Ukwazisa: Indaleko Yamanani Yomgaqo Womthetho Wodidi

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini .Imithetho yokwaliwa ekuzanyweni kabini kwetyala elifanayo, iye yahlala njengendawo eqinileyo yephondo laseNtshona Koloni kangangeenkulungwane. Imiswe kumthetho wamandulo wesiGrike kunye neRoma, ohluzwe ngomthetho oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi, kwaye ifakwe kwiSigqibo sesihlanu soMphetho-Mdaniso we-U.S., ikhusela abantu ekucinezelweni kobuzwilaphindi betyala kunye nokukhutshwa kwengqondo okuqhubekayo, inkqenkqesho epheleleyo. Noko ke, isizukulwana samanani sivavanya le mfundiso engenakuthelekiswa nanto ngendlela engathethekiyo. Njengokuba uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho luxhomekeke kubungqina bexabiso--45, i-mimeter, i-figcime, ukugcina imiyalezo efihliweyo, kunye nokugcinwa kwemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kobuvuvuzi-oksi-mthetho, iinfaniswa ngokuphindiweyo, iinfaniswa ngokuphindiweyo, iziphumo zemithetho esetyenziswa ngokuphindiweyo, i-ophandle, i-ophaka-oka-ok

Ukuqonda Imvelaphi Yembali Nerefathi Yanamhlanje

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini asibobobobobobobobobobobobo bokuzimela; buquka ulweyiseko olunzulu malunga nobulungisa, ugqibelo, kunye nemida yamandla karhulumente. EUnited States, iSimemezelo sesihlanu sithi: “Nomnye umntu uza kubekwa esichengeni esifanayo kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye emva kokuqiniseka; kunye (3) nesohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yetyala elinye.

Ingqiqo yembali yengozi ephindwe kabini ixhomekeke kwiintsika ezininzi. Okokuqala, ithintela ukuphangwa ngabatshutshisi (ukugqwesa ngabagxeli-mtshutshisi abanobuncwane obungenasiphelo) ngenye indlela inokubaphazamisa ummangalelwa omsulwa ngokuphinda-phinda. Okwesibini, igcina ingqibelelo yesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala kunye nokuphela kwemigwebo. Okwesithathu, ikhusela abamangalelwa ngemiqathango kunye nemali yokumangalelwa okungapheliyo. Ezi zingqini zihlala zisebenza namhlanje, kodwa “umthetho omnye” uye wantsonkothaka ngakumbi kwihlabathi apho isenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho sinokwenza imiqathango yamanani kunqamle abacuphi naku.

Uvavanyo Oluqhelekileyo “Lokuba Netyala”

Iinkundla zisebenzisa olunye uvavanyo lwezihlandlo ezimbini ukufumanisa ukuba izityholo ezimbini zilutyala ngokufanayo kusini na iinjongo eziphindiweyo. Phantsi kwe- uvavanyo lwe-stickburger (kusukela i-tabburger v. iUnited States, 284 U.S.9 [1932]), uhlalutyo lubhekiselele kuxanduva ukuba ityala ngalinye lifuna ubungqina bento enye engayiyo enye. Ukuba ziyabalwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngokunjalo, ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa “ihambo efanayo okanye“ intengo”, ezihlola ukuba iityala zivela kwimeko ezicacileyo. Zombini ezikhoyo, ziba ngxaki enzulu xa ubungqina obukhoyo bubandakanya, ngenxa yokubala i-intanethi enye (ukuthunyelwa kwe-intanethi) okungaphuculwangangeniyo, ngokokubalelwa kwizenzo ezithengwa ngokungena kunyaka-'inyani, okanye ukuxhaswa kweminxeba, ukuqinisekiswa kwendlela esemthethweni, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwendlela engomele iziphumo esemthethweni, okanye ukuxhaswa ngokulandeleyo, ngokokutyityi

Ubungqina Obungamanani: Indlela Ubugcisa Obulucelomngeni Ngayo Utyekelo Olubini

Ngoku ubungqina bamanani bugcwele phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusuka kuqhatha-mthetho kunye nokubawa kophawu lomntu, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, kunye nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi. Ngokungafaniyo nobungqina obuphathekayo, ubungqina bemichiza bububopheleleka ngokwemvelo, bungadityaniswa, kwaye bungakhutshwa. Ingaba i-imeyili enye inokubakho njengemibhalo kwisixhobo somthumeli, isixhobo somntwana, i-posi, iiseva zenkxaso, kunye neencwadi zamafu. Xa umthetho ufumana le kopi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okanye kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuphakama imibuzo: Ingaba ukuxhatshazwa komxholo omnye kumele iso esahlukileyo? Ingaba kuvavanywa “ukuphatha umntwana imifanekiso engamanyala, kwandukunye kwakhona ngenxa yokuba neefayile ezikwindawo eziqhutywa ngamafu, ngaphandle kokwaphula iminqamle?

