Amaqela ezobupolitika anxulumene nedemokhrasi yale mihla. Aguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke lube yimiqathango elungelelanisiweyo, iinkokeli eziququzelelayo, kwaye anike abemi ukhetho olucacileyo kwibhokisi yokufaka imbumbulu. Ngaphandle kwamaqela ezobupolitika, ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lungakhutshwa lube yingxwabangxwabangxwaba yeemfuno zabantu ngabanye kunye nezivumelwano eziguquguqukayo. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela asebenza ngayo akuyo kuphela inzululwazi yezobupolitika kodwa nakumntu ngamnye obekekileyo.

Ukuchaza Imibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Iqela lezobupolitika lingaphezulu kunengqokelela yabantu abacinga ngokufanayo. Lilungiselelo elilungelelanisiweyo elifuna ukulawula umatshini karhulumente ngokuphumelela unyulo nangokuba nesikhundla sikawonke-wonke. Ngokwesazinzulu sezobupolitika GIOvanni Sartori[, iqela liyi "naliphi na iqela lezobupolitika elichazwa ngumbhalo osemthethweni ovela kunyulo, kwaye liyakwazi ukubeka ngonyulo, abamele isikhundla sikawonke-wonke-wonke." Le nkcazelo igxininisa iziqalelo ezintathu ezingundoqo: [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [i3] [igama nophawu olunelanga], [[FLT:], [FLT]], [FLT:] orrect] kunye nophawu olusebenzayo]

Imvelaphi yamaqela akhoyo ezobupolitika ibuyela emva kwinkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, xa amaqela kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho aqalisa ukulungiselela ukungqubana kwemibono yokulawula (ngomzekelo, amaFederali kunye nabaLawuli-AntiFedalist eUnited States, okanye iWhigs kunye neZiqu zangaphakathi eBritane. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amaqela asuka kwii-adinglamente ezikhululekileyo abe yimibutho yeqela yeqela leqela lamaqela elisisigxina, imibutho exhasa intsebenziswano, kunye nee-hiearcaries.

Imicimbi yahlukile kumaqela abantu abanomdla okanye imibutho yentlalo egxekayo: abandakanyeka kunyulo kwaye bamkela imbopheleleko yolawulo. Amaqela anomdla angenelela kwiinkqubo ezithile; amaqela acebisa iqonga elibanzi kwaye azama ukulisebenzisa ngamandla owiso-mthetho nawolawulo.

Imisebenzi ye-Core kuLawulo lweDemocracy

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo exhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Umsebenzi ngamnye unceda uvale umsantsa phakathi kwabemi norhulumente, uqinisekise ukuba uya kuphendula, yaye unceda ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika olunoxolo.

Umelo

Iquka izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo, amaxabiso, kunye nokhetho lonyulo olunokulawulwa kwiseti yeenketho zenkqubo. Zinika ilizwi kwicandelo elahlukeneyo lebutho lesizwe(impatho, ishishini, ishishini, iingcali zemeko- bume, iintlanga ezincinane, kwaye ziguqulela la mazwi kwizicelo zemithetho-mthetho. Kwinkqubo ezininzi zecandelo ngalinye limele isiqwenga esimxinwa solwando lwemikrozo yemikrozo; kwiinkqubo ezimbini zamaqela, amaqela aba ngamaqela abubanzi azama ukubhenela ku- “i-mediav."

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nemfundo

Iintsuku zonyaka zifundisa abemi ngeembambano, iingcamango, kunye nenkqubo yokukhetha. Ngentlanganiso, amaphecana, amaphulo onxibelelwano, kunye nokucanda kwendlu nendlu, bazenza lula iingxoxo ezintsonkothileyo zemigaqo-nkqubo kwaye banceda abavoti benze ukhetho olunolwazi. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke ngakumbi kwiidemokhrasi eziselula apho ukufunda iilwimi zezezentlalo-ntle kusenokuba ngezantsi. Amatheko akwasebenza njengendawo yokuqeqeshela iinkokeli zexesha elizayo, ukufundisa, ukuthetha esidlangala, kunye necebo lezobupolitika.

Ukubuyiselwa nokukhethwa kweenkokeli

Idemokhrasi nganye ifuna umbhobho woovimba abafanelekileyo kwiofisi kawonke-wonke. Amathala abonisa, acebisa, kwaye akhuthaza abantu abavumelana nemilinganiselo yabo. Le nkqubo isenokuquka unyulo oluphambili, iindibano zamaqela, okanye ii-kaucuuses. Kumazwe amaninzi, amaqela akwasebenza njengendlela yokuvavanya, ukuhluza abagcimi okanye abathathi-nxaxheba abangafaneleki ngaphambi kokuba bafikelele kwi-onke-wonke. Lo msebenzi uqinisekisa ukuba abavoti baneqela lokhetho olunokuthenjwa.

