Isiseko soManyano kuLawulo lwamaMerika

Umanyano lumela enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseUnited States. Eli lungiselelo lahlula igunya lokulawula phakathi korhulumente wesizwe osembindini noorhulumente borhulumente bengingqi, ngamnye onegunya elizimeleyo kunye neembopheleleko. Ukuntsonkotha kweli candelo kuye kwabangela iingxoxo, imingeni engokwasemthethweni, kunye nongquzulwano lwezobupolitika oluqhubeka lubumba inkqubo nomthetho waseMerika namhlanje.

Abalayishi benkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko benza le nkqubo ngabom, bezoba kumava abo phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane kunye namanqaku angaphumelelanga. Bafuna ukwenza isicwangciso esiza kunika igunya elisemgangathweni elaneleyo lokugcina uhlanga ludibene ngexesha begcina ukuzimela okubalulekileyo kokulawula koorhulumente ngokweemfuno namaxabiso asekuhlaleni. Olu xinezeleko lusisiseko phakathi komanyano nolwahluka-hlukeneyo luhlala lusezintliziyweni zeengxoxo zolawulo lorhulumente.

Isiqinisekiso Sokwahlulwa Kwamandla SomGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wesi-6 umisela inkqubo yolawulo ngolungiselelo oluninzi olubalulekileyo. Inqaku Ibala amagunya akhethekileyo anikwe iBhunga, kuquka igunya lokunika inkcubeko yemali, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, nokuseka iiofisi zasemva kwephondo. ISiqendu seSi-6 siqulethe iSuprematy Claus, emisela ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthathe indawo yokuqala kumthetho karhulumente ongqubanayo. ULawulo lweshumi elinesithoba, olugunya eligunya leBhishopu lokumisela igunya lorhulumente ngokungawaphathisi onke amagunya karhulumente okanye angawavumeli amagunya orhulumente ngokwawo okanye abantu.

Le nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko idala oko izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikubiza ngokuba yinkqubo "yolongamo loburhulumente", apho omabini amanqanaba karhulumente esebenzisa igunya ngqo kubemi. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zomanyano apho oorhulumente bengingqi bafumana amandla abo kwigunya elisembindini, amaphondo aseMerika anamandla olawulo oluzimeleyo angaphambili korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente wezwe. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda urhulumente waseMerika okanye olungiselela ukuvavanya ubumi.

Amandla anamandla axhathisiweyo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwamagunya adwelisweyo nachazwayo kusinika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo ngendlela igunya lorhulumente eliye lakhula ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. UmGaqo-siseko udwelisa ngokukhethekileyo amagunya athile karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kodwa ukucaciswa kwala magunya kuye kwavela ngokuphawulekayo ngezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neemfuno zolawulo ezisebenzisekayo.

  • Amandla adweliswe ngamanani: La magunya abonakala ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kwicandelo I, Icandelo 8. Aquka amandla okuhlawula irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo lwangaphandle kunye nolwendawo, ukuseka imithetho yendalo, imali yemali, ukusohlwaya, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi kunye neendlela, ukunika imvume kunye namaphepha asemthethweni, ukuyila iinkundla zikarhulumente, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi kunye nemikhosi yamanzi, kwaye kulawula iSithili saseColumbia.
  • Amandla asetyenzisiweyo: Imfuneko noNomfanelelo Claus, owaziwa ngokuba yiElastic Claus, unika iBhunga elinegunya ukwenza imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuphumeza amagunya adwelisweyo. Le ngxelo ibisisiseko somgaqo-siseko solwandiso olukhulu lwegunya lesizwe, kuquka ukusekwa kwebhanki yesizwe, umthetho wemisebenzi yezoqoqosho engenakubalwa, kunye nokusekwa kwamaziko olawulo olunorhulumente.
  • Amandla akhoyo: Amanye amagunya angawawo omabini oorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente ngexesha elinye. La magunya aquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, iibhanki zomthetho-siseko, kunye nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla akhoyo ngokukuko kudla ngokudala ungquzulwano xa urhulumente nemigaqo-siseko ingquzulwano.

Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo uMculloch v. Maryland (1819) yaseka imfundiso yamagunya achaziweyo kwaye yaqinisekisa ubungangamsha borhulumente kumthetho karhulumente. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuba umGaqo-siseko awunakulindela ukuqulatha "inkcukacha ezincinane zalo lonke ulwahlulo lwamandla awo amakhulu aza kuvuma," ukumisela ukuba urhulumente wezwe lonke akawanikwanga amandla akhe akhethekileyo kuphela kodwa kwanawo onke amandla afanelekileyo okuwathwala.