Ukungachacha-guquki kunye neNkxaso yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko

Uxinzelelo olungundoqo lukwisibakala sokuba izinto ezenziwe ngamanani zingakhutshelwa ngaphandle kokonakala. Ngokungafaniyo nenqwelo-mafutha ebiweyo okanye umlomo wenkohliso, ifayile yamanani iyafana kwimvelaphi yayo. Iinkundla ziye zazamana nokuba iziphumo ezininzi zamanani zobungqina obufanayo zithetha amatyala amaninzi okanye ezinye iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ezinye izigqibo zikhomba ukuba ukuba ukuba ukuba nemifanekiso efanayo yamanani kwizixhobo ezininzi ithetha into enye echasene nento enye xa imifanekiso iyinxalenye yengqokelela enye kwaye ihambo iyaqhubeka. Noko ke, ezinye imigaqo iye yacinga ukuba isixhobo ngasinye sisesenzo esahlukileyo, ngokunokwenzeka sivumela izityholo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kudala isigcayiseli esisemthethweni sabatshutshisi abatshutshisi bejongeneetyala ezahlukahlukeneyo okanye ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.

Ubungqina obudityanisiweyo bokwahlulelwa komnqamlezo kunye nolongamo lomkhosi

Imbambano enkulu ebangelwa yimfundiso edityanisiweyo yolawulo, ethi ummangalelwa angamangalelwa yimeko efanayo yesizwe norhulumente wesizwe ukuba amaqumrhu afumana amandla awo kwizikhulu ezohlukeneyo. Ubungqina bamanani busoloko buhamba ngaphaya kwemida yelizwe kunye nelizwe ngokulula. Umzekelo, igosa elisekelwe kwilizwe A lingaqalisa uhlaselo kumasebe kwilizwe B, esebenzisa ikhowudi efihlakeleyo ekhutshelwe kwilizwe C. Xa i-Greamment B ifumana igunya elinegunya lokufikelela ngaphandle kwemvume, kwaye kamva iLizwe elinobucala elinxulumene nemali elinxulumene nokucinezenzakalisa, liziphinde kabini iingozi ezikhoyo? Ngaphantsi kolawulo oluphindiweyo, lingasenokungabikho nto leyo elawulayo. Kodwa xa kusetyenziswa umgaqo omnye womthetho ofanayo, uphakaliso olufanayo, uxanduvane lwe-Squluthe ukuphiselwa kwemiqatha lwe-R.[0]

Ucelomngeni Lobungqina Obungachananga Obunokuthenjwa

Ukubhala okuthe kratya kubangela uhlalutyo oluphindiweyo lwengozi. Xa umthetho ufumana isiqinisekiso sokuphendla isixhobo esifihlakeleyo, banokukhupha idata enekhowudi engekhoyo kuphela. (enye isafumaneka. Ukuba kamva, ukhutshelwa kwakhona kuvumela ukufumaneka kobungqina obukhoyo ngaphambili, urhulumente angazisa izityholo ezongezelelweyo ezisekelwe kolo bungqina butsha? Impendulo ixhomekeke ekubeni ubungqina obutsha butyhila “ukungalungi" okanye ukusuka nje komelezenzisa imeko enye. Lo mmandla uyakwazi ukukhupha itebhinoloji ebonisa unxibelelwano olukhoyo kuphela ngomnqolobi, kodwa kamva i- khowudi etyhila iqhinga, izityholo ezintsha zinokubonakala zinokuba zibandakanya uzungu oluhlukeneyo. Noko ke, ukuba imiyalezo inkcukacha ezisele zibekwe ngokuphindwe kabini, ukudityaniswa kwetyala elinye. Le ndawo ihlala ithenjiwe, kwaye ijonge imilinganiselo enjalo yemithetho-'[F.[1]

