Ilungelo Lokulingana: Uhambo Olungaphoxekanga

Ilungelo lokulingana lingundo wobukho bentlalo-ntle yanamhlanje, isekelwe kwimimiselo yedemokhrasi, kwizivumelwano, kunye nemizekelo egwebayo ehlabathini jikelele. Esona sizathu salo, sifuna ukuba wonke umntu aphathelwe ngesidima esilinganayo, anikwe ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kwaye akhuseleke kwikhethe elisekelwe kwiempawu ezingatshintshiyo ezifana nohlanga, ubufana, unqulo, okanye imbonakalo yezobudemokhrasi. Kodwa ukuguqulela le njongo kwizinto ephilayo ihlala yeyona nto inzima eqhubekayo kwinkulungwane yama-21. Eli nqaku lihlola imigaqo esemthethweni exhasa ukulingana, lihlola ityala eliye laguqula intsingiselo yayo, lize lihlazise iintsolo eziqhubeka zisithintela zokuyiphikisa ngokupheleleyo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esisemthethweni sehlabathi lonke

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke, ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-3520, iye yachaza uvumelwano olubanzi ngelungelo lokulingana. Ezi zixhobo zimisela imilinganiselo amazwe alindeleke ukuba afakele kuyo umthetho wasekhaya kwaye alungiselele iindlela zokuziphendulela.

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu

I- Isibhengezo soManyano lwamalungelo abantu [UTL:1] [UDHR] kwiGatya 1 ivakalisa ukuba “bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana ngesidima nangamalungelo.” IGatya 2 liyaluthintela ucalucalulo ngezizathu ezifana nohlanga, umbala, ulwimi, unqulo, uluvo lwezopolitiko, imvelaphi yesizwe, into yokuzalwa, okanye esinye isikhundla. Ngelixa i-UDHR ingabopheleleli ngokwayo, imigaqo yayo idityaniswe kwizivumelwano ezibophelelayo kwaye ijikele umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Iminqophiso Yezizwe Ngezizwe

Iminqophiso emibini ephambili egunyazisa iUDHR nguMnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ongelungelo Labantu Nelasekuhlaleni (ICCPR) neSivumelwano Sezizwe Ngezizwe Esobuxhakaxhaka Bezoqoqosho, Intlalo Nempucuko (ICESCR), zombini zamkelwa ngowe - 1966.

  • ICCPR-IGqr 26 iqinisekisa ukuba “bonke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho kwaye banelungelo lokungenakhethe kukhuseleko olulinganayo lomthetho.” Eli lungiselelo litolikiwe yiKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu ukucela amaZwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba anokuphumelela ukulwa nocalucalulo kwiindawo ezikudidi zoluntu nezezobucala.
  • ICR-ICR-IGatya 2(2) lifuna amangingqi amaZwe ukuba aqinisekise ukuba amalungelo adweliswe kuMnqoqo “aya kusetyenziswa ngaphandle kocalucalulo lwalo naluphi na uhlobo lohlanga, ibala, isini, ulwimi, unqulo, uluvo lwezopolitiko okanye olunye uluvo, imvelaphi yesizwe okanye yentlalo, impahla, ukuzalwa okanye esinye isimo." Nangona kujoliswe kumalungelo ezoqoqosho nangokwentlalo – njengamalungelo okusebenza (Artle 6), ilungelo lomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuphila (Artle 11), kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wemfundo (Artlexle – imfanelo engengowe-610) yokwahlulwahlulo-mthetho woluntu.

