nowama-2017, ulawulo olulawulayo olusebenza ngokuzinzileyo. Uqoqosho lwasemntla Ireland lwakhula, utyalo-mali lwangaphakathi lwanda, kwaye iNorthern Ireland yaba yimodeli yehlabathi lonke yokwakhiwa koxolo lwasemva kwemvume. I-Tourshis yachuma njengoko iindwendwe zaziza kubona iGiants's Caseway, i-Titanic Belfast, kunye nesixeko esinamandla saseBelfast ngokwaso. Noko ke, uxolo lwahlala luqinile. Amaqela emikhosi yamajoni, nangona ayeyekile, akazange aphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukulwa. Isisongelo sobuRiphabliki yaqhubeka, kwaye amajoni anyanisekileyo ahlala ebandakanye nolwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcize ngethuba. Ulwaphulo-mthetho kwizindlu nemfundo eqhubekayo, kunye nolulolongo lwezoxolo "lwenziwe ngolwahlulwa phakathi koluntu e-Belfastberg kunye nakwezinye iindawo.

NgoJanuwari 2017, ulawulo olulawulayo olunamandla lwawa kwakhona, ngoku ngenxa yehlazo elinokubuyiselwa elabhenca ukuphatha kwe-Dup ukuTshamba yokuHlakulwa kwakhona. Ukuwa kwaqhubeka iminyaka emithathu, ekungakabikho rhulumente waseNorthern Ireland osebenzayo. INdibano yabuyiselwa ekugqibeleni ngoJanuwari 2020 njengenxalenye yomsebenzi oquka izibophelelo ezintsha kulwimi lwase-Ireland, ukuzaziwa, kunye neembambano zelifa.

Imozulu Yezobupolitika: IBreexit Nemiphumo Yayo

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwiGood Wear Agreement kwiminyaka yakutshanje lukunduluka kobuZwe be-United Kingdom kwi-European Union. I-Ireland yasemntla yavota ngoninzi lwabangama- 56% ukuba bahlale kwi-EU, kodwa i-UK njengendawo yokuvota ukuba ihambe. Ingxoxo yeBreexit yaphakamisa imibuzo engundoqo malunga nomda phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Riphabliki yase-Ireland.

Imithetho Yomthetho Yasemntla Ireland Nesakhelo Somoya

Isivumelwano sokutsala santla saquka i-Protocol yaseMntla Ireland, eyagcina i-Northern Ireland ithengisa iimpahla enye ye-EU kwaye yasebenzisa imithetho yezithethe ze-EU kumazibuko ayo, isenza ngokuphumelelayo izithethe kunye nomda wokulawula kuLwandle lwe-Ireland. I-Union, ingakumbi i-Dup, yakubona oku njengokuyahlula i-Northern Ireland kwi-UK eseleyo kwaye ithoba ingqibelelo yesiseko somGaqo-siseko.

Imithetho yokuziphatha yangqineka idityanisiwe ngokunzulu. Yafak' isandla ngqo ekuweni kwegunya eliphetheyo elilawula amandla ngoFebruwari 2022, xa i-Dup yala ukuphelisa uMphathi-mikhosi wokuqala de amalungiselelo emithetho yokuziphatha ashenxiswe okanye aphinde aphinde afakwe. Oku kwashiya i-Ireland yaseMantla kungekho rhulumente osusiweyo kangangeminyaka emibini, de i-Windsor Frames", ide i-anetravidy ivume ukuphathana phakathi kwe-UK ne-EU-2023/2023/izibopho ze-ooce yemisebenzi ye-DUP. I-Frames yazisa "itsha i-translate" kunye "itrans" namalungiselelo okungena kwi-Northern Ireland, acuthelwe, kwaye yanika iNyaka ye-Nyaka ye-Ireland i-ARLAND i-A (ithrake) kwiNupt proce yomthetho kwi-EUPUP.

Naphezu kwesakhelo, uxinezeleko lusaqhubeka. Ama-Union ahlala engathandabuzi indawo ye-Northern Ireland kwintengiso ye-UK kunye ne-EU enye. I- Nationaliss iphikisa ngelithi iSivumelwano sawo sinika amathuba akhethekileyo ezoqoqosho angenakulahlwa. Ulungelelwano oluthe tye olwathi iGood Wesihlanu Act yakhalwa phakathi kwala maqela mabini luphantsi kwengcinezelo engapheliyo evela kwimpembelelo entsha yezobupolitika eyaziswa nguBretit.