Uphando Lokungaguquguquki: Imithetho Nengxabano Equkuqelayo

Iziganeko ze-Cybersecurity `Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluneempazamo-lwazi, ukuhlasela kwe-ehlereare', ukuxhotyiswa kwesizwe, okuphakathi kolona celomngeni lunzima olungokwasemthethweni lwexesha lamanani. Uphando ludla ngokuthatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka, lubandakanya amaqumrhu amaninzi, luqokelele imiqulu emininzi yobungqina bemichiza. Ukungalingani okuphindwe kabini kubaluleke, ingakumbi xa iziganeko zekhompyutha ezingekho mthethweni zibekwa phantsi kwemimiselo eyahlukeneyo: uBhombo lweCompyutha noMthetho wokuXhomba nokuxhaphaza (CFAA) kwiU.S., iKhompyutha ekhompyutha eninzi e-UK, kunye nemithetho efanayo. Ukuhlasela okuko kusenokungqubana nokungena kolwazi olugunyazelelweyo, ubuqhatha, uphanga, kunye nomonakalo lwempahla.

Ubulumko bokwahlula obenziwe ngobuchule bokuchola-chola kunye nokwahlula kwetyala ngamanani

Abatshutshisi basenokuhlula ngabom uhlaselo olunye lwekhompyutha kwityala elininzi lokwandisa amathuba okuqiniseka. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa obekwe ityala lokuqhekeza i-'quam' yenkampani-mbuso unokuba noxanduva olwahlukeneyo lwe-Urbn'[FLT] (ityala elicacileyo), inkundla esandul' ukubuza ukuba ityala lokwahlukana nakuhlobo ngalunye lonyaka “loluvo olukwityala lonyaka. ” (njengoko kumele ukuba isitshixo ngasinye) sichaphazele umoya wengozi ngokuphindwe kabini [FF:] .[FLT][3]

Ingxaki Yokuhambelana Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nezaphuli - mthetho

Iziganeko ezingoonobangela abaphezulu zisoloko zibangela uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokumangalelwa kwamakhaya (umz., izenzo zodidi ezifunyenweyo, iisuti zokwaphula ityala labathengi). Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibambelele kwelokuba ingozi ephindwe kabini isebenza kuphela kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoko ke ityala loluntu alikuthinteli ukuvela kwetyala elilandelayo. Noko ke, xa iziphumo zoluntu zikhulula iziphumo zobuzwelonke ubungqina obuthi kamva zizenze isiseko setyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwayo basenokujongana nemithetho ekwahlulelwa izigwebo. Ezinye iinkundla ziye zabeka imiqathango, njengoko zifuna ukuba kuhlale kufunyenwe ulwaphulo-mthetho de kugqitywe ityala, kodwa ezihlala zisongento inkxabisileyo. Ngaphezu koko, izenzo ezisetyenziswayo ziseziizenzo ze-Sicreast ne-Exchangend (CT) okanye i-SCrectory) (end Trest Treverst) zinokugwetywa (e) zithel) zithenjiswe ngamanye amaxesha,

Iimbono Zehlabathi: I - Nebis kwi - Idem Namanani

Amazwe amaninzi angaphandle kwe-United States alandela umgaqo we- owe-bines ku-imer (ngeyosiLatin elithetha “kungekho kabini kwinto enye”), elifana nengozi ephindwe kabini kodwa elisebenza kakhulu, ukunqanda ukuququzelelwa kwetyala elinye, ukugquma ityala elinye, ukuvala ityala eliphindaphindeneyo, ukuvala amatyala apho amalungu amaninzi esizwe anegunya khona. Ukunyuka kobungqina obunye kunyanzelele lemiqathango. Ukucingela kwe-Rhumo kungenziwa ngabasemagunye amazwe amazwe amazwe amaninzi. Ugcino-lwazi olukrokrelayo lunga lungahlolwa ngamagunya amaninzi, umzekelo, luthintela ukugwetywa kwetyala elinye elinye, kwaye inkundla yaseYurophu yeJaji ekwaku, ukunqanda okuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwetyala, kodwa amatyala achaza amatyala ahlukeneyo. Xa kusetyenziswa ngokweenkqubo.

