Ukuhamba kwabantu basedolophini kusisixhobo esingundoqo sobunewunewu bezoqoqosho, ukufakwa kwentlalo, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume eUnited Kingdom. Ngama-80% abantu abahlala kwimimandla yasezidolophini, indlela abantu abahamba ngayo phakathi naphakathi kwezixeko bachaphazela imveliso, ubunjani bobomi, kunye namandla esizwe okuhlangabezana nolawulo lwenethithi eneziqhulo. Entliziyweni yalo mngeni uthintelo oluqinileyo oluxhasa abameli belizwe — abanyuliweyo ngokungqalileyo kwiigunya ezidityanisiweyo njenge-Manchesternester, iMidlands, neLondon. La manani angundoqo afuneka ekulondolozeni ugcino nokulondoloza iinkqubo ezinamandla ezintsokothileyo. Ubuchule babo bokuxhasa ushishino lwezo lwezopoliti yezo zelizwe, ukukhuthaza ukhuthulo olude lwemali, nokulungisa urhwebo lweepropidectiventi, ukuqinisekisa enoba abahla kwemintengo, ukurhoxaso okanye ukuthoza kobuselana kweenkonzo ezithekayo, iLondon, iLondon, iLondon, i-entuke.

Indima ejikelezayo ye-UK Meyars kwiNgxowa-mali yoThutho loLuntu

Amandla kunye neembopheleleko zoosodolophu baseBritane zikhule kakhulu ukususela ekuqalisweni koomatiloshe bemetro phantsi kolawulo-mpuma lwezoburhulumente belizwe, uPhuhliso loMgaqo-nkqubo woMsebenzi noMsebenzi woMsebenzi we-Economicrali. Ngoxa iMayor yaseLondon ikudala inandipha igunya elininzi lezothutho kwi-Frand (TfL), abanye oosodolophu besixeko baye bafumana impembelelo enkulu kwii-mibutho zothutho zasekuhlaleni. Namhlanje, oomatiloshe abangenga bangezizodwa abadwelisi kodwa abasebenzayo ababhexelela urhulumente osembini, ucwangciso lwezothutho lwengidili, kunye nolonga iinkqubo zoshishino lweziko lwezigidi zezigidi zemali.

Indaleko kunye neMetropolitan Meyars

Ulwabo lotshintsho oluhlaziyiweyo phakathi kweTreasure kunye namagunya adibeneyo agqithisele amandla eplani ezithuthi ukusuka kuWhitehall ukuya koosidolophu bengingqi. Umzekelo, iManchester Edityanisiweyo, ekhokelwa nguMayorter of Greater Manchester, ngoku ulawula ummandla webhasi franchiing, iinkonzo zomzingeno-phantsi, kunye nezixhobo zokuhamba. Ubuchule bomphathi wematshitshini wezothulo lwezothutho lwemali eMankileni eNtshona Medroffrands, kunye neNtshona Koloni ziye zasebenzisa amandla okukhusela inkxaso yemali kurhulumente osembindini ukwenzela iprojekthi enjengeBee Networkland — icebo elinamandla lokudibanisa ibhasi, itransportant, ngoko kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yesizwe yemeko yesizwe.

Ukukhuthala nempembelelo yesizwe

Abaxhasi be-meya basebenza njengabaxhasi abaphezulu bezixhobo zokuthutha ezisedolophini kumgangatho wesizwe. Amaqumrhu aqokelelayo anjenge-UK Metro Metro Meyors kunye neqela lothutho loMkhosi wolwandle andisa amazwi awo eWestminster, ukucinezela iinkqubo zemali ezithe ngqo, amaxesha okuhlalisana, kunye nobugocigoci obuninzi kwindlela ezichithwa ngayo ii-mo zothutho. ICampaing for Bettering Metroper torences kunye nabanye abacinga ukuba iitanki zisoloko zibalase iingxoxo zoomatiloshe ukwenzela utyando oluphezulu. Umzekelo obalulekileyo ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokufumana inkxaso emali engxamisekileyo eLondon ngexesha elingxamisekileyo, nto leyo ethintela ukuba iTfL ingawi phantsi kobunzima bemali ehlawulwa yimali. Ngaphandle koko, ngaphandle kokuba i-dvocance — inkxaso ye-data yemali yemali — inkampani yezothuthotho lwezo zemali i-odolantimentine inokuba ikhusi ibangele.

