Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla simi njengenye yeyona mithendeleko ihlala ihleli kwaye ingumfuziselo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Lo msitho mfutshane uphawula ukufuduswa koxolo kwegunya lolawulo oluphezulu kwaye wenza umongameli ozayo axhase uxwebhu oluphezulu olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Kodwa nangona ukwenziwa kwesifungo silula nesithethe eside, isifungo siye sasoloko sisiba yindawo ecacileyo yengxubangxubangxengenge yezopolitiko, engokwasemthethweni, neyonqulo. Ukusuka kwingxoxo eshushu kunye nemithetho yomthetho, kunye neenkolelo zobuqu eziqhutywa ngokungxamisekileyo, ezi mpikiswano zinika ifestile etyhila amaxabiso aphezulu eluntluntlukwano lwesizwe kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo. Ngokuhlolisisa iimpikiswano zembali ezinxulumene nesifungo, sizuza uxabiso olunzulu ngentsingiselo lwawongalo, noluvo oluntsonko phakathi komthetho, nomthetho, neenkolelo yobuqu kubomi babantu baseMelikane.

Imvelaphi Nobukho Bangaphambili

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla sesinye sezigunya ezimbalwa ezingqalileyo kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Icandelo II, iCandelo 1, uClaus 8 lichaza amagama achanileyo: "Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiya kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye iza kuphumelela kakuhle kubuchule bam, igcine, ikhusele kwaye ikhusele uMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo-siseko ngowe-1787 bekungaphikiswangaphikiswananga. Kwisivumelwano soMgaqo-siseko, abathunywa baphikisayo ukuba isifungo sifuneka na konke, ngokusoyike oko kuya kwenza uvavanyo lonqulo lwesikhundla. Ulwimi lokugqibela luvumele ngabomcimbi "ingulo" okanye "fring" ukulungiselela ukuqhubana kwezimfuno zonqulo.

Xa uGeorge Washington waba ngumongameli wokuqala ngo1789, umsitho waqhutywa kwiHolo yeMafreeder yesiXeko saseNew York. UJaji oMkhulu weNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew York, uRobert Livingston, wanikela isifungo. Njengoko iWashington yagqibayo, Livingston yavakalisa ngokudumileyo, "Ubomi obude George Washington, uMongameli we Washington. Kodwa nale mizuzu yokuqalisa yangaphambili yathwala i-"Washington yongeza amagama [[FLT: 0]"-so ndincede uThixo" emva kwengxelo ebhaliweyo, nangona kungekho ngxelo yangoku iqinisekisa oku. Umthombo wokuqala othembekileyo wesi sivakalisi sesivakalisi se-Washington uphuma kumashumi eminyaka kamva, ukhokelela kwingxoxo engoko yokuba athenjiwe nyani ukuba athenjiwe. Lo mbuzo wawuza ngoncedo kamva.

Enye impikiswano yangaphambili eyayibandakanya uMongameli John Adams. Ngonyaka we-1797, uAdams wathatha isifungo kodwa abanye abachasi-Anti-Federali babuza ukuba wayefunge ngokufanelekileyo kusini na ukuba ukuzinikela ngokufanelekileyo kumGaqo-siseko, wanikela inkxaso yakhe yakutshanje kwiAlien kunye neSedition Acts, abaninzi ababeyigqala njengeyongamelanga ngokwesivumelwano. Ingongoma ebanzi yayikukuba isifungo sodwa sasingenakuqinisekisa ukuba unyaniseko kumGaqo-siseko ukuba umongameli kamva wayeyitolika ngeendlela eziyayinwelisa imida yayo. Olu ngquzulwano luphakathi kokufunda isifungo nokuziphatha komongameli kwakuza kuphinda kuphinde kuqhubeke imbali yaseMelika.