Umgaqo-nkqubo womgaqo-nkqubo

Iziko livelisa amaqonga acacileyo achaza izisombululo zawo ezicetyiweyo zeengxaki zesizwe. Aqhuba uphando, aqhagamshelana neengcali, athethane ngokuyekelela phakathi kwamaqela awo angaphakathi. Amaqela aphumeleleyo asebenza ukuguqula la maqonga abe ngumthetho. Umsebenzi wokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo unika abavoti ukuqonda okucacileyo ngoko iqela eliya kukwenza ukuba linyulwe/linika amaqela igunya lokusebenza kanye eofisini.

Ukhuthuzo lwehlokondiba kunye nokujikeleza

Unyulo lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwabemi. Amatheko akhuthaza abavoti ngezibhengezo, iziganeko, ukufumana isantya esingaphandle, kunye nokungena kwezentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Imibutho eqinileyo yeqela linokwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuphuma, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela agwetyelwe phantsi. Oku kubandakanya ukukhuthaza abemi ukuba baye kwiiholo zedolophu, baqhagamshelane nabameli, kwaye babandakanyeke kwezinye iindlela zokuthabatha inxaxheba phakathi konyulo.

Inkcazo kunye nolawulo lwempikiswano

Kumazwe ahlukeneyo, amaqela anceda ekulawuleni ingxabano ngokufaka izikhuphiswano ezikhuphisanayo kukhuphiswano olusemthethweni. Endaweni yokulwa ezitratweni, amaqela akhuphisana kwibhokisi yebhola encinane. Amatheko akwasebenza njengezinto zokulwa, ukudibanisa ii-constituences ezahlukeneyo. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu kuluntu olwahlulelene ngokunzulu `njengezo zinesizwe, ezonqulo, okanye ezolwimi zokwenza ingxube-ngxwano.

Ubuchule Bemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika ahlukahlukene kakhulu ngokweengcamango nangokweembono.

Bamba- yonke imimandla

Amaqela afanayo, igama elaqanjwa ngu Otto Kirchheimer, injongo yokwandisa isibheno sonyulo ngokuya embindini weendidi zobupolitika. Baye balula ingqiqo elukhuni baze bamkele iinkqubo ezitsala ububanzi bomnqamlezo wecandelwana yabavoti. Amaqela amakhulu akwinkqubo ezimbini zecandelo. Ngokufana ne U.S. Democrates kunye neRepublicans , ngokusoloko umsebenzi wokubamba onke amaqela, nangona nawo egcina izimfako. Amandla awo aphantsi kobugocibo, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuthathth-th-th-th-cana kwemiqatha eboshekileyo.

Imihlatho yamandulo (Imibhiyozo Eqhelekileyo)

Amaqela aphantsi akhokelwa liqela elincinane lezikhulu zesizwe ```Lowenualderty'', abantu abanempembelelo, iintsapho, okanye abezobupolitika abasunguliweyo. Amalungu alinganiselwe, kwaye iqela lixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zobuqu nakwizinto zoncedo zeenkokeli zalo. Amaqela anjalo ayeqhelekile kwinkulungwane ye-19 kwaye asabonakala kwamanye amazwe angathathi nxaxheba kunyulo oluncinane.

Imidlalo Emininzi

Amaqela amakhulu avela ngokukhula kwemibutho yamalungu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweye-20. Abonakalisa amalungu amakhulu, akhutheleyo, ngokufuthi athatyathwe kudidi oluthile lwentlalo okanye iqela elithile (umz., amaqela ajongene nentlalo-ntle yabantu amela abasebenzi bemizi - mveliso). Amaqela eMithetho axhomekeke kwimali efunekayo yamalungu kunye nomsebenzi wokuzithandela, kwaye agcina amaqhina awomeleleyo kwimibutho enxulumene nomsebenzi, intsebenziswano, okanye amaziko onqulo. I-German Social Social Democratic Party (SD) ngumzekelo obalaseleyo.

Imisitho Eyodwa

La maqela ajolise ingqalelo kwindawo enye engundoqo yenkqubo engundoqo `njengendawo yokukhusela imeko-bume, ukulwa noxinzeleleko, okanye ukunyanzeliswa komthetho. Ngelixesha bengenako ukuphumelela uninzi, amaqela akwindawo enye angaphembelela ingxoxo kawonke-wonke kunye nokunyanzelisa amaqela amakhulu ukuba amkele iindawo zawo. Imizekelo iquka amaqela aluhlaza eYurophu kunye nePartime kwamanye amazwe.

Imisitho engekho ngqiqweni

Amaqela eengcamango zendalo asekelwe kwiinkolelo ezidityanisiweyo − intlalo, i-socialism, ubuhlanga, ubufundamentali bonqulo, kwaye abeka isiseko semfundiso ecocekileyo ngenxa yempumelelo yabanyuli. Adla ngokusebenza njengemiqolo yembono egqwethekileyo kwaye anokuguqula ifestile yengxoxo eyamkelekileyo e-Overton. Noko ke, asenokuzama ukwakha iminqophiswano ebanzi okanye alawule ngokunempumelelo.