Ulawulo Lwelizwe Namagunya Agciniweyo

Oorhulumente banegunya eliphangaleleyo kwimicimbi echaphazela ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla. UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo weTenth unika isiseko somgaqo-siseko sesi gunya, kodwa umlinganiselo osebenzayo wamandla karhulumente uye watshintsha kakhulu kwimbali yaseMerika. Ngokwesithethe ama-United States asebenzisa oko kubizwa ngokuba "ngamandla amapolisa" - igunya lokukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabemi bawo.

  • Imfundo: I-United States inembopheleleko eyintloko kwimfundo karhulumente, kuquka imigangatho yokufundisa, isiqinisekiso sokufundisa, inkxaso-mali yesikolo, kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula imicimbi yemfundo. Izikolo zasekuhlaleni zisebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente, nangona urhulumente ephembelela imfundo ngeemfuno zemali kunye nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu.
  • Impilo ne-Facence: Amaziko alawula amaziko empilo, oogqirha abanolwazi ngezamayeza, abalawula iingozi zempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nabagcini-masebe abanyanzelisa umthetho. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni, amajoni oohola beenqanawa, namabhunga ahlola imicimbi emininzi yolwaphulo-mthetho, lo gama iinkundla zesizwe zithetha uninzi lwempikiswano zomthetho.
  • Ulwakhiwo lwezibonelelo: amazwe alawula iinkqubo zohola wendlela, alawula ukubhalisa kwemoto kunye nokulungisa i-ikhweyitha komqhubi, ajonge uthutho lukawonke-wonke, agcine amazibuko enqanawa kunye neenqwelo-moya. Urhulumente worhulumente unika inkxaso eninzi yemali yokwakhiwa kohola eendlela zasebumeni nokugcinwa koohola kodwa abathunywa baphumeza ukuphumeza kumasebe ezothutho.
  • Ukunika nokuqulunqa: iingcali zelayisense zaseStates eziquka oogqirha namagqwetha ukuya kubachebi beetsheyi-mvisi kunye nabameli bezindlu zokwemvelo. Balawula i-inshorensi, izinto eziluncedo, urhwebo lwengingqi, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye nomgangatho wemo yemekobume kwimida yabo.
  • unyulo:[ Amazwe anika ulawulo lwezwe, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukumisela iinkqubo zokuvota, imida yesithili, kunye nokufumana iimfuno zofikelelo kwisakhelo semithetho yamalungelo evota yorhulumente.

Ukhuthuzo oluzizizinzileyo nokhukuliso

ISupremacke imisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe ngu "Mthetho ophakamileyo weLizwe" kwaye ubophe abagwebi bakarhulumente ukuba bawunyanzelise kwanaxa kukho iingxabano zomthetho karhulumente. Lo mgaqo wokukhulula kwesizwe uthetha ukuba umthetho wesizwe osebenzayo ungayiphazamisa imithetho karhulumente kwiindawo apho omabini amanqanaba karhulumente ebenokuba negunya. INkundla ePhakamileyo ichaze iindidi ezintathu zokukhulula:

  • Ucinezeleko: Congress ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba umthetho wolawulo lwengingqi uthatha indawo yomthetho othile.
  • Ucalulo olusetyenzisiweyo: umthetho woMasipala ubanzi kangangokuba awusikeli thuba kumgaqo karhulumente, okanye umthetho karhulumente ungqubana ngqo neemfuno zikarhulumente.
  • Intelekelelo: umthetho weRhulumente wenza kube nzima ukuthobela umthetho wengingqi, okanye umthetho karhulumente ume njengomqobo kwiinjongo zolawulo neenjongo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemfundiso yokukhulula kubangele amawaka amatyala enkundla kwaye kuyaqhubeka kuguquka njengee-centursers kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente alawula kwimimandla emitsha. Arizona v. United States (202) inika umzekelo wangoku, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi amalungiselelo aliqela okunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwe-Arizona kumthetho owiswe kwangaphambili wokwamkelwa kweminye imimandla.

Indima Ekhulayo Yorhulumente Womanyano

Amandla karhulumente karhulumente worhulumente kunye nokufikelela kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. Olu lwando luye lwenzeka ngokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, ukucaciswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, umthetho wombutho, kunye neemfuno eziluncedo zokulawula uhlanga oluntsonkothileyo noludityanisiweyo.