Impikiswano Ekhoyo Ngemingxuba Ephawulekayo

Ukuphumelela Kwamagunya Kamongameli Neentambo Ezigobileyo

Ezinye zezifungo ezibaluleke kakhulu ziye zavela kwiziganeko ezithe zakhawulezileyo ngenxa yokufa komongameli, xa iimeko zinyanzelekile ukuba aqhutywe ngokukhawulezileyo, ngokungacwangciswanga, ngokufunga. Ukufa kukaMongameli uWilliam Henry Harrison ngo1841 kwaba luvavanyo lokuqala lwenkqubo yokulandela umongameli. UMongameli John Tyler waye ekhayeni lakhe eWilliamsburg, eVirginia, xa kwafika iindaba. Umgwebi wabizwa, kwaye uTyler wafunga emcimbini wabucala, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwingxoxo ekhawulezileyo: Ngaba uTyler ngokwenene engumongameli, okanye "osebenza nje umongameli"? Umongameli uTyler Preler" wafumanisa ukuba umongameli uba ngumongameli epheleleyo, kungekhona nje umsebenzi wakhe. Noko ke, ukuswela kwenkonzo yesithethe esingumthetho kunye nokungaqinisekiyo.

Ityala elibaluleke kakhulu lenzeka ngo-1881 emva kokubulawa kukaMongameli James A. Garfield. umongameli uChester A. Arthur wayekwisiXeko saseNew York xa wafumana ilizwi lokufa kukaGarfield. Wafunga ekhayeni lakhe ngomthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo ekwinkundla ephezulu engxamisekileyo, umsitho wabucala. Abagxeki babuza ukuba olu lawulo lungacwangciswanga cwangciswanga semthethweni (*) ngaphandle kolawulo lwamagosa, ngaphandle kweBhayibhile kwezinye iingxelo zemithetho. (8) u-methethotho womgaqo wesiseko. Kamva u-Arthur wathatha isifungo sikawonke, esithe kwicala likawonke-wonke eWashington, kodwa isiganeko saphakamisa ummandla ongwevuvuvukileyo othe ngqo kwinkqubo ephambili yezolawulo lukamongameli woburhulumente ngexesha longxamiseko. Ngokunjalo, xa uMongameli uRhouselson Srum wafa ngesiqu esithe sawonga sinye esithenjiswayo esithe semthethweni.

Umkhosi womoya iOath yokuqala: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963

Mhlawumbi impikiswano enkulu engokomfanekiso engqongwe yiLyndon B. Johnson uthuka isiqubulo seSizwe sasemoyeni emva kweeyure ezimbalwa emva koMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wabulala ngoNovemba 22, 1963. Ngesizwe esothukayo, iinkonzo zikaJohnson zafuna ngokukhawuleza ijaji yeSithiliti yeSithiligi uSarah T. UHughes/ijaji yokuqala yesizwe yasemthethweni eTexas. yaye kwathi gqiza inguwo yokuqala emkhosini eTexas. Ityala lephondo elincinane elingumongameli wenqwelo-moya. Johnson wabeka isandla sakhe kwinkundla eRoma Katolika (esothusa) kunokuba asebenzise iBhayibhile, kwaye lo mfutshane wabanjwa kwimifanekiso edumile. Imibuzo esemthethweni yangoko yavuka ngokusemthethweni, kwathi mbambano engekho mthethweni kwesombululo epheleleyo, kwaza kwafuneka ukuba aphinde aphicothe kwingulowo umongameli waseburhulumenteni, kwafuneka kwakhona, ingulowo uSovelsonsonsonson kuMkhosi waseburhulumente wakwa.