Ukwenziwa kogcino-lwazi lwasekuhlaleni kunye nengozi ye-eropardy ephindwe kabini

Imithetho efuna ukwenziwa kogcino-lwazi lwengingqi ngezantsi. Njengemithetho yoMthetho weSizwe saseRashiya enguNo. 242-FZ okanye i-Tshayina’s Data Security Law (_mandate") yokuba ugcino-lwazi oluthile lugcinwe ngaphakathi kwelizwe. Xa ubungqina bemiqathango bubekwa yimida yesizwe, budala ithuba lokuba isenzo esinye somhlaba wonke (umz., ukusasaza isikhala) singabekwa ngokwahlukileyo kwilizwe ngalinye apho ugcino-lwazi lukhoyo. Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe okanye indibano esemthethweni ethetha ngokungqalileyo ngengozi ephinda-phindeneyo yobungqina bemiqathango-manani, abakhe bajongene imingeni emininzi yehambo efanayo. Ezinye iingcali ziye zacebisa ukuba “umthetho we-Dipharradiod" ukuvumelana, ngokufanayo nemigaqo efana neyo [FLDY:0] i-BUPRGenethi ye-CRGenethi ye-FGenet]

Uphuhliso Olungokwasemthethweni Lwexesha Elizayo: Ukuvumela isithethe ukuba sivumelane nobuxhakaxhaka

Umthetho awumi nje, yaye iingxaki ezibangelwa bubungqina bamanani nokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha zibangela ukuba kubekho imithetho, ikomiti yowiso-mthetho, kunye notshintsho kuphaya.

Ukwandiswa koMthetho we- “Same defene” kwi-digital amongs

Iipalamente neengqungquthela zingamisela imimiselo echaza xa izenzo ezininzi zamanani zibumba izono ezifanayo okanye ezohlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ezinye izithuba ziqwalasela imithetho ephatha zonke izenzo phakathi “kwentengiselwano yemivo” (umz., intlanganiso enqamlezayo yemizuzu ehlala ixesha elide) njengetyala elinye. Oku kungathintela abatshutshisi ukuba baphumeze ityala elinye kwinani elikhulu. Ezinye izicelo ziquka ukufuna ukuba ityala elisekelwe kwimipu efanayo yobungqina buqikelelelwe ukuba ikopi yemivo ifumenelwe kwimvelaphi enye okanye isixhobo esinye.

Imigangatho yehlabathi jikelele ukwenzela uphatho lobungqina bamanani

Amaqumrhu anjenge Ikhonco yaseYurophu kunye ne-[FLT] United Nations Ofesi kwiziyobisi ne-CRIme (UNTDC) isebenza kwimithetho yemodeli kunye nemisebenzi engcono yobungqina bemivo. Le migudu ijongene nokwenza imithetho efanayo yokuqokelela ubungqina obubodwa, ukugcina, kunye nokuncedisana okukwaneyo nokuhlonela iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Ilungu elingundoqo liyakuba kukwamkelwa komthetho “wokuqala-owokuqala" okanye“ wokufakelwa”, apho ilizwe lizisa imeko esekelwe kubungqina obubokuqala bemicicinezelo lwamanani kamva lunga ngokunempumelelo lungxelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Uqeqesho olunyusiweyo lwejaji kunye nokufunda ubuxhakaxhaka

Abagwebi nabatshutshisi bafuna ukuqonda ngokunzulu indlela obusebenza ngayo ubungqina bemivo, ubumpu, kunye nokungagqibeki kwayo. Amazwe amaninzi afaka imali kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho lobuchule ukuze ancede iingcali zobugcisa ziqonde iimpazamo eziphindiweyo. Umzekelo, i-U.S. National Jujication College inikela izifundo kubungqina bamanani, kunye neNtoliki yoqeqesho lwezeeJaji yaseYurophu ivelise iimodyuli kwii-ICYcrimecrime namalungelo asisiseko. Ubugcisa obuninzi buye banceda ukufumanisa iingozi eziphindaphindiweyo. Umzekelo, i-U.S.S. Collegemental Collegements