Iingcebiso Ezikhethekileyo

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano eziqhelekileyo, izivumelwano eziliqela ezikhethekileyo zithetha ngeendlela ezithile zocalulo:

  • INdibano yezizwe ngezizwe ekwiNtlangano yazo zonke yoKupheliswa Kwazo Zonke Iifomu Zocalulo Oluphakathi – - Ukukhuliswa ngo1965, inyanzelisa iMazwe ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kuzo zonke iintlobo zalo nokukhuthaza ukuqonda phakathi kweentlanga.
  • Ukususwa kwazo zonke iintlobo zocalucalulo kuMabhinqa (CEDAW) – ngokufuthi kuchazwa njengesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe samalungelo amabhinqa, iCEDAW ifuna ukuba amazwe athabathe onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuphelisa ucalucalulo nxamnye namabhinqa kwezobupolitika, kwezoqoqosho, kwezentlalo, kwezentlalo, nakubomi bentlalo.
  • Isigqibo samalungelo abantu abaneziphene [CRPD] ---okanye samkelwa ngo-200, iyazi ngokucacileyo ukuba ukukhubazeka akusosizathu sokungalingani kwaye kufuna ukufumaneka, indawo yokuhlala esengqiqweni, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo.

Ezi zixhobo, kunye neenkqubo zephondo ezinjengeEuropean Convention on Human Rights (Article 14) neA African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (Artle 2), zidala imigaqo edityanisiweyo echaza ilungelo lezizwe ngezizwe lokulingana.

Imisebenzi yeSizwe yeMithetho yeMigaqo-siseko

Amazwe aguqulela iimbopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe kumthetho wasekhaya ngemithetho, imimiselo echasene nocalulo-calulo, kunye nengcaciso yokugweba. Ngoxa umgaqo wokulingana ukufuphi kumhlaba wonke, ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo luyahluka ngokubanzi.

Iimodeli zomGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko wangoku omninzi uquka icandelo elilinganayo. Umzekelo:

  • United States-I 14th Amendment (1868) inikela ukuba akukho Rhulumente “eyakungamela nabani na kwigunya layo ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho.” Eli binzana liye laba ngundoqo kumzabalazo wokulingana kwezizwe, ukulingana kwe-athom, kunye namalungelo e-LGBTQ, nangona i-U.S. ingenawo umthetho wezwe obanzi omela i-(ikhdismination) ogqugqise zonke iinkalo.
  • Afrika yaseMzantsi - Ipost"%apartheid umGaqo-siseko (1996) iphakathi kweyona icacileyo. ICandelo 9 lithi “URhulumente akanakukhetha ngokungekho sikweni okanye ngokungangqalanga kuye nabani na ngesizathu esinye okanye esingaphezulu, kuquka uhlanga, isini, ukukhulelwa, isimo somtshato, imvelaphi yobuhlanga okanye yentlalo, imbonakalo yesini, isizukulwana, ubudala, ubulwelwe, unqulo, inkolelo, ulwimi, nokuzala. Ikwavumela ukuqhuba inyathelo lokuqhuba abantu abanolwayo ngenxa yocalucalulo oludlulileyo.
  • I-Indiya - Inqaku 14 lomGaqo-siseko liqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Indiya inike eli lungiselelo libanzi ukutolikwa, iyifunda ukunqanda izenzo zombuso ezizintlu-camango nokufuna ukuba abantu baphathwe ngokufanayo. Ulungiselelo olongezelelekileyo luthintela ucalulo kwizizathu zonqulo, uhlanga, isicaka-caka, isini, okanye indawo yokuzalwa (Artle) kwaye luphelisa “ukungafikeleleki” (Artle 17).
  • Icandelo le-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (19982) liqinisekisa ukulingana phambi naphantsi komthetho nelungelo lokulingana ukhuseleko nengenelo ngaphandle kocalulo. Isiqinisekiso seSicatshulwa sokulingana sisetyenzisiwe ukubetha imithetho ecalucalula imbonakalo yesondo, imeko yomtshato, kunye nesiphene.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo sesiseko

Amazwe amaninzi amisela umthetho ongqalileyo wokulungisa ucalucalulo. Umzekelo, uMthetho wobuLunga woManyano woMgaqo-nkqubo wama-2010 uqinisa imithetho yangaphambili kwaye uyaluthintela ucalucalulo olungqalileyo nolungangqalanga ngqo, ukuhlulwa, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwiimeko ezisithoba ezikhuselweyo: iminyaka yobudala, ukukhubazeka, ukuphinda kupheleka, umtshato kunye nomanyano lwamakhaya, ukukhulelwa, uhlanga, unqulo okanye inkolelo, isini, kunye nendlela yesondo. Ngokufanayo, i-Europe Union i-European i-INT i-Racial Ecutivene derse [FLT] kunye kunye [ult:]] no-Emplity Edentificentificed [FFFF]]

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni amalungelo okulingana, ngokufuthi ziphendula izikhalazo ezibangelwa ngabantu okanye amaqela obugqi.