Imposiso yentsimbi kunye nokuphinda kuthathwe

Kwanabalawuli abanyulwa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo bakhutyekisiwe ngamazwi esifungo. Ngonyaka ka-2009, uMongameli uBarack Obama wanikela idilesi egudileyo yokuvula isakhiwo, kodwa xa uMphathi-mikhosi uJohn Roberts wanikela isifungo, ngokungazi waphinda waphinda waphinda waphinda-phinda lo myalelo. Obama waphinda-phinda ngempazamo ephosakeleyo, ephumela kwisifungo esiphosakeleyo. Ukuphepha naluphi na ucelomngeni lwemithetho-siseko, u-Obama noRoberts bawuphinda-phinda umbhiyongo ngasese kwiHousemasm kusuku olulandelayo, kodwa umzekelo onqabileyo wokuphinda isifungo siphinde siphumele isifungo. Nangona ubonwa ngokubanzi, abanye abagxeki besithi kufuneka babonise ukubaluleka okukhulu kwesifungo nokuzilindele kukawonke-wonke. Esi siganeko sivuselela ingxubuliso nokuba ngaba kumele kusini sisetyenziswe kusini esithe ngqo okanye kusini sokuzibombo esithe ngqo, nokuba kutheni.

Isiganeko esifanayo senzeka ngo-2017 xa uMongameli Donald J. Trump noMgwebi oMkhulu uRobertsfumli wolandelelwano lwesifungo. UTrump wabonakala ephazamisa uRoberts, kwaye ezi ziphosa izithuba ezimbini ezincinane kwimigca yokugqibela. Akukho kuphinda kujongwa njengeyimfuneko, kodwa igaffe kwakhona yaphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nobunzima obusemthethweni obusemthethweni. Isibakala sokuba amazwi afanayo atyibilikayo aphathwa ngobungqongqo yiingcali ezisemthethweni kwaye uwonke wonke ubonakalisa intlonelo yenkonzo yenkonzo yenkonzo eqwalaselweyo.

Impikiswano engokwasemthethweni neyomGaqo-siseko

Impikiswano ethi "Ukuze Ndincede UThixo"

Eyona ngxoxo yomgaqo-siseko eqhubekayo ngesiqubulo somongameli inxulumene nebinzana " ngoko ndincede kuThixo. Njengoko kuphawuliwe, George Washington usenokuba okanye usenokuba akayongezanga; kodwa ngenkulungwane yama-20, yaba yingxoxo ebanzi jikelele. Umongameli ngamnye emva kukaFranklin D. Rooselt uyiquke, mhlawumbi ekuphelisweni kwesifungo okanye ngexesha langasese. Noko ke, uLawulo Lokuqala loMphengululo luka-Clauska u-Claus uyalugweba urhulumente ukuba angaluvumeli naluphi na unqulo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukongezela isithethe sonqulo kwisifungo somgaqo-mGaqo-siseko siluhlobo lonqulo, olo olukwaluthintelwayo umGaqo-siseko (unyaka we-69, Claus.Claus)

Ezi mpikiswano ziye zakhokelela kucelomngeni oluninzi olungokwasemthethweni, nangona kungekho nanye eye yaphumelela ekususeni ibinzana. Ngo1934, iNgqina likaYehova lamangalela isifungo esingaphantsi esino "Thixo" kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yala ukuva elo tyala. Kwiminyaka engamashumi akutshanje, ukungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo kunye neqela lehlabathi liye laphikisa ukuba umongameli ubeke ibinzana elikwisibizo esitsha ngexesha lokumiswa kwale nkonzo. Imo yelimo ithelela ukuthelelwa komnye umongameli umgangatho wecawa norhulumente. Ngo-20171717, i-American Human Humanist Association ifaka ikomiti ekwayahlulele ngokusetyenziswa kwegama likaTrump, kodwa ijaji yesizwe ikhubaza ukungamela ityala, ityala elichaza ukungami. Isiko esi sihlala sisongezelela ukuba "ndincede uThixo" sinyulwe ngokobuqu, inxalenye ye-gxopul, kwaye ingaquluneli, ngoko i-Rhulumente, iyaqhubeka njalo ngorhulumente.

