Urhulumente wase-United States unembali ende nenzima yobuchule bokuvelela obulungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula, ukubonakala, nokusebenza kakuhle kwamalungiselelo karhulumente. Ezi nkqubo ziye zaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuphendula ekutshintsheni iimeko zezobupolitika, iimfuno zikawonke-wonke, neziganeko zembali. Ukusuka kuvavanyo lwesiseko kunye nolungelelwano lomGaqo-siseko ukuya kubuchule bezi mini bokubhenca, ukuvelela kusesona siseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa incopho kwindaleko yolawulo lwe-U.S.

Ubuchule Bokuqala Bokulawula: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano njengenkqubo yokuqala yokulawula

Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-United States, iindlela zolawulo zazingathathi cala kodwa zazinemibono. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko baseka inkqubo yokukhangela nokulinganisela phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye namasebe okugweba. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba lifumane amandla angaphezulu kakhulu. UJames Madison waphikisana ngokudumileyo kuludwe lweFederalist. No. 51 [FLT] ukuba "ikhuthazo kufuneka lenziwe ukulwa," ukubeka isiseko sentandabulumko solawulo lwangaphakathi lukarhulumente.

Uphando LwamaBhunga Nokungafezekisi

Uphando lokuqala olusemthethweni lwenzeka kwasekuqaleni konyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesine xa iNdlu yabameli yakhangela ekoyiseni kukaNjengele uArthur St. Clair yimikhosi yeMda eMelika. UmGaqo-siseko wanika iNgqungquthela amandla okungaqeshi, isixhobo esinamandla sokuphatha esisetyenziswa ngokunqabileyo kodwa ngempembelelo ebalulekileyo. Indlu yabameli ibambe amandla okunganyaniseki, ngelinye ixesha iBhunga leNtsimbi yeNdlu. Le nkqubo iye yabhenekwa ngokuchasene nomongameli uAndrew Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump, phakathi kwabanye.

  • Uhlolo lwe-Judicial olumiselwe Marbury v. Madison (1803) wanika iinkundla amandla okubetha imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko, edala ukhangelo olugxekayo kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho kunye nezolawulo.
  • Isebe leTreyitha yeNgxelo yeMali (1789) elinikezelwe kwangethuba ukuba kuxolelwe ngemali ngemfuneko yokuba zonke inkcitho zixelwe kwiBhunga.

Uphuhliso lwemfazwe lwasemva- Kwezibonelelo:

Isikhululo sabaphathi be-ofisi ne-odoli yamalungelo

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, kwacaca ukuba kufuneka ulwalathiso olulungelelaniswe ngakumbi. Ixesha lokusekwa kwakhona labona ukusekwa kwamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo ajolise ekunyanzeleni amalungelo abantu nokukhuthaza ukuphendula koburhulumente. I-Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1872) yasungulelwa ukuvelela ukuguqulwa kwabantu ababengamakhoboka kwibutho labantu, ukulawula izivumelwano zemisebenzi, imfundo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwasemthethweni. Nangona ingekafiki, yamisela umzekelo wokungenelela kwesizwe ekulawuleni amalungelo abantu.

Ukwanda Komthetho Onyanzelekileyo

Ukusekwa kweSebe leJaji ngo-1870 ngenjongo yokulwa norhwaphilizo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho karhulumente, ingakumbi emva kolawulo lwezinyuko ezihlasimlisiweyo. Isebe ladala abatshutshisi bokuqala borhulumente kunye ne-Socitor General ofisi. Ukongeza, Pendeton Civil Service Reformation Act yoluHlaziyo yo1883 yathatha indawo yenkqubo yokuxhasa ngokuqeshwa okufanelekileyo, ukunciphisa urhwaphilizo lwezobupolitika kumasebe asekuhlaleni kwaye yakha i-U.Civil Servil Servity Commis Commissioner njengequm longa.