Ukuhambela Phambili Kwezobupolitika Nokuqalisa Komanyano

Enye intsingiselo ephawulekayo kukwanda kweqela le-applican Alliance, elifumana inkxaso kubo bobabini abaququzeleli bomanyano kunye nabavoti besizwe abadiniwe ziintlanga zecawa. Kunyulo lweNdibano yowama-2022, i-Alliance yaba liqela lesithathu elandayo, iphumelele izihlalo ezili-17. Oku kumela ukuphambuka kude kulwahlulo lwezibini lwe-commist-bunity-bunimmentation Party elwakhiwe jikelele. Ngeli inkqubo yamandla ifuna amaqela ukuzichaza njengelungu, i-lonke, i-lonke, okanye enye, ukunyuka kwe-Alliance kunganyanzela utshintsho kwilizwe eliphakathi.

Ucelomngeni Lwexesha Elizayo

Utshintsho lobugcisa kunye nokungaqiniseki komGaqo-siseko

Olunye ucelomngeni olunzulu lwexesha elide kukutshintsha komda ukubala inani labantu. Ubalo lwama-2021 kuMntla Ireland lwabonisa okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ukuba amaKatolika angaphezulu kwamaProtestanti .45.7% amaKatolika ukuya kuma- 43.5% amaProtestanti. Oku kuchaphazela ikamva lomGaqo-siseko, njengoko iGood Wesihlanu sesivumelwano sinika uhlolo ukuba kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwabantu lungavota i-Ireland emanyeneyo. Isivumelwano sithi unobhala weLizwe laseNorthern Ireland "hall" ubiza i-asseantentement "ukuba ngalo naliphi na ixesha kubonakala ngathi kuye uninzi lwaloo mbono lungavakalisa umnqweno wokuba uNontla Ireland lungayeka ukuba lube yinxalenye yoBukumkani obumanyeneyo kunye nenxalenye ye-Ireland.

Ingxoxo engaphaya kohlolo lomda iye yakhula. Uthetho lwe-Sinn Féin, ngoku olulelona qela likhulu lobuzwe, luye lwacela uphando lomda phakathi kweshumi leminyaka elizayo. Amalungu omanyano, aye abona amanani awo ehla kwaye angenamacebo acacileyo okuzalana, esoyika ukuba i-Ireland emanyanisiweyo ingaphunyezwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, utshintsho lwamanani amanani amanani angabantu akaguqukeli ngokuzenzekelayo kwinani lobuzwezwe. . Ngokunjalo, amaKatolika amaninzi angakhetha isimo sobuzwe, kunye nodidi "olunye" oluqukwa abo bangachaziyo njengomanyano okanye abemi, lukhula. Imfuneko ye-Advectory yevote yoninzi luthetha ukuba iziphumo azinakuxeki.

Ilifa Leengxaki Nokuqhubana Nexesha Elidluleyo

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-25 emva kwesivumelwano, ilifa leMibango lihlala lingumthombo onzulu weentlungu kunye necandelo. Amawaka abantu abafayo, abenzakeleyo, kunye nokuxhatshazwa koorhulumente baseBritani ayaqhubeka echaphazela iintsapho kunye nabantu. Umthetho kaRhulumente weSiqendu 2023, ocebise ukuba kumiselwe imiqathango yeengxaki ezinxulumene nokungahambelani kunye nesiphelo sokuququzelelwa, wagxekwa ngamandla ngamaqela amaxhoba, urhulumente wase-Irish, neBhunga laseYurophu. Umthetho uye wacelw'ityala, yaye ngoFebruwa 2024 iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula ukuba amalungiselelo angundoqo ayengavisisani namalungelo abantu. Ukungabikho kokuvumelana okusekelwe ekuqhubaneni nokungavumelani nokwenza okugqithileyo, ulawulo lwesivumelwano lwe-Adventimentations , urhulumente we-Europe.

Umahluko wezoqoqosho

IGood Wear Agreement yayiyindawo ephezulu yezopolitiko, kodwa yayithembisa inkqubela yezoqoqosho nentlalo. Ngoxa iNorthern Ireland iye yanandipha ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwezinye iindawo, isalele emva kwezinye iindawo ze-UK ngokwemveliso, imivuzo, neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ukuthembela kwicandelo likawonke wonke kuphezulu, kwaye icandelo labucala libuthathaka ngokwentengo yenkxwaleko ekhoyo, ukunqongophala kwezindlu, kunye nengcinezelo kwimpilo (ngokukhethekileyo iinguqu ezilindile) kuchaphazela indlela abantu abaqhelekileyo yokubona ngayo ulwahlulo loxolo. Ukuba izithembiso zezoqoqosho zeSivumeno azikhuselwa, ukungazinziwa kwezobupolitika.

