Inkulungwane yama-20 ime njengexesha elizolileyo lemibutho yamalungelo omtshato kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukusukela ekuqaleni ukulwa ngokuchasene nemiqathango yohlanga ukuya kumadabi alandelayo okwaziwa ngokumanyeneyo ngokwesondo, eli xesha labona iinguqulelo ezinzulu kwindlela ibutho labantu eliyiqondayo nelilawula ngayo umtshato. Abenzi-mthetho, amagqwetha, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo bacelw'ii imiqathango, benyanzelisa imida nokuyibuyisela isakhiwo somtshato kwisiseko esizimeleyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziganeko ezingundoqo, amanani, kunye neziganeko zomhlaba ezichaza imigaqo yamalungelo omtshato ngenkulungwane yama-20, zibalasemngeni yokulingana.

Ukumiselwa Kwemiqathango Kwasekuqaleni Kwenkulungwane Yama - 20 Nocelomngeni Lokuqala

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, imithetho yomtshato kumazwe amaninzi yayimiliselwe ngokunzulu kwizizwe, ubufanasini, kunye nodidi lwamalungu. E-United States, amashumi amathathu amazwe agunyazisa imithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho eyathi yayenza imitshato yezizwe ngezizwe yahlala ihleli de kube sekupheleni koo1960. Ngokunjalo, amarhamente amaninzi aseYurophu ayebeka imfuno yobuhlanga, ngoxa kumazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika, iProjinition of Mixed Marrians Act (1949) ayilwalela ngokucacileyo imitshato phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe namanye amaqela esizwe. Umtshato wawusebenza njengesivumelwano sobubhishophu: abafazi babesoloko bethathwa ngokweminziswa ngokusemthethweni, bengena amalungelo empatho okanye uqhawulo-mtshato.

Imingeni yokuqala kule miqathango yavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. I-National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP), eyasekwa ngo-1909, yathatha amatyala abandakanya ucalucalulo lobuhlanga emtshatweni, kodwa inkqubela yayicotha. Imibutho yabafazi, ingakumbi leyo enxulumene nobufama bokuqala, iqhubela phambili utshintsho kumalungelo empahla yabafazi abatshatileyo kunye nemithetho yoqhawulo mtshato. Ngo-1929, ukudlula kukarhulumente waseBritani kwe-Age of Marrial Act kwaphakamisa umtshato osemthethweni ukuya kuneminyaka elishumi eli-16 ubudala, ngokwenxalenye ekuphenduleni kwamaphulo anxulumene nomtshato wabantwana. Le migudu yokuqala, ngoxa ilinganiselwe, yabeka umbalo wemingeni ebanzi yasemva kwenkulungwane.

Ukongeza kwimiqathango yobuhlanga neyobufanasini, ulwalamano olufanayo lokuziphatha okubi lwabekwa emhlabeni wonke okanye lwayilwe ngokwentlalo. Akukho lungiselelo lasemthethweni elalikho lokuqonda ukumanyaniswa kwabantu ngokwesini, kwaye abantu bajamelana nezohlwayo eziqatha, kuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni nokunyanzelwa konyango lwezamayeza. Iintlangano zangaphambili ze-homophile, njenge-CoC (eyasungulwa ngo-1964) kunye neMatachine Society (1950 e-US), zaqalisa ukuxhasa ukuphelisa ukumanyana, nangona umlinganiselo womtshato wawusekude. Ingcamango eyaxhaphazekile yayiyiyo yayiyiyo yokuba umtshato uphakathi komntu nebhinqa, imbono eqiniswa ziimfundiso zonqulo nezithethe ezingokwasemthethweni.

