Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli Labalwa EUnited States

I-United States Census ayisosixhobo esisisiseko sedemokhrasi, uxwebhu oluphilayo olubamba ukubetha kwentliziyo kwesizwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi. Ngokuqwalasela uhambo lobalo lwabantu ukusuka kulwandiso olude ngowe-1790 ukuya kumsebenzi wanamhlanje ontsonkothileyo, sityhila ibali lokuziqhelanisa, ukuxambulisana kwezobupolitika, kunye nemfuno yezentlalo-ntle. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukuba indaleko icacisa isizathu sokuba zonke izinto zimelwe, zidityaniswe, zisetyenziswe, zisetyenziswe, kwaye zifunyaniswe.

Imbali Yamandulo Yobuli BeUnited States

Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko kunye nobalo lokuqala

Imvelaphi yeCensus Bureau ingena ngqo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Icandelo I, iCandelo 2 lagunyazisa “ukuhlaliswa kwabemi ngokusemthethweni” kwiminyaka emithathu emva kweminyaka elishumi. Injongo yayilula: izihlalo ezahlulwayo kwiNdlu yabameli phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi, kwaye limisela iirhafu ezithe ngqo (iindawo ezisetyenziswayo ngokukhawuleza ziyaphela). Ubalo lokuqala lwaqala ngoAgasti 1790 phantsi konobhala weRhulumente uTho Jeffer. U.S.

I-1790 yemibuzo yayilula kakhulu. Yabuza imibuzo emithandathu kuphela: igama lentloko yentsapho, nenani lamakhwenene amhlophe akhululekileyo angaphantsi kwe 16, amakhwenkwe ali-16 nangaphezulu, ama-iibhile akhululekileyo, onke amanye amakhoboka, onke akhululekileyo, kunye namakhoboka. Inani liphelele lafikelela ku-3,9.214, inani elathi langahlawulwanga ngamaMelika aseMdabuni. Loo mgudu wokuqala wathatha malunga neenyanga ezisithoba kwaye waxabisa ngaphantsi kwama-45-45-45. Nangona ubalo lwalo, lamisela umgaqo wokuba umelo ludibane noluntu, ingcamango yenguquko ngelo xesha.

Ukwanda Kokwaneliseka Ngenkulungwane Ye - 19

Njengoko ilizwe lakhulayo kwaye liqhuba ushishino, kwaba njalo nangoko kubalwa kwabantu. Ubalo lonyaka-1810 lwadibanisa imibuzo malunga nokwenziwa kwemveliso kunye nenani labantu ababebandakanyeke kwezolimo. Ngo-1820, kwavela iindidi zabantu basemzini abangengabo abemvelo kwaye nabantu ababandakanyeke kwezorhwebo. Ubalo lwango1840 lwaqalisa inzame yokuqala yokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olunzima lwesiphene, lubuza ngabantu “abaneziphene”, nangona inkcubeko kunye nokungalinganiswanga kakuhle kwalenzanga kwamanani angaphambili entlalo.

Ubalo-manani lwango1850 lwaphawula utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, wonke umntu okhululekileyo wayedweliswe (ayiyo kuphela intloko yendlu) kucwangciso olwahlukileyo. Abaququzeli bexesha elibhaliweyo, isini, umbala (Mhlophe, Mnyama, okanye uMlatto), umkhamo, ixabiso lendawo, indawo yokuzalwa, enoba utshate ngonyaka, kwaye ngaphezulu. Olu tshintsho lwabonisa umdla okhulayo kurhulumente kwiimeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho. Unyaka we-1860 wongeza imibuzo ngenani labakhonzi. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, ubalo lwemibalo, u-1870 luzama ukubala amaMerika atsha akhululiweyo, nangona aye ahlala engekho ncam nakungathemba.