Umendo wokukhupha

Ilungiselelo loMgaqo-siseko "isifungo (okanye ukuqinisekisa)" lenzelwe ukuhlalisana neqela elincinane lonqulo njengeQuaker, elingafuniyo ukufunga. Kwiminyaka edluleyo, liqaqobana loomongameli elikhethe ukuqinisekisa kunokufunga. Ngo-1825, uJohn Quincy Adams wasebenzisa isifungo kuba kuthiwa akafuni ukufunga ngeBhayibhile. Kutshanje, ngo-2021, uMongameli uJoe Biden wasebenzisa isifungo [“isibambiso, ” NW] sakhe, kodwa uthe "ndiqinisekisa" endaweni yo" yokufunga." isigqibo sikaBhiden sabonwa ngokuba akafuni ukufunga kuyo yomiquluvo lwakhe lobuqu kunye nolwimi oluqululo lomGaqo-siseko. Le mbali ibonakalisa ukuba umseki wemeko olindelwe yimfuno yebhedelo, kodwa ukhetho olusasetyenziswa ngobuchule, okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwezongangolwazi lwezonqulo, okanye uphangalwazi lwehlabathi.

Iingcaciso zomGaqo-siseko "Izikhuseli, Ukukhusela noKhuselo"

Isifungo sifuna ukuba umongameli "akhusele, akhusele aze akhusele uMgaqo-siseko. Olu lwimi luye lwaba ngumbandela wempikiswano ecacileyo engobumongameli. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni behlazo leWatergate, uMongameli Richard Nixon wathi umsebenzi wakhe wokukhusela umGaqo-siseko wamnika igunya elibanzi lokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kwanokuba izenzo zakhe zaphula umthetho oqhelekileyo. Abagxeki bakhe baye baphikisa ukuba isifungo esicacileyo sifuna ukuba aphumeze yonke imithetho, hayi nje umGaqo-siseko ngengqiqo encinane. Ingxoxo kaMongameli uBill Clinton ikwabandakanya ingxubuliso yokuba ukuxoka phantsi kwemiciso yanga eyimfihlo ukuphumeza kwakhe imithetho ngokuthembeka. Le mfazwe yezobupolitika iye yabonisa ukuba isifungo asiyo isithethe nje esisemthethweni; isebenza njengebhinkwe ngokwezomthetho nebhele echasene nemigaqo echaseneyo nokuziphatha okuchatshayo.

Ngo-2021, emva kokuhlasela kweCapitol ngoJanuwari 6, le House yaphikisana ukuba uDonald Trump owayenguMphathi walapho wayesona isifungo sakhe ngokukhuthaza imvukelo. Inqaku le-moteach lathi uTrump wayebandakanyeke kulwaphulo-mthetho "oluphezulu kunye nabaphambuki" ngokungcatsha isifungo sakhe sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko nokuqinisekisa ukudluliselwa koxolo kwegunya. Le saga yanamhlanje ibonisa ukuba ulwimi lwesifungo sihlala sisesona sixhobo sokuphendula kwiiofisi eziphezulu.

Imbono Neenguqu Zanamhlanje

Ukudibana

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje uye wabona imigudu yokwenza isifungo somongameli uMartin Luther Jr. Kodwa ingxubusho ebanzi emalunga nobufanasini kunye nobukrebe. Ngo-2013, xa uMongameli uBarack Obama wenza isifungo sesibini (ngoku kunye neJaji enguMongameli uRoberts emva kolungiso lonyaka wama- 2009), wasebenzisa iBhayibhile eyayibhalwe nguMartin Luther King Jr. Kodwa yayibalasele ingxubusho yasesidlangalaleni yokuba isifungo singaba sesini na nesini esikhoyo. Ngokunjalo, umongameli wecawa wasebenzisa imibhalo engomgaqo-siseko (umphambili) xa ebhekisela kumongameli, kodwa abafazi abaphindangaphindwayo kwi-presigni. Abanye abacebisi bacebisa isifungo esibhaliweyo ukuba bathi "yabo babo" okanye "sokwakhe" kodwa isindululo esisemthethweni soburhulumente benziwa ngolwalamano lwenkulungwane kunye nolwalamano lobuGeneshayibhidia.