IXesha lamaLungelo aBami kunye noMtshato woMbutho

Iminyaka yee1950 kunye nee 1960 zaphawula ukutshintsha okukhawulezileyo kwimibutho yamalungelo omtshato, eqhutywa kukulwa kwamalungelo angakumbi. EUnited States, ukulwa nemithetho elwa ne-mission kwaba yindawo yedabi elisembindini. Ityala lengqalelo yetyala le i- Virginia[ [1967]] [1967] yaba yisiphelo seminyaka yesenzo sobuGawula. UGaqo-mthetho we-Statu, uRichard noMildred Lovery, isibini esingumqithi, sabekwa icala ngo1958 ngokwaphula uMthetho wobuRhulumente ka-luko. Emva kokuba sigxothwe kubekwe i-OFoctive, yathatha ityala lasolulwe phantsi kwe-atton. [2] I-Unigconfreant [F]

Impembelelo ye- yokwahlukana. Ityala laseka ummiselo osemthethweni wokuba umtshato ube nelungelo elingundoqo, umgaqo osetyenziswa kamva kwiimpikiswano zomtshato ezifanayo. Noko ke, inkcaso yayinobundlobongela. Amanye amazwe azama ukuvala ulawulo lomtshato otshatiswe kwezinye iindlela zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke. Lathi lathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba umtshato ube ngowamkeleka ngokubanzi, emva konyaka ka-1999, umgaqo owenziwa kwimitshato efanayo.

Ngaphaya kwe-US, amanye amazwe abona inkqubela efanayo. KuManyano eUnited Kingdom, uMthetho we-Rhace Relations ka-1965 wakwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kodwa akazange ajonge ngqo. Noko ke, ukubonakala okukhula kwezibini ezitshatileyo ezixubeneyo kunye nempembelelo yentetho yamalungelo abantu baseMerika kwaziphelisa ngokuthe ngcembe izihlangu zentlalo. EKhanada, umtshato weentlanga ngeentlanga wawunganqandwanga ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ikhethelo lobuhlanga lalinamandla de kwangoweminyaka yee-1970. Umlo nxamnye nemiqatha yomtshato wawungawona mcimbini womntu kodwa yayingumbandela obalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu.

Ukunyuka kweLGBTQ+ IMbutho Yomtshato: Ukusuka kumatye ukuya kukwamkelwa Ngokomthetho

I-LGBTQ yanamhlanje i-LGBT+ + iqalisa ukubonakala nokulingana. Ngonyaka wama-1970, imibutho efana neGay Colorst ne-Romestments (esungulwe ngo1980) yayiluthotho lwemiboniso ezenzekelayo yi-LGBTQ+ abantu abachasene nenkohlakalo yamapolisa, kwaye yaqalisa itshayelelo elitsha lobugcisa ekuboneni nasekulinganayo. [[FLT: 0].CSCT]

Ilinge lokuqala elisemthethweni lokukhusela umtshato omnye ngo1970 eUnited States, xa isibini saseMinnesota, uRichard Baker noJames McConnell, safakelwa iphepha-mvume lomtshato. Imeko yabo, Babaker v. Nelson, yafikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo19777 kodwa yalahlwa ngenxa “yokungabikho kwempikiswano eqinisekileyo karhulumente.” Ukungavumi kwenkundla ukuva ityala ngokunempumelelo ukuchaza amazwe njengowesidlangatshati-schemi. Oku kuthintela ukuthatha i-nxaxheba kodwa kwanyanzelela ukutshintsha okucwangcisa: kamashumi amathathu eminyaka alandelayo, imibutho emininzi yeLBTQ + igxininisa ngokukhusela intlalo yomanyano yasekhaya nokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho kunokuba isohlwayo.

Ii 1980 zazisa ucelomngeni olutsha kunye namathuba. Ingxaki kaGawulayo yatshabalalisa i-LGBTQ+ yabemi, kodwa kwakhona yabalaselisa ukunqongophala kokhuseleko olusemthethweni kwizibini ezingokwabelana ngokumanyeneyo. Abahlobo bakhatywa amalungelo okutyelela isibhedlele, ilifa, nee-inshorensi. Ekuphenduleni, abaxhasi banyanzelelwa imithetho yobuqabane basekhaya. iSan Francisco yawudlulisa umthetho wokuqala ngo1982, inika izibini ezingatshatangani. Ngoo1990, amazwe amaninzi aseScandinavia (1993), i-Norway (1993), i-1999), i-Sweden, (19959) umanyano olubhalisiweyo olunika phantse amalungelo omtshato. Oku kwakubizwa ukuba kungumtshato omtshato kodwa kwakungamanyathelo asemthethweni.