Ubalo lwabantu lowe - 1880 lwavelisa ucwangciso olwahlukeneyo lokufa, ukulima, ukuvelisa, namanani asekuhlaleni — uphawu olucacileyo lokuba ukubalwa kwabantu kwakungumthombo oyintloko wenkcazelo yabenzi bezomthetho nezilangazelelo zeshishini. Kwakhona kwaphawula ixesha lokuqala iOfisi yokubhalisa (yayingayi kuba lisebe elisisigxina de kube ngowe - 1902) isebenzisa ngokukhethekileyo abaqeqeshiweyo abaqeqeshiweyo kunokuba baqeqeshiwe.

I-Evolution yeendlela zobalo

Ukusuka Ephepheni Ukuya Emakhadini

Ubuchule bobugcisa obubalulekileyo benzeka ngo1890. UHerman Hollerith, owayesakuba ngumqeshwa we-ofisi yokulinganisela, wayila umatshini wokubala owenziwe ngoomatshini abasetyenziswayo noomatshini abasetyenziswayo obesebenzisa amakhadi ukubetha amakhadi ukuphumeza ugcino-lwazi. Ubalo lonyaka wo1880 luthathe iminyaka esibhozo ukuthatha i-tabulate; ngomatshini kaHollerith, ubalo lwe-18909 lezigidi zabantu — lwacaciswe kwiminyaka nje emithathu. Olu phuhliso alugcinanga kuphela ixesha kodwa lwabeka isiseko soshishino lwekhompyutha. Inkampani kaHollerith yaba yi-International Business Miness (IBM).

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20, iCensus Bureau yaqhubeka ilungisa iindlela zayo. Ngo-1900, kwasekwa iBwaro leNqanawa esisigxina. Ubalo-manani lwanda ngemibuzo malunga nendawo yokuzalwa kwabazali, ulwimi oluthethwayo, kwaye enoba umntu wayelijoni lomkhosi we-Union okanye i-Confederated. Ubalo lowe-1940 longezelelwa imibuzo ngengeniso, imfundo, kunye nokufuduka, kwaye lwasungula uhlobo lokuqala lwemibuzo — uhlobo olude” olunikwe malunga ne-5% yeentsapho. Olu lutsha lwavumela ukuba kufumane inkcazelo enzulu ngaphandle kokuphendula yonke into.

Iposi, iikhompyutha, kunye nefomu emfutshane

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iifomu zobalo zayekwa zaqokelelwa ngabalawuli. Ngoo1960, iBreau yaqalisa ukuthumela iiposi zemibuzo kwiintsapho ezininzi, icela abemi ukuba bazizalise baze bazithumele kwakhona. Oku kuncitshiswa ngokuphawulekayo kwamaxabiso nomsebenzi wasentsimini. Ubalo lowe-1970 lwanwenwa ukuya kuma-60% abemi. Kwangalo shumi leminyaka labona ukuveliswa kogcino-lwazi lwekhompyutha oluthathwa kwii-computer kwi-inells, kusetyenziswa uluvo lophawu lwendlela yokubona.

Ubalo-manani lwangowe-1990 lwaba lolokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlobo olufutshane (lubuza kuphela imibuzo esisiseko yabemi bamakhaya angama-83%, olunohlobo olude oluthunyelwe kwisampuli. Noko ke, njengoko amanani eempendulo ehlayo — ukusuka kuma- 78% ngowe-1970 ukuya kuma-65% ngo1990 — i-Bureau yaqalisa ukubhengeza ngogonyamelo kunye namaphulo okuququlunqwa. Ubalo lwama 2000 lwanikela iifomu ngeelwimi ezintandathu kwaye lwaqalisa umgudu ohlawulwayo wokufikelela kubemi abancutshe.

Ngo-2010, ukubalwa kwabantu kwakuqhutywa ngeposi, iintsapho zifumana uhlobo olufutshane (imibuzo), okanye okokuqala, iAmerican Community Survey (ACS) yabuthabathel' indawo ngokupheleleyo ubundlobongela obude beminyaka edlulileyo. Ngoku i-ACS inikela uhlaziyo lwaminyaka le ngentlalo, ngokwezoqoqosho, ngezindlu, nangeempawu zabemi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuba kubekho ukubalwa kwabantu ababhiyo ngeminyaka emininzi.