  • UMthetho weInterstate Commerce Act (1887) wayila iKhomishoni yePerntate Commerce (ICC), isibonelelo sokuqala esizimeleyo solawulo, ukuvelela amazinga noqheliselo loololiwe.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umthetho olwahlulayo (1890) wanika urhulumente wezwe ukuba aphule ulawulo olunye, olunyanzeliswe liSebe loBulungiseleli.

IXesha Lenkqubela - phambili Nokuziphendulela Okwandayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo Elawulayo Nokulwa Nokukholosa

I-Nkathi yeNkqubela-phambili (1890s ukuya kuma-1920) yaphawula utshintsho olubalulekileyo kulawulo oluphezulu lukarhulumente. Abaqulunqi abafana no-Upton Sinclair kunye noIda Tarbell babhenca ukuxhatshazwa kwemisebenzi esebenzela inkampani kunye norhwaphilizo lukarhulumente, nto leyo eyakhokelela kuxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke wonke ukuze kuhlaziywe. Umongameli uTheodore Rooselt waxhasa ukudalwa kwamaqumrhu aqesholo alawulayo anje [[FLT:]] Faceral Tradel Commission (FLD) [FD] [FLD] [FULTC]) kunye nokusekwa kolawulo lwe-Food Adromation (FDCOM) oluthe k [FD)] ngo-1901]

I-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente (GAO)

Ukusekwa kwe-ofisi yoManga e- yoManga e-Government Accounting (GAO) ngo-1921 phantsi koMthetho woHlahlo noXonkelo-zincwadi yayilixesha elichithiweyo. Ekuqaleni yayiyilelwe ukuphicotha iindleko zikarhulumente, ukuphanda iindleko, ukuphanda iimfano zobuqhophololo, kwaye ukukhupha izimvo ezingokwasemthethweni. I-GAO yaba yi-adi engekho kwicala lecarventis enikela ngqo kwiBhunga, inika ulawulo oluneenjongo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente. Namhlanje, i-GAO isebenzisa amawaka amaninzi amawaka eencwadi kunye nabahlalushi.

  • I-Federal Reserve Act (1913) yakha ibhanki esembindini enoxanduva longamela lwenkqubo yemali nozinzo lwebhanki.
  • Imeko ye-oyile engekho mgangathweni echasene nokholo (1911) yabonisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu ukwaphula ulawulo olunye.

Ukwenziwa Okutsha Nolawulo Lwemfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ukuqhambuka Kwemicimbi Yomanyano

IThe New Decle yasungula iplanga leenkqubo ezintsha zikarhulumente kunye namaqumrhu, likhuthaza ukuqhubekeka kobuveleli. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wasungula amaqumrhu anjenge izibonelelo kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC) ngo-1934] ukulawula imakethe yamasheke emva kwengozi yowe-1929, kunye nebhodi ye-National Labortion Board (NLB) ngo- 1935 ukuphatha impikiswano yempatho yokusebenza. [[FLTL:4]][FLT] uVanness AgunyamGlavelve [FLD] [FLD:5]]

Ulawulo lwemfazwe olungxamisekileyo

Ucelomngeni oluphakanyiswa yiMfazwe Yehlabathi II lwakhokelela kwizakhiwo ezongezelelweyo. [[FLT:] Umthetho wamandla emfazwe wango 1941 wavumela iKhombutho ukuba ijonge inkcitho zemikhosi kunye nokufumana. Iofisi yoLawulo lwePrice (OPA)[FLT] yalawula amaxabiso kunye nokunika umlinganiselo ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwengqungquthela. Truman Commote yeKomiti yeNtlanganiso ekhethekileyo [ (ngoko iKomiti ekhethekileyo yeSigqeba sokuHSukunga iNkqubo yeSizwe sokhuselo) yabheno kunye nokurhoxisa ilahleko kwimveliso yemfazwe, igcina iibhili ze-erandi kunye nokuphatha kobunga bobungameli bobunga bobungameli bobungameli bomthetho.