Imithombo ePhawulweyo kunye noomatshini

Ukuqonda irhafu yemali efumaneka kuosodolophu kubalulekile ekuxabiseni amathuba kunye nemiqobo abajamelana nayo. Izithuthi zasezidolophini zeUK zixhaswa ngemali ngokuxubanisa iimali ezinikezelwa ngurhulumente ophakathi, irhafu yasekuhlaleni, ingeniso yebhokisi yeposi, kunye nenkqubo yobugcisa efana nokubanjwa kwexabiso lomhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabantu ngabanye.

Iminikelo yoMmandla woMbindi

Owona mthombo mkhulu wemali ephambili yezothutho kwisixeko uhlala ungurhulumente ophakathi. Iinkqubo ezifana neSixeko soMdathi Wothutho Oxhathisayo (CRSTS) zinika izikhulu ezinikwe izikhulu ezininzi zeminyaka edityanisiweyo. Umzekelo, isangqa sesibini seCRSTS, esiquka 2027-202032, ejolise ekunikezeleni uqinisekiso olukhulu lwezibonelelo. Ukongeza, iibhodwe ezithile ezifana neNkqumrhu lokuHlulela iNgxongo yokuHlulisa iNgxoxoxosho-mali ePhakamileyo kunye neNgxoxoxozo yeCityho yeK eguqula iDolottess, zikhokele kwimibhobho eninzi, ukwandisa i-transchementi encinci, kodwa oomati besixeko abasoloko begxeka i-Rhostrion-RGenecterney.

INgxowa-mali yasekuhlaleni: Irhafu yeBhunga kunye noLawulo lweMashishini

Ukongeza imali karhulumente osembindini, oosodolophu banamandla alinganiselweyo okunyusa ingeniso kwindawo ethile. IGunya le-London Elikhulu lingayifaka irhafu yebhunga elikhethekileyo kwi-TfL, ngeli xesha oomatiloshe bamametro banokusebenzisa isongezo kwimali yeshishini (ukuya kwipesenti yemali yeponti) ukuxhasa iiprojekthi zezothutho, phantsi kwe-odolo-mali yasekuhlaleni. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yeshishini ukuxhasa i-Midbondland Metro trank kungumzekelo. Abameli kufuneka balinganisele imfuno yerhafu eninzi ngokubhekiselele kwiindleko zerhafu yezopolitiki, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinengeniso ephantsi. Abanye oomatiloshela-o abacendileyo baye babiza i-freance yokwanda kwemali eninzi, kuquka nokukwazi ukuxhasa ingeniso yemali eninzi okanye ukuvelisa iirhafu yasekuhlaleni.

Ushishino loluntu kunye neminikelo yabaphuhlisi

Ikomkhulu labucala elifuna ukusetyenziswa lilodwa lisinye isixhobo semali egcinwe kumphathi-mikhosi. Umanyano loluntu oluzimeleyo (PPS) luxhase imisebenzi emikhulu enjenge-DLR yolwandiso kwiSitishi saseLondon City Airport kunye neSheffield Supertram. Kutshanje, oomatiloshe baye basebenzisa icandelo 106 lezivumelwano kunye neZibonelelo zeLungu le-Intellics Levate-Lev ukukhupha iminikelo yokwakha abaphuhlisi bezithuthi ezintsha. Kodwa inkcubeko "lentengo yexabiso lelizwe" — apho icandelo lokukhukunyuselwa kwempahla ekhutshwayo ekhutshwa sisikhululo okanye umgca lisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa izinto ezikhoyo — zifumene igalelo. Ngokunjalo amaMey Brisham kunye noStein Ram baluthelela ngokucothal ukufikelela koncedo olunjalo. Kodwa ke, ingeniso yangasese iyafuneka kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwemali emali engcono ngenxa yoncedo lwe-PPPPP.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene NeeMeyile Zokulondoloza Ubuncwane

Phezu kwako nje ukukhula kwamandla abo, oosodolophu bajamelana nemiqobo eyoyikekayo xa bezama ukukhusela imali eyaneleyo nengasikelwayo yezithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Olu celomngeni lusuka kubuthathaka besakhiwo kwisakhiwo se-UK, imijikelezo yezobupolitika, kunye nobunzima obuzukileyo bokuzisela phambili ixesha elide phakathi kweengcinezelo zexesha elifutshane.