Uphando lophawu lwemeko yomhlaba

Izigqibo zomgwebo ziye zayiguqula ngokuphindaphindiweyo intsingiselo yokulingana, zinyanzelela amazwe ukuba amelane nocalucalulo olulawulwa ngabantu aze andise ukhuseleko kumaqela aphantsi.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – United States

Kumthetho oyelelanisiweyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yavakalisa ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwalungalingani ngokwemvelo, ibetha phantsi “imfundiso ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo” eyamiselwa ku Pnety v. Ferguson [1896]. IJaji enkulu uEarl Warren yabhala ukuba“ amaziko emfundo ahlukeneyo awalingani ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuba i-ok abangela ukuziva bephantsi kubantwana baseAfrika baseMelika. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwajamelene nengxhwepheko olukrakra, Brown BY] yaba ngumqondiso osemthethweni wamalungelo abantu kunye nomqondiso wehlabathi wobugqesholo-omGwase.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – United States

Eli tyala libalulekileyo lalikholelwa ukuba ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata liqinisekiswe kwizibini ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo phantsi kwe-Tit Programme and Amement Classiles of the 14neth Amendment. Uluvo lwabaninzi lwagxininisa ukuba umtshato “litye eliphambili lolungelelwano lwethu lwentlalo” kwaye ukukhanyela izibini ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo linelungelo lokuthoba isidima sazo kunye nenkululeko yazo. Isigqibo esisemthethweni sinye esigunyazinzileyo somtshato osusela phambili ezweni lonke, sakha imithetho enjengeyeethi United States v.Windstor[[FLD:1] (2013]) eyabetha ukhuselo lomtshato olusemthethweni olunoGcinezelelweyo.

UMphathiswa weMicimbi yasekhaya v. Fourie (2006) – UMzantsi Afrika

INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika yagqiba kwelokuba inkcazo eqhelekileyo yemithetho yokutshata njengeqhina phakathi kwendoda nomfazi engagwetywanga ngokuchasene nezibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo ngokuchasene necandelo elilinganayo lomGaqo-siseko. INkundla yanika iPalamente unyaka omnye ukuphelisa umthetho; xa ungazange uthathe inyathelo, iNkundla ngokwayo yandisa ingcaciso. Esi sigqibo saqinisa ukuzinikela komzinzo woMzantsi Afrika kwisidima somntu nokulingana kwabo bonke, isenza ukuba ilizwe lokuqala laseAfrika liwuqaphele umtshato ofanayo.

Bostock . Clayton County (2020) – United States

Kwisigqibo esingu-6763, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yachaza isiHloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944, esilwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi “ngenxa... ye-... ngokwesini,” ukukhusela abasebenzi ekucalucalulweni ngokwesini okanye ngokwesimo sobugqeba. IJaji uNeil Gorfoth yabhala ukuba “umqeshi odubula umntu ngenxa yokuba ngungqingili okanye umtshisa-mlilo othe umntu ngenxa yeempawu okanye izenzo zakhe ebengenakuthandabuza kumalungu esini esahlukileyo.” Isigqibo sandisa ukhuseleko lwe-CLGTBQ+ abasebenzi abangabanga abangomagxandu.