  • IKhomishini Yokuqala yeHoover (1947) yacebisa ukuphinda kulungiswe isebe eliphetheyo ukuphucula ukusebenza nokuvelela.
  • UMthetho wolawulo oPhakathi woMgaqo (1946)[[FL:1] osesikweni nofuna isaziso sikawonke-wonke kunye negqabaza, ukwandisa ukubonakala.

Imfazwe Yomlomo Nolawulo Olusemthethweni

Ulawulo loluntu lobuntlola

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, iinkqubo zolawulo zamiselwa ngokusemthethweni ngo- 1976, ingakumbi ngenxa yezisongelo ezibonakala zikho kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Iikomiti zombutho zasekwa zokongamela amaqumrhu obuntlola kunye nemisebenzi yasemkhosini. Senete Committee Committee on Intelligence[ zasekwa ngo-1976 ukuze zongamele izilumko emva kokutyhilwa kokuphathwa kakubi kwe-CIA neFF. IKomiti yecastry [77] iphande ukusetyenziswa kakubi okuquka iintlola, izicwangciso zokubulala, kunye nokuchola imbono engekho mthethwe semthethweni, nto leyo ekhokelela kumthetho wobuSwenziswano-Scoult Serveialveve (FFD) ka-19789] [FFFFF:5], eyavelisa imicimbi yenkundla yenkundla yenkundla yenkundla yezo.

Abahloli Jikelele neMithetho kuMthetho kaRhulumente

Ithuba lasemva kweWatergate laba notshintsho lwemithetho yokuziphatha. [[FLT: 0] Imithetho yomthetho kaRhulumente ka 1978 yayifuna ukutyhilwa kwemali yamagosa aphezulu kwaye yaseka i-Ofisi yemithetho yoRhulumente (OGE). Umthetho olawulayo we-1978 wayila abahloli abazimeleyo kwisebe likarhulumente ukuba baphicothelele nokuphengulula inkunkuma, ukurhoxisa nokuxhaphaza. Ezi IGs zisebenza kumaziko asekuhlaleni angaphezulu kwama-70 orhulumente, zivelisa iingxelo ezingephindiweyo kuMbutho.

  • Inkululeko yoMthetho woLwazi (FOIA) (666, omelezwe ngo- 1974)] wanika uluntu kunye nokucinezela ufikelelo kwiirekhodi zikarhulumente, isixhobo esingundoqo sokubona ngaphaya.
  • Umthetho wePrivitacy (19974) ukhusela iingxelo zabantu ezigcinwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho woHlahlo-mali] UMthetho woHlahlo-mali oQinisekileyo (19974) wadala i-Ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo (CBO) eCandelo loMsebenzi) ukulungiselela ukujongwa okuzimeleyo kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali.

Umatshini olawulayo wangoku (1980-2020)

Ukhuseleko loMvuthuzi noMthetho wobubuxoki

Ulawulo lwangoku lujolise kwimimiselo yokukhupha impempe. Umthetho wokhuseleko lwe-1989 wokwandisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi belizwe abachaza ukunganyaniseki. Iziphumo zenkohliso zoMthetho (FCA), zadlula ekuqaleni ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, zaqiniswa ngo1986 ukuvumela abavuli-mpe ukuba batshayelele urhulumente baze bafumane ipesenti yemali efunyenweyo. Oku kuphumele kwizigidi zezigidi zeera zobuqhetsekelelwa nxamnye norhulumente.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo lwamanani

Ukwanda kobugcisa kunye ne-Intanethi kwazisa ucelomngeni olutsha kunye namathuba okuvelela. UMthetho woKhuseleko loLwazi lobuGcisa woMzantsi Afrika [FALT:1] ka-2002, ohlaziyiweyo ngo-2014 we-Federal Information Security Act , edale isiseko solawulo lweenkqubo zolwazi zikarhulumente. Iofisi ye-Impelesite yoMphathi-mikhosi yeSebe lokhuselo [ kunye namanye amaqumrhu aqhuba ngoku uxanduva lwama., okungagqibeleli kobucala lwe-Akhawunti ye-OFGPG]