EUnited States, owe-1990 wafumana inkqubela kunye nokungavumelani. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseHawaii yagqiba kwi ukuba i-Baehr v. Lewin (1993) ukuba ukungavumi kwemvume yomtshato ukutshata kunye nezibini ezingokwasemgangeni omnye kusenokuwuchaphaza umgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Oku kwabangela ukuba kubekho isiphendundundundu somlilo wezopolitiko. Kwimpendulo, iKhomishini yeNgqungquthela yadlula [FLT]] [i] [DOM] [ii] (DOMA) ngo- 1996, eyachaza ukutshata phakathi komntu nomfazi olungele ukuhambelana kwenjongo yorhulumente kwaye ivumela amazwe ukuba angakuvumeli ukuvuma iqhina elifana nelinye kumazwe. Umongameli we-C.C.C.

Iimfazwe Eziphambili Ezingokwasemthethweni Zowe - 1990

Kwango1999 kwabe kukho amatyala amaninzi abalulekileyo enkundla ngaphandle kwe-US. ECanada, iNkundla yesibheno yase-Ontario yalawula M v. H. [1999] [1999] ukuba izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni zimele ziqukwe kwingcaciso yesithili esithi “i-spouse” yenkxaso ezenzekelayo. Esi sigqibo salungisa indlela yokulingana okupheleleyo komtshato ngo-2005. KuMzantsi Afrika, umgaqo-mpatho-siseko we-partid, owamkelwe ngokucacileyo ngo- 1996, walwalela ucalucalucalulo ngokweziziziziqinisekiso zesini, usenza ilizwe lokuqala emhlabeni wonke ukuba lenze njalo. Noko ke, sathatha de kwangowama 2006 kwinkundla womtshato osemthethweni osemthethweni kunyaka omnye [FT.[2]

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngemibutho Yamalungelo Omtshato

Imibutho yamalungelo omtshato yenkulungwane yama-20 ayizange iphelele kumazwe aseNtshona. KuMzantsi Merika, amazwe afana ne-Argentina neBrazil aqala ukuhlaziywa kolwalamano olufanayo lobudlelane nokunconywa komanyano lwamakhaya. UmGaqo-siseko waseCuba ka1976 wawuquka ukuqinisekisa okubanzi kokulingana, nangona ukuzalisekisa kwayo kwakusekhona. E-Asia, eJapan naseTaiwan kwakuneLGBTQ+ maqela, kodwa ukulingana komtshato kwahlala kunzima de kwayinkulungwane yama-21. I-Indiya yabona ukuncitshiswa kobufana obufanasini bomntu omnye ngo-2018, kodwa amalungelo omtshato asaphikiswana.

EAfrika, imeko yayintsonkothile kakhulu. Amazwe amaninzi emva kwe-colonia agcina imithetho yamathanga eyathi yalusebenzisa ulwalamano lobudlelane olufanayo nolwamaBritane okanye lwamaFrentshi. Noko ke, umgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika wafakelwa njengemodeli yamalungelo aqhubekayo. Umlo wokulingana komtshato kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika. [Ngangokuba i-Ostreliya iphumelele ekucelweni kwemithetho ye-Penal eBotswanate (209)], wabonisa ukuba i-licism iyaqhubeka nokuziindawo ezichaseneyo. Amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe adlala indima: iKomiti yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo yamaLungelo oluntu, ngokweemeko ezifana ne-[FLT]. [FLT:]

IYurophu yabona umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wenkqubela phambili. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, ku Schalk kunye neKopf v. IOstriya (2010), yala ukufuna ukulingana komtshato kodwa yaqonda ukuba izibini ezingokwasemgangeni-kunye zawela kumgangatho wamalungelo obomi bentsapho. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kuphela iNetherlands yayinomtshato osemthethweni opheleleyo, kodwa umanyano lwalukhona eDenmark, eSweden, eIceland, eFinland, eJamani, eJamani, nase-Unish. Uhambo lwelizwe ngalinye lwabonisa amandla eepolitiki kunye namandla eentlalo .