P v. S neCornwall County (1996) – European Union

INkundla yeJaji yeEuropean Union (ngoko iNkundla yezobulungisa yaseYurophu) yawisa umthetho wokuba ucalucalulo nxamnye nebhinqa elingumthathi-nxaxheba elagxothwa emsebenzini wakhe lamisela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwi-intlobano zesini phantsi kwe-EU’s Acemement Treatment Directive. INkundla yathi “ukuba umntu akaphathwa kakuhle ngenxa yokuphinda athandwe yindoda, ilungelo lomntu lokulingana liyaphulwa.” Esi sigqibo sabangela ukuba kamva iEU iqaphele ukuba ibhinqa lifaneleke njengophawu olukhuselweyo emsebenzini nangaphaya kwalo.

Ukusoloko Ujamelene Nocelomngeni Lokulingana

Nangona sele kudlule amashumi eminyaka kusenziwa inkqubela engokwasemthethweni, ilungelo lokulingana lijamelene nemiqobo emikhulu.

Ulwalamano Olumanyeneyo Nocalucalulo Oluninzi

Abantu badla ngokucalucalulwa ngaxeshanye – umzekelo, ibhinqa elintsundu lisenokuba nobuhlanga nobufanasini, yaye inkqubo edityanisiweyo yomthetho ephatha uphawu ngalunye olukhuselweyo ngokwanti ayinakukwazi ukuchaza umonakalo okhethekileyo wocalucalulo oludibeneyo. Iinkundla nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ziqalisa nje ukuvelisa iinkqubo ezithetha ngobuncutshe.

Ukungalingani kwenkqubo kunye nokwakhiwa

Imithetho ingalwalela ucalucalulo olungqalileyo ngeli lixa kuvunyelwa ukwahluka kwezakhiwo ukuba kuqhubeke. Ngokomzekelo, ukwahluka kobuhlanga kwimivuzo yobutyebi, kwizindlu, kwimfundo, nakwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho kudla ngokubangelwa kukucalucalucalulo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni kulandelwa yimigaqo yobundilele obukhuthaza ukungafezeki. Indlela yokukhetha ubumfama okanye ubuhlanga ngaphandle kokuqonda ubuhlanga zingakuphelisa ukungalingani. Isenzo sokuzinzisa neminye imiqathango yokuzinzisa ingxabano yezobupolitika.

Imida Yokunyanzelisa Nokufikelela Kokusesikweni

Kwanalapho kukho imithetho enamandla elwa nocalucalulo, amaxhoba asoloko ejamelana nemiqobo ephawulekayo ekunyanzelweni komthetho: iindleko eziphezulu, uncedo olulinganiselweyo lwasemthethweni, uloyiko lokuziphindezelela, nokungawazi amalungelo awo. Ngaphezu koko, ucalucalulo oluninzi luye lusilele ngenxa yokuba lungqina ucalulo lobuhlanga. Ukuba nocalucalulo oluthe ngqo (ukungalingani) kuyagqalwa kwezinye iindawo kodwa kuhlala kungenagunyaziswa.

Ukuchasa Kwezobupolitika Nokuchasa

Inkqubela-phambili ekhokelela ekulinganani isoloko ibangela ukuchaswa okunzima. Ukwanda kweLGBTQ+ amalungelo kuye kwahlangatyezwana nokuchasana okuchaseneyo, kuquka imithetho kwamanye amazwe ethintela amalungelo okudlulisa umlinganiselo wemali okanye evumela ukwaliwa kweenkonzo ezisekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo. Ngokufanayo, imibutho yokulawula i-Jaji yobuhlanga enjenge Black Lives Confe short iye yachaswa ngokukrakra, kwaye iinkqubo zemfundo nomsebenzi ziye zacelw'ilwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye kwezinye iimeko zijijelwa.

Ukwahlula Amanani Neentlobo Ezimanyeneyo Zokungalingani

Njengoko imibutho ikhula, uhlobo olutsha localulo luvela – ekukhetheni imigaqo-siseko yemithetho-siseko yokuqesha nokunika ityala intsalela elinganayo ekufumaneni imvume ebanzi nokungafundi nokubhala amanani. Ezi zinto zidla ngokuzobalwa ngokulinganayo okukhoyo okusekelwe kwingeniso, ijiyografi, uhlanga, kunye nobudala, zisongela ukudala ibutho labantu ababini abaqalisiweyo.