Ukubalwa Kwale Mihla Namalungu Ako

Ubalo lwamanani lwama-2020: Utshintsho lwamanani

Ubalo-manani lwama-2020 lwamela olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwendlela yokusebenza emashumini eminyaka. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iintsapho zingaphendula kwi-intanethi, ngemfonomfono, okanye ngeposi. I-intanethi yaxhasa iilwimi ezili-13, kwaye i-Census Bureau indulule iphulo elikhulu lokubhengeza ngemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Injongo yayikukukhuthaza ukuzilungisa ngokwazo ukunciphisa imfuneko yokubiza ixesha, ukuqokelela ingeniso eninzi.

Phezu kwazo nje iingxaki — kuquka impikiswano yokugqibela engobumi (ngokunokwenzeka ivaliwe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo), indyikitya ye-COVID-19, imililo yelanga, iinkanyamba, kunye nolibaziseko lokusebenza — ubalo lwama-202020 lwafikelela kwiqondo lomntu elingu 66.5% (ukuya kuma-66.4%) xa luquka iimpendulo ze-intanethi. Noko ke, le ngxaki yanyanzelisa i-Breaud ukuba indise imisebenzi yasemasimini kwaye ityhale ukunikezelwa kwenkcazelo emva komsebenzi. Impikiswano ngokusetyenziswa kobucala noxanduva lokulinganisa ukukhusela ukugcinwa kwemicimbi ekhoyo ekwakheni ukukhuthaza ukuphikisana nengxoxo ephakathi kwabasebenzisi be-data.

Ugcino-lwazi olungundoqo luqokelelwe

Ubalo-manani lwama-2020 lubuze imibuzo esisiseko: inani labantu abahlala okanye abahlala kwidilesi, isini, ubudala, uhlanga, nokuba umninimzi wayenobuhlanga okanye ubuzwe obuqeshiweyo. Ulwahlulo lwama-2020 lwalandela i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB), inika imibuzo eyahlukileyo kwimvelaphi ye-Spanic/Slayinia kunye nohlanga, kunye nenkcazo ze-Asiya, i-Native Hawaii, kunye namanye amaqela. Ummandla omtsha obhaliweyo wavumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bachaze imvelaphi efana ne- “Jamani,”“ Jamaican,” okanye “i-Afrikan American.”

Ngaphezu kobalo lweminyaka edlulileyo, iAmerican Community Survey (ACS) ibuza imibuzo emininzi engakumbi — kuquka ingeniso, imfundo, umsebenzi, iindleko zendlu, i-inshorensi yempilo, iprojekthi, i-commations, kunye nemeko yamava — kwaye ikhupha uqikelelo oluhlaziyiweyo nyaka ngamnye.

Ukubaluleka Kobalo

Umelo Lwezobupolitika

Igalelo lesi-2 lifuna ukwabiwa kwezihlalo ezisekelwe kwisimbuku sabemi borhulumente ngamnye (kuquka abaphambukeli belizwe ngalinye kungakhathaliseki ukuba linjani ngokwemeko esemthethweni; umGaqo-siseko usebenzisa “iindawo ezikhoyo,” hayi“ i-iinjini”. Emva kokuba abantu bebala, i-Centia Reaurages Relations yabela uMongameli, kwaye izihlalo zibekwe kumaphondo. Umzekelo, emva kobalo lwamazwe amathandathu afumene izihlalo (Colodo, Florida, Montine, Moreana, North Caroline, Orenavia, Texas) kunye nezihlalo ezisixhenxe ezilahlekileyo (Alinia, i-Illinonia, i-Illinonia, i-Michigan, i-New York, i-Yunicannia, i-Yulinion, i-Wester Virginia).

Olu tshintsho luchaphazela kungekuphela nje iNdlu kodwa kwaneElectoral College, njengoko izivoti zelizwe ngalinye zilingana nezihlalo zeNdlu yalo kunye nezihlalo zayo ezimbini zeNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Kwanotshintsho olunye lwesihlalo lungaphembelela unyulo lomongameli. Ngaphezu koko, amatyala asebenzisa ulwazi lokubala abantu ukuzobala ingqungquthela kunye nesithinga yemithetho-mthetho. Ngokungachananga okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo ingachananga inokukhokelela ekunyuselweni kwemidatha i-gerrymander — uqheliselo lokuzoba imidaba yokukhetha iqela elinye okanye iqela.