  • Ukwenziwa kwe-ofisi ye-Inspecter (OIG) kumaqumrhu ahlukeneyo karhulumente ukukhuthaza ukuphumelela nokuziphendulela.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukulungelelaniswa koMthetho woKhuseleko loLwazi oluManyano (FASTA) ukongamela iinkqubo zolwazi zikarhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ijinga-jinga.gov indululwe ngo- 2007 ukunikezela ngofikelelo lukawonke-wonke kugcino-lwazi lwenkcitho lwemali olunolawulo.

Ulawulo Lwembutho Kwixesha Lamanani

Inkulungwane yama-21 iye yaphinda yabona ukubuya kwemphula-mthetho zobuveleli bobuququzeleli, ingakumbi kwimibandela efana neengxaki zemali, ulawulo lukarhulumente, kunye nempendulo ebuhlungu. Iqela lenjongo yokulawula i-Phondo elikwiNqanawa [2008-2011]) yahlola iNkqubo yokuSiniki-Sicwangciso soncedo esiHlolongayo (i-ARP). I-Penemic Revolution Authority Committery Committee (Plation Recodential [PRAC:]] yadalwa ngowama-202020 000 000 000 zezigidi zeerandidi ye-CUnicelo . Ngokukulungisa kusetyenziswa kwemali ye-CHOV-19.

Ucelomngeni Lokulawula

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Phezu kwazo nje iindlela zolawulo ezisunguliweyo, imingeni isele. Iingxaki ezifana nokungahlali ngokwezobupolitika, ukunqanda uqingqo-mali, kunye nokuhambela phambili kotshintsho lobugcisa kungenza uphatho olunempumelelo. Ulwandiso lwe-bipartis lungathintela imigudu yokuvelela, njengokuba kubonwa kwiimpikiswano eziphakathi koopopu kunye nobungqina kwii-2020. Xa ukunyaniseka kuthathela indawo uxanduva lweziko, ulawulo lungancitshiswa kwimfazwe yeqela kunokuba lufumane iinjongo.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Uqingqo-mali lungamisela imiqathango ekhoyo ukwenzela imisebenzi yobuveleli. Imisebenzi efana ne-GAO ne-IGS ijongene nethatyatha okanye ihlayo yemali njengoko iimbopheleleko zabo zikhula. Umzekelo, abasebenzi beGAO baye bancipha phantse ngesithathu esinye ukususela ngo-2010, ngelixa inani leenkqubo eziphicothayo liqhubeka linyuka. Lo msantsa wezibonelelo unganciphisa ubunzulu kunye nobuchule beengxelo zobuveleli.

  • [[Ukwandiswa kokwahlukana] kungathintela imigudu yokuvelela i-bipartis.
  • ucutho lwedikethi lungalinganisela ubuncwane obukhoyo kwimisebenzi yobuveleli.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilungelo eliphumezekayo lifuna [ kulawulo lwakutshanje luthintele ukufikelela kwengqungquthela kumaxwebhu namangqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugqibelela kobugcisa bezi mini kufuna iziqu zokongamela ukuphuhlisa ubuchule obutsha (umz., imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ye-AI, ukhuseleko lwe-computersics).

Ukubhinqiswa kwemincu nokucaca

Olunye ucelomngeni kukukhukuliseka kwemigangatho emide, efana nokukhululwa kweengxelo zomongameli ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ukwala ukusebenzisana nophando lwamaqumrhu, okanye ukusetyenziswa kokhetho ukukhusela ulwazi kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke. IPremidelitial Records Act [[FLT:] [19971]] kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo kuye kwavavanywa yimpikiswano yokufikelela kumaxwebhu. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokhuseleko lohlanga noxanduva lukawonke wonke lusaqhubeka lunengxaki engapheliyo.