Iingxelo Eziphambili Nemibutho Kwilinge Lamalungelo Omtshato

Imibutho yamalungelo omtshato yenkulungwane yama-20 yalawulwa ngabantu abakhaliphileyo kunye nemibutho eqinileyo. EUnited States, uHarvey Milky (1930/1978) wayengomnye wamagosa okuqala amafanasini anyuliweyo elizweni. Njengomphathi weSan Francisco, walwela iLGBTQ+ amalungelo yaye wabulawa ngo1979. Ilifa lakhe eliphefumlelweyo lisizukulwana sabaxhasi becalucalucalucalulo. [FLT]] uBard Rustin[[[1210,19987]], umququzeleli we-Matshi 1963 eWashington, wayekwangumphathi wamalungelo abantu abangoonocawabo ababexhasa ubuhlanga kunye nokulingana kwesondo, nangona imbonakalo yakhe yayidla ngokudityaniswa.

Iziqu ezinjenga [[FLT: 0] EZITHETHAYO (Imfuno ye-AIDS kwi-Unikash Power, yasekwa ngo 1987) zasebenzisa intshukumo engqalileyo ukufuna unyango lwezamayeza kunye nokuvunywa okusemthethweni kubantu abaneAIDS neentsapho zabo. ILambda Esemthethweni[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [iiiisiseko se-1973] [iiinani lama-[FLT]] [[FLT:] kunye ne-[FLT] izinxulumanisi ze-Literation Union [2][5][5][5][5][5][5][2] [iinani] [iinani eliphakathi] [bFT] [iivFT] [FT]

Ngezizwe, amanani afana UHlelo-MANDLA [1929-2017] waba yimiqondiso yokulwa. Nangona uloyiso lweNkundla Ephakamileyo ( United States v. Umoya[, 2013) wenzekile kwinkulungwane yama-21, u-Unyaka wakhe wovavanyo olusemthethweni lweDOMA lwakhiwa kumashumi eminyaka ezenzo. [[FLT] [FLT:] [4] Krol[FL:] kunye ne COC umbutho wasetyenziswa ekukhuseleni umthetho wama 2000. [FLT:], igqhinga [FT] [FT] [5] [5]

Imvelaphi kunye noNqamlezo

Isifundo esingundoqo kwinkulungwane yama-20 yayikukubaluleka kokwakha izivumelwano kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo zobulungisa. Umlo wokulingana kweentlanga zomtshato wasetyenziswa kwisiseko samalungelo abantu, ngelixa umbutho weLGBTQ + ungenelele kwintlalo-ntle yamabhinqa nemfazwe yowe-1970. Izivumelwano ezifana ne- yesizwe LGBTQ+ Umkhosi wobuRhulumente wamalungelo abantu ngokweentlanga zobuzwe [usungulwe 1973]) zasebenza ukuvala imiqobo phakathi kobuhlanga kunye nokhuphini. Noko ke, ingxabano yayikho, njengoko ezinye iinkokeli zamalungelo obufana nobufana nomthetho zaziyinkqubo yezizwe. Ukukhuthusa olu hlelo yayithe-luvoluvo.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezentlalo Ekupheleni Kwenkulungwane Yama - 20

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ebalulekileyo, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwavunywa ukuphindwa ngamandla kwemibutho yamalungelo omtshato. EUnited States, ukudlula kweDOMA ngo1996 kwalandelwa “kuncitshiswa komtshato”. Ngonyaka wama- 2000, amagunya angama-35 aye amisele imithetho okanye ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko okuthintela iqhina lomtshato kwizibini ezingoonontlalo-mbini. La manyathelo ayesoloko exhaswa ngamaqela onqulo abambelele kwisithethe awayephikisa ukuba umtshato usengozini. ICawa yamaKatolika, i-Southern Baptist Convention, kunye namanye amahlelo akhuthaza imibhishophu yotyani, kuquka “ukusindisa abantwana Bethu” ukhupho lwentetho ehlazisa iLBTQ.

Imikhosi yamazwe ngamazwe, eyalwayo, yazitshintsha izinto. ERashiya, uMongameli uBoris Yeltsin wabonakalisa ubufanasini ngo 1993, kodwa isimo sengqondo soluntu sahlala sibutshaba, kwaye ukulingana komtshato akuzange kuqwalaselwe nzulu. EMpuma Yurophu, iinguqulelo zasemva kwe-communiums , ngamanye amaxesha zabangela impembelelo yonqulo eyathi yaqinisa indima yesithethe sobufana yindoda neyomtshato. Kumazwe amaninzi aseMbindi Mpuma nase-Asia, ilifa lobukhomanisi (hnjl) elidityaniswe nezithethe nonqulo lwasekuhlaleni, yaye ukuvuma umtshato omnye kwakungenakwenzeka.