  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe nomgaqo-nkqubo wobuzwe: Urhulumente wezwe unegunya elipheleleyo kukhuseleko lwesizwe, kwimicimbi yemikhosi, nakunxibelelwano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Eli gunya liquka ukugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, ukudibanisa izivumelwano, ukuqhuba imisebenzi yobuntlola, nokumela iUnited States kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Ummiselo wezorhwebo noMkhuphiswano wezezoqoqosho: IFOM Claus ibisisisithuthi sokuqala solwandiso lwezoshishino lwelizwe kwimimandla egcinelwe ngokwesithethe. Ukuchazwa okubanzi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwezorhwebo zaseNtshona Koloni kwiimeko ezifana Wickard v. Filburn [192]) ivumele umgaqo wolawulo lwemithetho yemisebenzi ekhoyo e "kwimpembelelo ephambili yezoqoqosho" kushishino lwamazwe, kwanaxa loo misebenzi isenzeka kumbuso omnye.
  • ICivil Amalungelo noKhuselo olulinganayo: Uhlaziyo kunye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu owalandelayo wanika urhulumente wesizwe igunya lokukhusela abemi ekucalulweni kukarhulumente. UMthetho woLawulo olinganayo we-144th no-Celas utolike ukutolika ukutolika ukucela ulawulo ukuhlonela amalungelo asisiseko nokunqanda unyango lokukhupha iziyobisi.
  • Inkqubo zoKhuseleko noLuntu: iinkqubo zoManyano eziquka uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, uMdicare, iMedicaid, i-ConftionUnity Information Program, kunye noncedo lwezindlu zinika izigidi zabantu baseMerika umnatha wokhuseleko. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngonxulumano oluntsonkothileyo namazwe, olusoloko lunika imali yequmrhu phantsi kwemigaqo karhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwezenkcubeko:[[FT:1] imithetho yengingqi efana noMthetho wococeko woMtho we-Awater, noMthetho weSizwe wePhondo weNkcubeko yokuHlalisa iMwezo-moya, kunye noMthetho weSizwe woLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle yoLuntu umisela imigangatho yesizwe kunye nenkqubo yoLawulo echaza ukuba kufuneka zisebenze ngokwazo okanye ziphunyezwe ngamasebe karhulumente.

Imali eqingqiweyo neMiqathango

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zempembelelo karhulumente kumgaqo-nkqubo worhulumente sixhomekeke kwimali echithwayo. Ngoncedo lweenkqubo zokunika, urhulumente wesizwe unika inkxaso-mali kumatyala ngokwemeko ehambelana neemfuno zikarhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ixhasa lo msebenzi, nangona inemida. KuMkhosi waMadakota woMzantsi Afrika v. Dole [1987], iNkundla yamisa uvavanyo olune lwecandelo lokuhlawula: ukusetyenziswa kwemali kufuneka kusebenze intlalo-ntle jikelele, iimeko kufuneka zicace, iimeko kufuneka zithelekise umdla worhulumente kwinkqubo, kwaye iimeko mazingangqubanisani namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo omgaqo-siseko.

Le nkqubo ivumele urhulumente wesizwe ukuba aphembelele inkqubo karhulumente kwiindawo apho engenagunya lasemthethweni ngqo, kuquka ukunyusa isantya somjikelo, ukumisela imida yesantya sohola wendlela, kunye nokwandisa inkxalabo yeMedicaid. INational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) isigqibo silinganisela amandla ngandlel'othile ngokuthi urhulumente wesizwe akanakusongela ukususa yonke imali ekhoyo yeMedicaid ukunyanzela amazwe ulwando lweMedicaid phantsi koMthetho weAfford Care Care.

Iingxabano Zomanyano Zexesha Elililo

Iipolitiki zanamhlanje zibandakanya iingxoxo ezinzulu ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo kwegunya lorhulumente norhulumente. Ezi ngxabano zityhila ukungavisisani okusisiseko ngokuchazwa komgaqo-siseko, izinto eziphambili kwimigaqo, nendlela idemokhrasi yaseMerika ngokwayo ekhoyo.

IGosa leQumrhu lezeNtlanganiso neLizwe

Inkqubo yokuthambisa iye yaba yeyona ndawo iphambili kwiingxoxo zorhulumente. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe enegunya elisemthethweni lokwemvelo nokufuduka, amazwe aye asebenza ngokuqhubekayo kulo mmandla, ebangela iingxwabangxwaba ezidla ngokufikelela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo.