Ikamva Lolawulo Kurhulumente waseUnited States

Utshintsho lobuxhakaxhaka

Njengokuba iUnited States iqhubeka iguquka, ngokufanayo nemisebenzi yayo yokuvelela. Imfuno yokubona ngaphaya, ukuphendula, kunye nokulawula okusebenzayo izakuqhubela utshintsho lwexesha elizayo kunye notshintsho olusebenzayo kuqheliselo lobuveleli. Utshintsho olunokwenzeka lungaquka usetyenziso olwandisiweyo lobugcisa ukuphucula ubuchule bobungameli. Umzekelo, ubukrelekrele (AI) buqhutywa yiGO ukuvavanya ii-data ezinkulu zokufumana uphando kunye nokuphicotha. Ubugcisa beblotchain bunganyusa ukukhanya kwetsheyina kwizivumelwano zomanyano. Amaqonga amanani afana [[FLT].[FLT]].[FL:3] kunye [FFFFF]FF:FF]

Ukuqinisa izidumbu ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo

Ukuqinisa amaqumrhu olawulo oluzimeleyo ukuze aphucule ukuphendulana kuya kubaluleka. Utshintsho olucetyisiweyo luquka ukunikezela uzimele okukhulu kwintloko zoorhulumente, ukunikezela ngoqingqo-mali oluyiminyaka emininzi ukuwakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, kunye nokudala ibhunga elisembindini lobuphathi be-IG. Ezinye iingcali zixhasa iKhomishini ePhakathileyo [[[FLT]] FULT] FREDALS] FREN] Imodelivement Authrity [[[FLT:]] I-AP] kodwa ngamandla anwela okuquzelela ukuqhuba imiba efana notshintsho lwemozulu, i-computerselseverse, kunye nokujikeleza kwezifo.

  • [[UMTL:0] utshintsho olubalulekileyo lungaquka ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa okwandayo ukuphucula ubuchule bolawulo.
  • Ukuqinisa amaqumrhu olawulo oluzimeleyo ukunyusa ukuphendula.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwempempe ukugquma ikontraka nokubeka ukuphindezela njengolwaphulo-mthetho lwamaqumrhu.
  • Ukunika i-ofisi yobuchule (OTA) ukubonelela ngeNkqutyana enobuchule kumbandela ovelayo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Norhulumente Ovulekileyo

Ikamva lobuveleli likwaxhomekeke ekuthembiselweni kwasekuhlaleni. Iziqu ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] I-Open Government Office kunye [[FLT:] ne[FLT]] Challenge. gov[ ikhuthaza igalelo kunye nokuxhobisa iingcamango zobuphathi. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Ukhuseleko oluphezulu lokhuseleko lwe-Phondo [[FLT]] oluphezulu] ukhuseleko olukhuselweyo, kodwa unyuso oluthekileyo lufuneka ukukhusela iziqhubi zomkhalazo. [FFFFF] [12] unyuso loluntu oluthe k'umbini.[12][12][12][FFFF] [utencer]

Ekuqukumbeleni, imbali yenkqubo yolawulo kurhulumente wase-United States ibonisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokulungelelanisa amandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ulawula abemi bakhe ngokunempumelelo. Ukusuka kumgaqo-siseko wokuhlola nokulinganisela ngeengxaki zale mihla zolawulo lwezi zixhobo, ulawulo luye lwaxhatshazwa ukuhlangabezana nezisongelo ezintsha namathuba. Njengoko kuvela iingxaki ezivelayo (hhwwwwww) ukusuka ekuthathweni kwezobupolitika, ekuthintelweni koqingqo-mali, okanye ekuphazamiseni ulawulo lobugcisa, ukuzinikela ekulondolozeni ukuthemba uluntu kunye nemigaqo yedemokhrasi. Isahluko esilandelayo kule mbali siya kubhalwa ngabalawuli bezomthetho, abajongile, kunye nabemi abagxininisa ukuba urhulumente ahlale ejonge abantu.