Amathuba Ekamva

Ubungqina obutsha beNkcubeko noLuntu

Ngaphandle kocelomngeni, kukho izizathu zokuba nethemba eliluqilima. Ukubuya kukarhulumente okhutshiweyo ngo-2024 kuye kwavumela i-Northern Ireland ukuba ibe nelizwi layo kwakhona kwimimandla engundoqo. Ishumi leminyaka elilandelayo linika ithuba lokuqinisa intsebenziswano enqamlezayo, ingakumbi ngenkqubo yezentengiselwano kunye nokwakhiwa koxolo lwasekuhlaleni. Inyathelo lorhulumente wase-Ireland lokulwabelana kwesiqithi, elisungulwe ngo-2020, linika inkxaso-mali kwimisebenzi edibanisa ulawulo nokuthembana. Ukusebenzisana kwabaselula kunika kuphela abantu abanolwazi loxolo, ingakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amahlelo asekuhlaleni awaqhubeki.

Ukuba Nempembelelo Kwimithetho Yorhwebo

IWindsor Framework inika i-Northern Ireland unikezelo olukhethekileyo kwintengiso yangaphakathi ye-UK kunye ne-EU enye yentengiso yeempahla. Oku "kufikelela okuqhelekileyo" kunika uncedo lokutsala utyalo oluthe ngqo lwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi kumaqela afana nokutya kwe-agri, inzululwazi yobomi, kunye nophuhliso oluphambili. Ukuba uzinzo lwezobupolitika lungalondolozwa, i-Northern Ireland ingaba liziko lorhwebo nophuhliso. Amanye amashishini sele ewandisa imisebenzi ukuze asebenzise le nkonzo.

Inkxaso Nokwakha Uxolo Ehlabathini Lonke

Isivumelwano esiLumkileyo soLwesihlanu sihlala sisaziwa emhlabeni wonke ukwenzela izisombululo. I-United States, i-European Union, kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland konke kunemdla wokuphumelela kwayo. I-US Special Envoy ye-Northern Ireland (ngoku enguJoe Kennedy III, emiselwe ngo-2022) ixhasa inkqubela yezoqoqosho kunye nengxoxo yezopolitiko. Inkqubo ye-EU ye-POS PLUS, exabisa i-CRP1-2022, 1 yezigidi zemali enqamlezayo ethetha ngelifa le ngxabano. Le nkxaso yangaphandle inikela ukhuthulo nxamnye nezichotho zezobupolitika ezimbi kakhulu.

Incoko yezomGaqo-siseko

Uphando lomda lunyanzele onke amaqela ukuba acinge nzulu ngoko kusenokubonakala i-Ireland emanyeneyo okanye umanyano oluguquliweyo. Umgaqo wesivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu uthetha ukuba naluphi na utshintsho kufuneka luvumelane nabo bobabini abantu. Oku kwenza intshukumisa yobabini amacala okwakha ibutho labantu elisebenzela wonke umntu. /Ekubekukwilizwe elitsha le-UK okanye kwingingqi entsha. Ukuvula nokuhlonela incoko malunga nochazo, amalungelo, kunye nokulawula kunganciphisa umngcipheko wogonyamelo kwaye kwandise amathuba otshintsho oluluxolo ukuba i-arhenterum ihlala isenzeka.

Isiphelo

Isivumelwano seGood Wear Agreement asiyiyo indawo yokugqibela kodwa yayiyinkqubo yokusebenza kunye nokuxolelwano okuqhubekayo. Sisinde kwiingxaki ezininzi . "ukuwohloka kotshintsho", ukunyuka kwee-rriphans eziphikisayo, uxanduva lweBrexit( kunye nemigaqo yayo engundoqo ihlala ihleli. Ikamva lesivumelwano liza kuxhomekeka kubuchule beenkokeli zezobupolitika kunye nabantu abasebenza kunye phezu kwazo. Njengoko inkqenkqenkqeza phambili yenkqesho yamanani, impikiswano yemithetho-siseko, kunye nefa lexesha elidlulileyo, imbopheleleko yokulawula, amalungelo abantu, kunye nentsebenziswano yesivumelwano esikwisivumelwano esinempumelelo kunanini nanini nanini na ngaphambili. Impumelelo yayo ihlala ibalulekile ngenxa yoxolo, ukhuseleko, nozinzipho lwaseNorthern Ireland, nolwelo lwempumelelo kwisiqithi sase-Ireland, nangaphaya kwe-Ireland.

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