  • Izityholo zomthetho: Amaphondo amaninzi kunye nezixeko ziye zamkela iinkqubo ezithintela intsebenziswano nokunyanzeliswa koluntu oluseluntwini. Le migaqo isuka kukwala ukubopha abantu ababotshelelwe kwizithuthi ezisuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuthintela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ekubuzeni ngemeko yokufuduka. Urhulumente worhulumente ucel' umngenise le nkqubo ngemiqathango kunye nemiqathango yemali.
  • Isizwe soku-Immigration Infrocement: Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho efuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuma kokufuduka ngexesha lokumisa okusemthethweni, oomasipala abaqeshi abaqeshi abaqeshiweyo abangagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni, kwaye abathintela ukufikelela kwinzuzo zikawonke-wonke ngenxa yokungangeni kwamatyala. Iinkundla ziye zabetha uninzi lwala malungiselelo kwimimandla yokukhutshwa kwesombululo ngeli ngexa zixhasa ezinye.
  • Ilayisenisi yoMqukumbelo kunye noluHlu: Amazwe ahlukene kakhulu kwiinkqubo zawo malunga nelayisensi zomqhubi yabemi abangaxelwanga, namanye amazwe anika imvume kunye namanye amagunya acacileyo okungayamkeli. Le nkqubo ichaphazela izigidi zabemi kwaye ineziphumo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, iimarike ze-inshorensi, kunye nemigudu yolawulo karhulumente.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yonyango kunye nomanyano

UMthetho wokuLangulela ongenakungatshintshi wabangela ezinye zeengxoxo ezibalulekileyo zorhulumente kwimbali yakutshanje yaseMerika. Ugunyaziso lomthetho ngamnye, ulwando lweMedicaid, kunye notshintsho lwentengiso lwe-inshorensi lwaphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nemida yamandla karhulumente nomlinganiselo wenkululeko karhulumente.

  • Ulwandiso lweMbedicaid Uguqulo: Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo esenza ukuba iMedicaid yonyuso lungabi namkhethe kumazwana, umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemigaqo-nkqubo wavela kulo lonke ilizwe. Amanye amaphondo anwebekileyo, amanye amagunya athathiwe kwiminyaka kamva, kwaye amazwe amaninzi ayaqhubeka ehla ulwando, eshiya izigidi zabantu abadala abafumana imali ephantsi ngaphandle kokuyichonga. Olu tshintsho ludala umahluko olubalulekileyo ekufikeleleni kwempilo namanani e-inshorensi phakathi kwamazwe.
  • I-inshorensi yesizwe esekelwe kwi-Intersts: UMthetho we-Affordible Care Act ovumela amazwe ukuseka iintengiso zawo ze-inshorensi yempilo okanye ukungagqibeki kwintengiso elula karhulumente. Amazwe athe ayila utshintshiselwano lwawo afumana ulungelelwano kulawulo lwezicwangciso, uncedo lwabathengi, kunye nolawulo lwentengiso, ngelixa amaphondo esebenzisa utshintshiselwano lwe-inshorensi ezwe linolawulo olulinganiselwe ngakumbi kwiimarikethi zawo.
  • IMedicaid Waivers kunye neInverso: Amazwe aye asebenzisa iCandelo 1115 abaxhamli ukulinga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunika iMedicaid kunye nemali. Ezi zihangeli zivumela amazwe ukuba avavanye iimfuno zomsebenzi, intlawulo yemali, ii-akhawunti zempilo, kunye nezinye izicwangciso eziluncedo, ukuyila i-laboratory yedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yezwelonke.

Ulwazi oluninzi olungorhulumente wolawulo lwempilo, i Kaiser Family Foundation igcina ukulandelelwa okubanzi kwemida ye-Medicaidr .

Ukulawulwa kokusingqongileyo nokhokelo lukaRhulumente

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo yenye inkalo yengxabano ephambili yorhulumente, yaye ngokufuthi amazwe akhokela ekucombululeni iingxaki apho ukuthabatha inyathelo elimiselweyo okanye eliphelisweyo.