Imali exhotyisiweyo

Umahluko onzima ukho phakathi kwekomkhulu elinika inkxaso esetyenziswayo ekwakheni izibonelelo kunye nemali efunekayo kwimisebenzi. Abasebenzi bafumanisa kulula ukukhusela intlawulo enye engaphandle kwemali yemali yemali ukwenzela imigca emitsha okanye izitimela kodwa bazama ukufumana inkxaso eqhubekayo eqhubekayo egcina iinkqubo zisebenza, ingakumbi xa kukho iziphumo zesifo esichaphazela ukuchanabeka kwebhayibhile. I-TfL' ixakene nemali karhulumente nxamnye nemali ekhoyo ekhoyo egxininisa ukuhlalisa ingeniso: ikhompyutha yezothutho ifuna ingeniso eninzi ekhoyo ekhoyo ukuze igcine imigangatho yenkonzo ekhoyo nasemva kokuba inyuselwe kwizigidi ze-enjini. Abalawuli abaninzi badibaniseluntwini be-UK'scelow kumgangatho ongafanelekanga kwibhasi nakwisibhedlele-trayi ehambayo xa kuthelekiswa noontanga bendlela yokuxhasa iimali phantsi kwemali.

Imijikelo yezobupolitika kunye nokuceba ixesha elide

Utyalo-mali olukhulu lwezothutho — njengemigca yetram, izitishi ezintsha, okanye ulolongo lombane — lungathatha iminyaka elishumi okanye ngaphezulu ukusuka kulwakhiwo ukuya kugqitywe. Kodwa amagama oomatiloshe ahlala iminyaka emine kuphela, kunye nemali efunyanwa ngurhulumente osembindini ehambelana nemijikelo yepalamente. Oku kwenza ukungafani kwakhiwa "ukumiswa" kwendlela yokuzinzisa ingeniso, apho iprojekthi isenokuyekwa okanye ilinganiswe emva kokutshintshwa kolawulo. Ukulahlwa kwemida yasempuma yeHS2 kunye nokungaqiniseki kweNon Northern Powesterhouse Rail kubonise indlela ezinokungagqibekiyo ngayo izibophelelo zezobupolitika. Umeyile uninzi lwezopolitiki ukuze ukhuselwe imali, kodwa ukuba urhulumente osembini ushi, imigudu yazo inokususwa. Abanye oomatila belizwe bebondrejing eedenti exhotyiswe kwi-ontatho-o-oth coography.

Ukuqokelela Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nezinto Ezinzima

Amagxamesi kufuneka alungelelanise izithuthi nezinye iimbopheleleko zoxinzeleleko — izindlu, ubuchule, kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Kwimimandla enabemi abakhulayo kunye noqingqo-mali olungqongqo, ukuxhasa indlela entsha yoduladula kungathetha ukunikezela ngenkqubo yokuvuselelwa kwezindlu. Ukungalawuleki kwezindlu ezibekwe ngurhulumente ophakathi, njengokubekwa kwerhafu yebhusayithi kunye nokuboleka kwemiqathango, okuthe qho kubekelwe imiqathango kwigumbi lomphathi-dolophu lokulungisa. Ingxaki yemali nexabiso lemali ekhoyo ithengelele lentengiso, njengoko ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali kunyuka kwemali yokwakha kwaye kuhla ngesantya esilindelekileyo. Abameli abaninzi baye banyanze bahlenga bayakwazi ukuhla benoshenxa izinto zokulungisa iindleko okanye ukulondolo lwemisebenzi ephantsi kwemisebenzi ekhoyo. Oku kunciphisa imali ekhoyo ngenxa yemisebenzi yemidlalo yemidlalo.

Izicombululo Ezintsha Nezenzo Ezibalaseleyo

Ukuze bahambe kakuhle kwezi ngxaki, oosodolophu abaqeqeshiweyo kwiUK basebenzisa iindlela ezitsha zokuxhasa ngemali kunye nenkqubo enokuthi isetyenziswe njengemizekelo kwabanye. Ezi zenzo zidla ngokuquka ukuxutywa kwezixhobo ezintsha zengeniso, ukusetyenziswa kwemali echuliweyo, nokusetyenziswa komhlaba nokucwangciswa kwezithuthi.