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Olufunekayo

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe lusoloko lulawulwa njengesiseko sokhuseleko, kwaye oorhulumente baphikisa ngelithi kufuneka babe nobuchule bokusukela iingozi zekhompyutha kwiindawo ezininzi. Noko ke, amandla angenasilingo athintelo anokususa ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini kucetyiswa ukunikezela. Izakhiwo zexesha elizayo zizakubandakanya umgaqo wolungelelwaniso oluphakathi kwemiqathango edityanisiweyo qha xa ubungqina bemivo ebonakalisa ukuba nyaniseke ngokwenene kwengozi okanye amaxhoba ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, umtshutshisi obeba idata kubantu abaliwaka akufuneka angajongani ne-1000 ekwahlukeneyo ukuze angene ngendlela efanayo; kunoko, ingxwelerha kufuneka ifakwe kwityala elinye elinolwayo elinolwandisiweyo.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zoogqirha Abasemthethweni Neingcali Ezingokwasemthethweni

Ukutshintsha kwemeko kufuna amagqwetha, abatshutshisi neengcaphephe ezikwaziyo ukukhusela ikhompyutha.

Ukhuselo lwezixhobo ze-athorney

Xa bemela umxhasi ojongene nobungqina bamanani, intelekelelo eziphindwe kabini kufuneka zinyuswe kwangoko. Ii-Attorney kufuneka zihlolisise ngenyameko ukuba izikhalazo ziyaphinda ziphindene okanye zishenxise ukuqiniswa kwemiba evela kwintengiselwano efanayo yamanani. Kufuneka baqonde imfundiso edibeneyo yolawulo kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, funa imithetho ephatha ubungqina obufanayo bemivo elinganayo ngaphaya kolawulo olunye njengetyala elinye. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe kufuneka iqwalaselwe umtshutshiso.

Abatshutshisi

Abatshutshisi kufuneka bamkele imbono ecacileyo yeemeko zamanani ukunqanda ukutshintsha okugqithisileyo okukhuthaza ukutshintsha kweminxeba. Izigqibo zokunika uncedo kufuneka zithathe ingqwalaselo yehambo nempembelelo, hayi nje inani lemisebenzi yamanani. Amatyala okurhwebelana ahlula ngokucacileyo izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezicacileyo kwimiqheba ecacileyo. Ngaphezu koko, abatshutshisi kufuneka bacace ngendlela obufunyenwe ngayo ubungqina bemivo, njengokuba ukwenziwa okanye ukurhintyelwa okungafanelekanga kunokubangela iimpikiswano eziphindwe kabini.

Amagcisa Okunganqabiseki

Iingcali eziphendulayo kunye nezibonelelo-mali kufuneka zibhale ubungqina bazo obuqokelelwe ngentsalela yetsheyina ngocoselelo, ziqwalasela xa kusenziwa imibhalo nalapho igcinwa khona. Kufuneka ziqonde ukuba indlela abaphatha ngayo ubungqina bamanani ingachaphazela iingozi eziphindwe kabini / umzekelo, ukuba umfanekiso wengozi wabelana nabameli bomthetho abaninzi, ngamnye angazama ukuzisa izityholo ezahlukeneyo. Unxibelelwano olucacileyo ngesiluleko somthetho luqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina abuphindaniwanga ngenxa yezizathu zobuchule.

Isiphelo: Ukuxhasa Okusesikweni Kwihlabathi Elisebenzisa Amanani

Ikamva lomthetho ophindiweyo wobungozi obuphindwe kabini ngexesha lobungqina bekhompyutha nokungakhuselwa komthetho akuyonto yokushiya umgaqo oxabisekileyo kodwa kukuwulungisa ukuze uhlangabezane nezibakala ezintsha. Ixabiso elingundoqo . Ukukhusela abantu kumandla amakhulu karhulumente ukuphinda ubalinganise ngokungapheliyo. Kubalulekile ngaphaya kwexesha. Kodwa ubuchule bobungcali bobunzululwazi bufuna ukuba iinkundla kunye nabenzi bomthetho baqhubeke besenza iimvavanyo ezichane kakhulu ukuze bahlule phakathi kweempazamo ezinyanisekileyo kunye nokukhutshelwa kwezibakala ezikhoyo. Ukuzinziswa kwabantu ngokweencwadi enye, imfundo yezahlulelo, kunye nokucalulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kuyimfuneko ukunqanda ubungozi obuphindaphindeneyo ekungabini kwengozi kwinkathi yovavanyo. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buguqula, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni imele iqhubeke, iqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ezintle, ukukhululeka kokuphela, kunye nenkululeko ekuhlukuhlukunyelwa kwenkqubela.

[[UMTL] Izibonelelo zofundo oluthe lwaphela:[[UMTL]