  • [[NTL:0] Indima ekhethekileyo yeKhalifoniya, ikwindawo eyodwa kurhulumente wemekobume ngenxa yemigangatho yayo ekhoyo ngaphambili kunye nelungiselelo leCeat Air Act le Ceat elivumela iKhalifoniya ukuba ifune iziphakamisi eziqinileyo ukumisela imigangatho yezithuthi ezikhupha imoto. Amanye amazwe angakhetha ukuthatha imigangatho karhulumente okanye imigangatho yeKhalifoniya, adala amandla anamandla okuhlisa ukhutshwa kwemibhobho yesizwe.
  • Intshukumo yengingqi yemozulu:[ Amaqela amaphondo ayile umanyano lwengingqi ukulungisa imozulu etshintshayo, kuquka irejistati yeGreenhouse Gas Initive kumaphondo akumntla-mpuma kunye neNtshona yemo yezulu ebandakanya iKhalifoniya neQuebec. Ezi nkqubo zidala iinkqubo ezinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni enqamleza imigca yemo-mo-menti.
  • Imigangatho evuselelweyo yePortolio: Iimeko ezininzi ziye zamkela imigangatho ehlaziyekayo yezibuko elifuna izinto eziluncedo eziluncedo ekuveliseni ipesenti echaziweyo yombane kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo. Le migaqo-nkqubo yomgangatho karhulumente iqhube utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo emoyeni, kumbane, kumbane, kunye nolunye ubugcisa bombane obucocekileyo, ngokufuthi luye lwagqitha kusukelo lwamandla olubuyiselweyo.
  • Ingxaki ezingomthetho kunye noMkhosi: Amazwe aye afuna ukulwa namaqumrhu karhulumente ukunyanzelisa imithetho yemeko-bume, ukucela ukunyanzelisa izenzo zolawulo, kwaye anyanzelisa inyathelo likarhulumente lotshintsho lwemozulu. Ezi zityholo ziphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuma kukarhulumente karhulumente olawulayo nendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla kwiingxoxo zemekobume.

I-Environmental Protection Agency inika ubuchule kumanyano lwamazwe ahlukeneyo kumgaqo wokusingqongileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo nempembelelo yomanyano

Ngokwesithethe imfundo iye yaba yimbopheleleko karhulumente neyasekuhlaleni, kodwa impembelelo karhulumente iye yakhula kakhulu ngenxa yeemfuno zemali, ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu, nangenxa yamanyathelo enkqubo kazwelonke.

  • Uvavanyo kunye nokuphendula: imithetho yoManyano equka uNomntwana Oshiyekileyo noMthendeleko Womfundi Wonke Uphumeleleyo ifuna amazwe ukuzalisekisa uvavanyo olusemgangathweni, ukunikela ingxelo yempumelelo yabafundi, kunye nokungenelela kwizikolo eziqhuba kancinci. Ezi mfuneko ziyonakalisa iinkqubo zemfundo zikarhulumente ngeli lixa zivelisa iingxoxo ezimalunga nolawulo lukazwelonke.
  • Ukhetho olukhethiweyo kunye neNgxowa-mali yoManyano-mali: iinkqubo zoManyano zixhasa izikolo zomthetho-siseko, iinkqubo zekonkcethi, kunye nezikolo ezinomtsalane zikwandise ukhetho lwesikolo ngeli lixa ziphakamisa imibuzo ngendima karhulumente ekuhambiseleni phambili iimfundiso ezinokusetyenziswa kwizikolo zikawonke wonke.
  • Imfundo ePhakamileyo kunye namalungelo abantu: Imithetho yemfundo edibeneyo kunye nemithetho yamalungelo abantu karhulumente ifuna ukuba kubekho amaphondo afundisa ngokulinganayo kubafundi abaneziphene kwaye akhusele abafundi ekukhetheni ngokwesizwe, isini, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe. Le miyalelo yorhulumente ithwele iindleko ezinkulu kunye neemfuno ezifunekayo kurhulumente nakumaziko emfundo yasekuhlaleni.

Umanyano lwamaBudalene kunye nomanyano lwamaPhondo

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zichaza iinkalo ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo zoburhulumente eziye zalawula amaxesha awahlukeneyo embali yaseMerika.

UManyano oluPhakathi oluPhakathi , olulawulayo ukusuka kwixesha lokusekwa ukutyhubela iNew Debure, urhulumente kunye norhulumente wesizwe njengeengqungquthela ezahlukeneyo ezineembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo. Phantsi kwalo mzekelo, umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente usebenza ngokwawo kummandla wawo, onendawo encinci okanye unxibelelwano. Isigekalthi se "layer kheki" sisetyenziswa ukuchaza eli lungiselelo, elinemidaba ecacileyo phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente kunye negunya likarhulumente.