Ukubekwa endaweni

Umsebenzi obalulekileyo ngokulinganayo wokubala abantu ukhokela ukusasazwa koluhlu lwemiba, ulwando nolwakhiwo lwemoto, yaye inkqubela-phambili yasemaphandleni inika bonke abantu ithuba lokusebenzisa imiqathango exhotyiswe ngokwemali engaphezulu kwe-R3,5 lamawaka eedola ngonyaka. Iinkqubo ezifana neMedicaid, iNkqubo yeNtloko yeHeald’s Health Inshorence (CHIP), iNtloko, iCandelo 8, iCandelo lezindlu, iSikolo seSikolo seLunch, ucwangciso lohola nolwakhiwo-ndlela, kunye nolwakhiwo lwasemaphandleni inika abantu bonke irekho iindleko zokubala abantu eziqeshweyo ezingamawaka alishumi.

Uphando lweMigaqo-nkqubo kunye nesicwangciso soLuntu

Abaphandi, amashishini, kunye neenzuzo ezingekhoyo zixhomekeke kulwazi olungokubalwa kwabantu ngenxa yento yonke esuka kwimfuno efunwa ngabathengi ukuya kukwazi ukwahluka-hlukana kwempilo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa ulwazi ukucwangcisa izikolo, izitishi zomlilo, izibhedlele, kunye neendawo zokuthutha abantu. Ukubalwa kwabantu kunika isiseko sokuqonda ubuhlwempu, ukungaqeshwa, ukufumaneka kwezindlu, kunye nokungabikho kolwimi. Ngaphandle kolwazi oluchanileyo, abantu abanako ukuxhasa ngokunempumelelo izinto okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulungisa imicimbi.

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Abemi abafumana inkxaso-mali

Nangona kukho inkqubela, ubalo lwabantu aluzange lufikelele kwinani eligqibeleleyo. Kwimbali, abantwana abaselula, iintlanga ezincinane, abaphambukeli, abahlali abafumana imali eninzi, abahlali basemaphandle, kunye namaMerika Omthonyama kumazwe asemaphandleni badla ngokuphoswa. Ubalo lwabantwana lwama-202020 lubonise ukuba abangaphantsi kwe3,3% kubemi base-Asia okanye ePasifiki kunye 4.1% kubemi base-Hispanic, ngoxa abantu abangengobathanga ba-Hispanic bebaliwe ngu-1.1%, ngokohlolisiso lwasemva kwe-ominiomnts. Inani labantwana abangaphantsi kwesihlanu — ngokufuthi elibizwa ngokuba “zipheneesulu ezingentle kakhulu” — litshiswe malunga namashumi amashumi amashumi amahlanu eminyaka akutshanje.

IBhunga loKhuseleko loTshayo loMsebenzi liqhuba uhlolo olukhulu ngokusebenzisa umanyano nemibutho yoluntu, abathunywa abathembekileyo, kunye nokuhlawula izibhengezo zokulwa nokungathembani, imiqobo yolwimi, kunye neengxaki zomthetho. Noko ke, ukuthintelwa koqingqo-mali, ukungenelela kwezobupolitika, kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu womgudu owenza kube nzima ukufikelela wonke umntu. Isicombululo esinye esicetywayo kukusebenzisa iingxelo zezolawulo — ezifana neSocial Security, i-IRS, iMedicare, kunye neesiseko solawulo sorhulumente — ukwanelisa izithuba kunye nokunciphisa imfuneko yokulandela.

Ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi lwezobucala

Njengoko inani labantu lihamba kwi-intanethi, inkxalabo yokuzifihla iyakhula. I-Bureau ibotshelelwe ngumthetho (isiHloko 13, iKhowudi yase-U.S.) ukuze ikhusele iimpendulo zomntu ngamnye yaye ingaze yabelane ngayo namanye amaqumrhu, kuquka ukugcinwa komthetho okanye amagunya okufuduka. Kodwa ngo-2018, impikiswano yobumi bama-202020 yabangela ukuba abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe boyike uloyiko, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba bamangalelwe kwinkundla ekwayayo kwiNkulwano ePhakathi-ngo Ephakamileyo. Nangona lo mbuzo wasuswa, umonakalo omele ukuthenjwa. Ukukhusela i-mfihlo, i-ofisi yamkela iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezi-data ezingama-20202020 — ukwandisa ingxolo yamacwecwe e-oveligiethi ekwakuphikisa ukuchana kwemizwa kwe-athobantsa ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ubalo lwexesha elizayo luya kufuneka lulungelelane nokubona ngendawo, mhlawumbi ngemibutho ekhuselekileyo yogcino-lwazi okanye ngeemveliso zedata ezenziwe ngobuchule. I-Bureau ikhenkethe ngokusebenzisa ufihlo kunye nolwesithintelo ekudluliseleni, nangona kungekho lutshintsho lukhulu lukufuphi.

Uhlaziyo lobugcisa

I-Breau yeCensure seyiphande iindlela zobalo lwamanani lwama-2030. Iindawo ezingundoqo ziquka ukuxhobisa ugcino-lwazi olungaphezulu lokulawula ukunciphisa inani lamakhaya afuna uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo, ukuphucula imigangatho ye-intanethi yonxibelelwano lomntu ozisebenzisayo ngobuchule obungcono bomsebenzisi kunye nobuchule bokuhamba-hamba, kunye nokusebenzisa umatshini ukufunda ukuqikelela iindawo ezinzima ukuya kumanani kunye nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango. Ezinye iingcali zixhasa “ubalo oluqhubekayo” imodeli, apho uhlaziyo lwemi lwenziwe ngogcino-data lolawulo ngophando oluncinane lwesantya, kodwa oko kuya kufuna utshintsho.

Olunye ucelomngeni lukwanda kwentlobo zezindlu ezingezozasithethe — ezifana neeRVs, izikhephe, kunye neerenteshi zexeshana ezidweliswe kwiqonga elifutshane lokuqesha — abadweli bezixhobo abanokuphoswa. Ubalo-manani lwama-2020 luzama ukubala abantu abangenamakhaya ngokuchane ngakumbi ngokuqhuba “indawo yokuhlala esekelwe kwisithethe” kwindawo zokuhlala, kwiindawo zokuphekela isobho, kunye neendawo ezingaphandle. Kodwa abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ubalo luhlala lungaphelelangaphelelanga.

Ekugqibeleni, inani labantu abangama - 2030 liya kufuneka licombulule ukwanda kwenani labantu abahlala apho bengenayo idilesi okanye abahlala kwizindlu zamaqela ezifana nezindlu zoonontlalo - ntle, iintolongo namakhaya anyamekela abalupheleyo.

Isiphelo

Ubalo lwabantu lwase-U.S. asiyondlela emileyo yoMgaqo-siseko. Yinkqubo etshintshatshintshayo, ejikelezayo ebonakalisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wesizwe wokubala wonke umntu ngokufanelekileyo. Ukusukela kwiqela elikhwele ihashe ngowe-1790 ukuya kwimpendulo ye-Internet ngo-202020, iindlela ezitshintshile, kodwa umgaqo osisiseko uhleli: ukubala ngokuchanileyo sisiseko somelo olufanelekileyo nolwabeko lwemali olungaguquguqukiyo. Njengoko iUnited States ifumana ukwenziwa kobalo oluthelekelele, i-astrupt, kwaye i-slethe mbex i-mthe mbex i-cssss imele iqhubeke i-interlicareauting ngexa ithembekile. Ukuqonda imbali nokubaluleka kobalo kuluntu ukuba lukwazi ukuba nenxaxheba, ukuxhasa ubuchule, nokukhusela umgangatho wedemokhrasitiki ngexesha elizayo.