Ukukhusela nokucoca imimandla yomoya

Ukusetyenziswa kwenqwelo-moya eninzi kunye nokuhlambuluka kwemibhobho yomoya kungenisa ingeniso ngeli xesha linye imo-moya edimazayo nephucula umgangatho womoya. Ukuxinana kwemoto eLondon, kwaziswa ngo-2003, kuye kwanyusa amawaka ezigidi zezigidi zezithuthi ze-TfL zaza zanciphisa izithuthi kwimbindi wesixeko. Emva kokhokelo lweLondon, ezinye izixeko ezifana neManchester neBirmingham ziye zazijonga okanye zazisebenzisa ezicocekileyo ezi zixhobo zomoya, nangona zisoloko zingenamandla anzima kakhulu. Umsinga wemali, ukuba iintsingako zemali zezorhwebo ezikhoyo kwi-flymsportasterinester zalahlwa kakhulu kwi-orendream yombindi yowa karhulumente. Kodwa, abasemadolonkenekazi bazigqala ezi zizinto njengemibangongezelelwayo ezixhasayo kuqoqo lwerhafu.

Ubanjiso lwexabiso lomhlaba

Ixabiso logcino lobuchule bezithuthi zemali licocwa kwintsebenzo yemali. Umgca we-Elizabeth (Crossray) eLondon wasebenzisa inkxaso eninzi evela kwiMayoral Community Infrasy Levy kwinkqubela phambili. Ngokufanayo, i-nethwekhi ye-West Yorkshire ehambayo icetyiwe ngexabiso lelizwe lokuthatha inxalenye yesiseko somhlaba. Abasebenzi bazama "ukuphucula" iirhafu, apho indawo yolwando lwempahla kumaxabiso amatsha kwizikhululo ezintsha eziqokelelwayo ukuboleka. I-Urban Land Institute ithelekele ukubiwa kwexabiso lomhlaba obekiweyo ukuya kwi 20% yamaxabiso amakhulu ocwangciso-madolophane. Ngoko, ukwenziwa kwemiqatha yerhafu, kunye noomatilo-omatilo-o-o-omatiloshe kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba umthwalo ongawiyo uweli ngokulinganayo kwi-1961, okanye kumashishini akhoyo.

Imveliso Yendaleko NeeTrailblazer

I-"Troyblazer" ulwahlulo lojiko-jiko lwavumelana ngo-2023 phakathi korhulumente ophakathi kunye neNtshona Midlands, iManchester, kunye namanye amaphondo anika oomatiloshe abanobubhetyebhetye obuninzi bemali. Olu lwakhiwo lwanika oonodolophu indawo yemali edityanisiweyo yokuthutha, kuquka uqingqo-mali lweminyaka emininzi, kunye namanye amandla okuboleka. I-West Middlandsblazer' Tray ulwakhi, umzekelo, iquka ukuzimisela ukuhlolisisa indlu emnyama yebalathi kunye nengxowa yezithuthi ezivumela umeyard ukuba asebenzise ipoliti enkulu. Imisebenzi enjalo imele inyathelo eliyalulo lohlobo olubanzi lwe-omatilorre.

Ikamva Lehlokondiba Lasezidolophini — Abakhokeli Bendlela

Ukukhangela phambili, indima yoomatiloshe ekukhuseleni ubuncwane bezithuthi zikawonke-wonke izakukhula ngokubalulekileyo. Izixeko ze-UK zijongene neengcinezelo ezimbini zolwando lwabemi kunye notshintsho lwe-zero, ngeli xesha zifumana kwakhona ukuphazamiseka kwendyikitya yokuhamba. Abachwethezi abakwazi ukudibanisa imijelo yemali ehlukeneyo, ukwakha imidibaniso yeqela leqela, kwaye banxibelelane ngombono onyanzelisayo ukwenzela ikamva lesixeko sabo ukuhamba kuya kubekwa ngcono ukuhambisa iinkqubo zokuthutha ezifuna nabafaneleyo abahlali.