Ezinye izigqeba zobuGcisa zavela kwiindawo ezingalindelekanga. Kulo mmandla zabuza ukubekwa komtshato kuqala, ziphikisa ngelithi yayililungiselelo eliqhelekileyo elalinokususa amandla kwimibandela ebanzi enjengezempilo, nogonyamelo lwamapolisa. Oku kuququzelela ngaphakathi kwakukho ngaphandle kwenkcaso, kudala umgangatho ontsonkothileyo wabaxhasi. Phezu kwako nje oku, umbutho wamalungelo omtshato waqhubeka uzuza igalelo, ingakumbi njengoko uluvo lukawonke wonke kumazwe amaninzi luye lwabhenela ekuthandweni.

Indima Yesithethe Samajelo Namajelo Ezinto Ezithandwayo

Impucuko yezobugcisa neyepop yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulolongeni iimbono zamalungelo omtshato. Ngoo-1990, umabonwakude ubonisa njenge- “Roseanne” kunye nesithi“ Izakuba ne-race” neempawu zobufanasini kunye nolwalamano, isenza izibini ezifanayo zobufanasini zifikeleleka kuluntu oluphambili. Ifilimu yonyaka ka1998 iBanquet [I-AFLT] [ALT] [Ayi-Ang Leecom)] (i-Angleex) ihlole ukuntluntlukwano-yokunye phakathi kwentsapho yaseTaiwan, ifikelela abaphulaphuli behlabathi lonke. Ingxelo yezehlolo Washington yeLesbian,y, neBiumetic Requence ne-Forder" kunye ne-1999“Stoall" zancedisa umhla wokubhiyo-Genea. I-Internethi ye-Internethi yaloring) yanceda ukulungiselela ukulungiselela ukulungiselela i--ie-i

Ilifa Nezixabisi Zenkulungwane Ye - 21

Intshukumo yamalungelo omtshato yenkulungwane yama-20 yayiguqula ngokusisiseko imeko-bume esemthethweni nentlalo. Umgaqo wokuba umtshato ungundoqo, omiselwe ku- Lovang v. Virginia, kamva wasetyenziswa [ "Obergefell v. Hodges (2020], esemthethweni ekwakheni umtshato osukrumeneyo kwilizwe lonke le United States.[[FLT]][[FLT]]], ngokufanayo nosukelo oluninzi lwaseYurophu, kunye neenxenye ze-Latin America. Isiseko esibekwe ngabaqhubi benkulungwane-2020. [iimeko ezitheth-20], kodwa, lukwalulo olulo olulo lwezothe lwamanyuswayo.[5]

Kwakhona inkulungwane yama-20 yafundisa ukuba imibutho yamalungelo omtshato iyasebenza kakhulu xa isenza umbutho wokulwela okusesikweni. Umlo wokulwela ukulingana kweentlanga ngezizwe, umtshato ongowesini, kunye nokulingana kwamabhinqa kwayanelana: ukuvavanya amandla karhulumente okulawula ulwalamano lobuhlobo obusondeleyo. Ukukhangela phambili, isizukulwana esilandelayo sabaxhasi bomtshato siya kuqhubeka sinyanzela ukulingana ngokupheleleyo, kungekuphela nje emtshatweni kodwa kuzo zonke iinkalo zamalungelo abantu. Ibali lenkulungwane yama-20 lelokukhalipha, ukunyanzeleka, nokukhula okuthe rhoqo kothando olusemthethweni.

Ekuqukumbeleni, imibutho yamalungelo omtshato yenkulungwane yama-20 yawuguqula umtshato wasuswa kwisixhobo sokuwususa wabandakanyekileyo wabandakanyekileyo. Ukusuka kwisibini esinothando saseVirginia ukuya kumaqabane okuqala okuziphatha okubi eDenmark, isiganeko ngasinye esiphawulekayo sabonisa ukoyisa uloyiko nocalulo. Le ndlela ayizange ilandele umtya, kodwa elifa lemibutho lihlala likho.