Umanyano lomanyano , olwavela ngexesha leNew Development nolwandisiweyo ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka alandelayo, urhulumente norhulumente abajonga njengabasebenzi abasebenzisana neembopheleleko kunye nokusebenza kunye ukucombulula iingxaki ezinzima. Phantsi kwale modeli, iinkonzo zequmrhu, iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nentsebenziswano yeburhulumente ezidibeneyo phakathi kwe-orhulumente kunye negunya lolawulo. Isigentente esisi se-"keyibhiki eqinileyo" sichaza oku kukhawulezileyo, kunye neembopheleleko ezidibene nemigangatho karhulumente.

Ulawulo oluninzi lwangoku lusebenza phantsi kolawulo lwentsebenziswano yentlalo-ntle, kodwa iingxoxo ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo ziyaqhubeka. Abazibonelelo besizwe banika umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kunye neziphendu zawo kwabo banomdla wokuhlola iziseko zomgaqo-siseko woburhulumente.

Ikamva Lomanyano LwamaMerika

Izimvo eziliqela zizakubumba ikamva lolwalamano lwephondo kumashumi eminyaka azayo. Iinguqu zobugcisa, uphuhliso lobugcisa, utshintsho lwezoqoqosho, kunye nomanyano lwezopolitiko oludibanisayo lonke luza kuphembelela indlela amandla noxanduva olusasazwa ngayo kumgangatho worhulumente.

  • Parisan Polare: Ulwahlulo olukhulayo lwezimvo phakathi koorhulumente noorhulumente borhulumente lungakhulisa ungquzulwano kurhulumente worhulumente. Amazwe alawulwa liqela elinye ngokuya lixhathisa iinkqubo ezimkelwa ngurhulumente worhulumente olawulwa liqela elichasayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiligitayo elingakumbi kunye nongquzulwano lwezopolitiko.
  • Utshintsho lwezentengiselwano: uphuhliso lobuntlola obungeyonkqubo, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, kunye norhwebo lwamanani luphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nolawulo lolawulo. Urhulumente womanyano norhulumente bangakhuphisana ngegunya kubugcisa obuvelayo kunye norhwebo lwamanani olungaphaya kwemida yesithethe.
  • [[NTLA] Ulungiso olumanyeneyo: Njengokuba imozulu itshintsha, urhulumente norhulumente kufuneka bacombulule iingxaki zokuhambelana nenkxaso-siseko kuquka ukumelana nemeko, intsabelo yentlekele, kunye nokuhamba kwabemi. Olu celomngeni lungafuna amaqondo angenakuthelekiswa nanto omanyano lwamaqumrhu orhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Iqondo lobungozi: Isifo se-COVID-19 sabalaselisa amandla nobuthathaka borhulumente waseMelika ekuphenduleni kwiingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke. Iingozi zexesha elizayo zizakuvelisa impikiswano eqhubekayo ngolwabelo olufanelekileyo lwegunya phakathi korhulumente kunye namasebe ezempilo karhulumente.
  • Ukungalingani okukhulayo kwezoqoqosho phakathi koorhulumente kunganyusa uxinzelelo lonikezelo lwequmrhu kunye nemigangatho yesizwe ngeli xesha kuqinisa uvavanyo lomgangatho karhulumente nemigaqo yezoqoqosho.

Isiphelo

Umzabalazo wamandla phakathi korhulumente norhulumente worhulumente uhlala uluphawu oluchazayo lobomi bezobupolitika baseMelika. Olu xinezeleko, kunokuba lube yimpazamo kulwakhiwo lomgaqo-siseko, lubonisa ukhetho lwabo lobuqhinga lokwenza inkqubo apho amandla ahlulwa aze ancinwa. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo yorhulumente ivumela ukuguquka kweemeko ngexesha ukulondoloza isiseko sogunya elahluleleneyo elikhusela inkululeko nento eyahlukeneyo.

Ukuqonda isiseko somthetho, inkqubela yembali, kunye neengxoxo zale mihla ezikubume borhulumente zibalulekile ukuze kubekho ubumi obunolwazi, ubungangamsha obunempumelelo, kunye nolawulo olunembopheleleko. Njengoko iUnited States iqhubeka iguquka, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi korhulumente norhulumente ngokungathandabuzekiyo luya kutshintsha, kodwa imibuzo esisiseko yokusasazwa okufanelekileyo kwegunya kwiriphabliki enkulu, eyahlukeneyo iya kuhlala isemgangathweni wedemo-siseko waseMelika.