Iinjongo ze Zero ze Net kunye nothutho oluzinzileyo

Isivumelwano esisemthethweni se-UK sokufikelela kwimibhobho yegesi enobushushu obugqithisileyo enemiphunga eshushu ye-UK ngo-2050 — kunye nokujoliswa kwe-interim ekuncitshisweni kweenqwelo-moya ezingama- 78% ngo-2035 — iindawo zokuthutha ezisembindini wecandelo lokususa i-odoli. Uthutho lolona candelo likhulu elikhuphayo, libalelwa kwimali emalunga nama-7% eUK. Abasebenzi bajongene neeplani zokuhamba ngezithuthi zezithuthi zasekuhlaleni ezisuka kwiinqwelo-moto zoluntu ukuya kumaqela asekuhlaleni, abahamba, nabakhweli. Ukufumana oku akufuni kuveliswa kuphela koshishino-mali kwiibhasi zombane nakwimijelo-ndlela kodwa kwakhona ingeniso yemali yokugcina imali efunekayo. Abanye oomatilo-matshi banokuhlola "okhefu ekhululekileyo" okanye abaphuziswe kakhulu kwimisebenzi ethile yokunceda kwimimandla engongongongongongongongonke, abafana nabantu abaselula okanye abafumana iimali ezikhoyo.

Ihlokondiba Elikrelekreleyo Elingadityaniswanga

Ikamva lokuhamba kwedolophu lidityanisiwe kwaye linamanani. Amagney akhuthaza iiplatfomu ezivumela abahambi ukuba bacebe, babhale incwadi, bahlawulele ukuhambelana ngezihlandlo ezininzi kwi-app enye. Izixhobo ezinjalo zixhomekeke ekuveliseni idata esisiseko kunye nokuvuma kwabasebenzi bezithuthi abahlukeneyo — iibhasi, izitimela, iibhayiseli-as-eter, ii-algings — ukuncedisana. Abakhweli bangasebenzisa amandla abo okukhuthaza umanyano, kodwa imali iyafuneka ekwakheni ubuchule bokuxhasa ubugcisa. IMidlands'''''''''ikhadi elithambileyo kunye nenkqubo ye-London iphumelela kwasekuqaleni. Imodelidiotivey-bysta i-cardia esekelwe kwimfuno yekharbon. Abarhwebi banokunyusa urhwebo, kwaye baphucula ubugcisa boomatisi.

Unxulumano noUkufikeleleka

Ekugqibeleni, oonodolophu kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izithuthi zikawonke-wonke zisebenza kuzo zonke iindawo, hayi abasebenzi abafumileyo basedolophini. Imali mayijoliswe kwiindlela ezikwindawo ezihlwempu ekwindawo ezihlala abantu abahlala kuzo nakwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, apho ukuba nemoto isezantsi kodwa iinkonzo zebhasi zisoloko zinciphile. Isifo sokuhlasela kwelo bhazi sihlala sinzima, kwaye iinkonzo ezininzi zisekho kumngcipheko wokusikwa. Amagxamesi afana no-Ay Burham asebenzisa ibhazi ekhuselweyo ukukhusela ubutyebi obufunekayo ukuze kunqandwe ukunqonatyiswa kwemali nokubekwa kwemali ebhankini, ukuqinisekisa abantu abatsha ukuba ukufumaneka kwemali ebhayisekile.

Ekuqukumbeleni, oosodolophu kwiUK bangaba ngundoqo abanokuyila ikamva ledolophu. Ukukwazi kwabo ukukhusela imali yezithuthi zikawonke-wonke — ngokusebenzisa inkxaso-mali, inkxaso yemali, nokusetyenziswa ngokucwangcisiweyo kwezixhobo ezidaliweyo — kuya kugqiba ukuba izixeko ziya kudibana na, zigcinwe, zizimele, zingabi nakuguquguquka. Ngoxa iingxaki zokungahambi kakuhle kwengeniso, ukungalungelelani kwezobupolitika, kunye nezinto eziphithizelayo, abameli abaphezulu basele bebonisa ukuba ngentlanganiselana elungileyo yemithombo neenguqu, iinguqu-guquko ziyenzeka. Ukhetho oluye lwenziwe kwishumi leminyaka elizayo luza kumisela indlela yezizukulwana ezizayo.