Ugcino loMongameli kwiNqanawa

Abaphengululi bomthetho bale mihla baphikisane nokuba umongameli uqala ngexesha elililo lokuqukunjelwa okanye emini emaqanda ngemini yokwandiswa kwemisinga. Uhlaziyi wonyaka wama-20 lwasusa uHlalelo kumhla we-Inaugist kutsho ngoJanuwari 20, kodwa lukwathi igama lomongameli liqala emini emaqanda. Kodwa, isifungo siyimfuneko ekungeneni ekuphumezeni kobungangameli. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba umongameli ngesizathu esithile akaze asebenzise isifungo, okanye awelele, ngenxa yokugula okanye ukuchasa. Lo mongameli uzakuqalisa ukuba ngumongameli kodwa ubalase ubunzima obungaqhelekanga bomGaqo-siseko. Ngo-2009, xa u-Obama wenza isifungo ngokuphosakeleyo, bekungaqiniseki ukuba ukudluliswa kwexesha lokusebenza kwemini kuyasebenza; uVikelo lwesizwe kunye nezinye izigqeshosholo, kwane komiti, kwanee-Genequququ

Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Isifungo somongameli wase-U.S. sifutshane kakhulu xa sithelekiswa nezifungo eziphezulu zamanye amazwe. Umzekelo, isifungo somongameli wase-Ireland siqulethe izifungo ezinde zokuxhasa umgaqo-siseko nemithetho. Isifungo se-U.S. sifutshane kuphela (amagama angama-35) okuyenza ibe buthathaka ekutolikeni nasekuphikiseni, kodwa kwanokuzenza ibe yeyobuqu. Isithethe sokongeza "ukunceda mna uThixo" kuphela eMelika; amanye amazwe amaninzi anezifungo ezicacileyo ezingekho mthethweni. Kwixesha lokunikezelwa kwehlabathi lonke, kukho ingxoxo ekhulayo yokuba iUnited States ingaba imele igcine kubhekiselwano lonqulo kwisikhundla sayo esiphezulu, ingakumbi njengoko ilizwe lisiba nonqulo olungolwanonqulo. Noko ke, ukutshintsha isithethe siyakufuna ukusetyenziswa komthetho-ograli, okungaqhelekiyo, ngenxa yoko, impikiswano ehlala intetho yentetho yentetho.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli solawulo, nangona sichaza nje isifungo esifutshane, sichaza ubuntsonkotha bolawulo lobuGaqo-siseko baseMerika. Imbali yayo izaliswe ziimpikiswano mayelana nemisitho ekhawulezileyo ngexesha leengxaki zolandelelwano, ukufaneleka kolawulo lobugqeba, ukufaneleka kolwimi lonqulo, nentsingiselo echanekileyo yamazwi ayo. Isiganeko ngasinye sityhila inkxalabo enzulu kakhulu yezentlalo-ntle: phakathi kwesithethe kunye nokungakhathaleli komGaqo-siseko, phakathi komthetho kunye nemfuneko esebenzayo, phakathi komanyano olungokomfuziselo kunye neyantluko yezobupolitika. Isifungo ngokwaso siye sahlala singatshintshi ngeminyaka emibini, kodwa indlela oomongameli baqhubeka ngayo nokusabela kwabantu ekuqhubekeni kwayo. Njengoko uhlanga oluzayo lujongenemingeniselo oluseluxandukunye, ukutshintsha kwemicimbi, ukuphikisana kolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lweziko-ofisi zezobupolitika, ukuphikisana neyantlawulo oluphezulu, ukuvumisa ukuma kwelo oluqhelekileyo, ukudibana kwemeko.