Imfundo, Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni, Nendlela Ephambili

Ukutshintsha okusemthethweni kubalulekile kodwa akwanele. Ukulingana okuhlala kuhleli kufuna izithethe ezixabisa ukwahlukahlukana kwabantu neziluchasa ngamandla ucalucalulo.

Imfundo yaMalungelo abantu

Ukunyusela amalungelo abantu esikolweni kunceda abafundi baqonde imigaqo yokulingana, isidima, kunye nokungaguquguquki. Iinkqubo ezifana nodweliso lwenkqubo [[FLT: 0] oluyi-Amnesty International Human Rights Education [ zibonelela abafundisi- ntsapho ukuba bancede iingxoxo zokulingana nokusesikweni kwezentlalo. Xa abantwana befunda ukuqaphela nokucell ’ umngeni umahluko kwangoko, banokuba ngaba ngaba ngabaxhasi beenguqu.

Ukulungiselela Nokusebenzisa Uluntu

Imibutho ye- Grassroots idla ngokuba ngowona bathunywa abasebenzayo botshintsho. Amaqela afana ne- Camminivil Liberties Union (ACLU) asebenzisa i-liging, ukurhwaqelela, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke ukuhambisela phambili ukulingana. EIndiya, imibutho efana ne-Human Rights Law Network inika uncedo olusemthethweni kuluntu olucekelwe ngokwemida. KuMzantsi Afrika, iZiko leMiqathango ye-Leginements iyaqhubeka kwizindlu, umhlaba, kunye nemicimbi yokhuseleko.

Ukunikwa Amandla Okusemthethweni Nokwazi ▫ Iphulo Lokwenza Iprojekthi

Abantu abaninzi abawazi amalungelo abo asemthethweni okanye indlela yokuwanyanzela. Oorhulumente no-NGO banokusebenzisa amaphulo okuqonda achaza ukukhuselwa kokuchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho ngolwimi olucacileyo, banikele inkcazelo ngendlela yokuzikhusela ngetyala lefayile, banikele neyokunceda ngesisa okanye ngexabiso eliphantsi. Iinkqubo ezihambayo neeplatfomu ze-intanethi zisetyenziswa ngokukhulayo ukunceda amaxhoba afumane uxwebhu kwaye axele ucalucalulo.

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi nokuxelelwa

Ukulwa nokungalingani kwenkqubo, oorhulumente kufuneka baqokelele baze bapapashe inkcazelo echaphazelekayo ngeziphumo zohlanga, ubufanasini, ukukhubazeka, nezinye iindidi. Le nkcazelo inokubonisa ukungalingani, inkqubo yokwazisa, kunye nenze amaziko abeke ityala. Noko ke, ukuqokelelwa kolwazi kufuneka kuhlonele ukuzimela nokuphepha ukukhuthaza umahluko.

Isiphelo

Ilungelo lokulingana liye lalandelwa kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe namazwe omhlaba wonke iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe, ukanti umsantsa phakathi komgaqo noqheliselo uhlala uphangalele. Izigqibo zenkundla yelizwe lophawu ziqhubele phambili amalungelo eentlanga ezincinane, amabhinqa, abantu abaneziphene, namanye amaqela, kodwa uloyiso ngalunye lusoloko lulandelwa yimingeni emitsha. Ukuxhasa nokunyusa umlinganiselo kudinga ukuhlala uphaphile, ukunyanzelisa imfundo epheleleyo, kunye nebutho labantu abangafuniyo ukwamkela ubumi besibini beklasi ka-661. Njengoko ibutho labantu liba nento ekufuneka liqonde ilungelo lokulingana kwabo bonke akubi yimbopheleleko esemthethweni kuphela kodwa oko kuyimfuneko esemthethweni kodwa kuyimfuneko yehlabathi elinoxolo.