Imithendeleko Yobuqu

Kwamanye amacandelo olawulo-melo, amaqela angqonge inkokeli enempembelelo kuneliqela elinobuchule okanye inkqubo efanayo. La maqela angabantu abanobuntu adla ngokubuthathaka yaye asebenza njengezithuthi ezisetyenziswayo ngokweenjongo zenkokeli. Axhaphakile kwimibutho exubileyo nakwimigangatho ephantsi kolawulo-melo olutsha, apho ukunyaniseka kwiqumrhu kunganzulu.

Imicimbi Yezobupolitika Nenkqubo Entle

Isakhiwo senkqubo yeqela siphenjelelwa kakhulu yinkqubo yokhetho esetyenziswa ezweni. I-Duverger yomthetho we-PUR, ingcamango yenzululwazi yezobupolitika esesikweni, ithi iinkqubo ze-didifility enye (njenge-U.S. kunye ne-UK) zidla ngokuvelisa ukhuphiswano lweqela, ngexesha umelo lwezicwangciso zolungelelwaniso (PR) ludla ngokuvelisa iinkqubo ezininzi ze-party. Uqikelelo: phantsi kwe-injiko, amaqela amancinane “ayenziwa ivoti; phantsi kwe PR, kwanamaqela amancinane angawina izihlalo.

Kwiinkqubo ezimbini eziziicandelo, amaqela aba “zintente ezibanzi” ezimele zibhenele kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kungakhokelela kwiinkqubo zentengiso kodwa kwakhona kukwakhokelela ekuthandweni ngokweengingqi njengeengingqi zeqela lesizwe lilwela impembelelo. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zamaqela, oorhulumente abahlukeneyo basesikweni, bafuna amaqela anxibelelana kwaye alalanise emva konyulo. Amazwe afana neJamani, iNetherlands, kunye neIndiya abonisa amandla okhuphiswano lwamaqela, kunye nokwenza izivumelwano kunye namandla okwabelana.

Imithetho esemthethweni ikwachaphazela ukhetho lomkhwelisi, inkxaso-mali yezempetho, kunye nesimilo sowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zePR zomeleza ulawulo lwenkokeli zamaqela okubekwa kwengeniso, ngeli lixa iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zinika abavoti impembelelo engakumbi kubavoti abathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuqonda aba bakhandi kunceda bachaze isizathu sokuba imicimbi iziphatha ngokwahlukileyo ngaphaya kolawulo-demokhrasi.

Indima Yeziphakamiso Eburhulumenteni

Xa kuwinwa unyulo, amacandelo ayaguqulwa aye kulawula.

Isenzo soMthetho

Izakhelo zomthetho. Zilungiselela iikomiti, zimisela ucwangciso, kunye nezivoti zokubopha ukudlulisa imithetho yazo ezifunwayo. Kwinkqubo zepalamente, iqela elikhulu (okanye umbutho) libumba urhulumente lize lilawule ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho. Kwinkqubo yolawulo lomongameli, iqela lomongameli lingaba nento eninzi, ekhokelela kukwahlulwa korhulumente nemfuneko yokunqamla icandelo. Umbutho (*) ukuzimisela kwabalawuli ukuvota neqela labo (ooooooooovimba-mthetho) ngokubanzi, ukusuka ekulawuleni okuqinileyo kwi-UK ukuya kwi-coffration kwi-U.S.

Izahlulo zikwanikezela ngokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Abenzi bomthetho namaqela abantu abanomdla bayazi ukuba yintoni amele ayilindele kwiqela elisekelwe kwiqonga layo nakwingxelo yokuvota yangaphambili. Oku kunciphisa iindleko zokuthengisela ekwenzeni inkqubo kwaye kuvumela ukucwangciswa kwexesha elide.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Amaqela abachasi adlala indima ebalulekileyo yokugada. Ahlolisisa izenzo zikarhulumente, abalungiseleli bombuzo, kwaye acebisa ezinye iinkqubo. Kwimigaqo yepalamente, amaqela aphikisayo akha "ikhabethe yesithunzi" elungele ukuthatha indawo. Le ngxoxo inamandla iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zisoloko zicelw'ucinezela, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuxhatshazwa. Kwangaxesha linye, amaqela karhulumente amele aphendule abavoti bawo ngokhetho oluzayo.

Ukutyunjwa kweMigaqo-nkqubo nempembelelo yeZiko

Amacandelo akwaphembelela amaqumrhu ejaji kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo ngokutyunjwa kwabagwebi, abakhokeli, kunye nabalawuli. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukumiswa kwekomiti yezomthetho yimicimbi ejikayo enokubumba ukutolikwa okusemthethweni kangangamashumi eminyaka. Oku kubonakalisa ukukhuphiswano olude lwexesha elide lweqela.

Ucelomngeni Olujamelene Nemida Yezobupolitika Yanamhlanje

Phezu kwayo nje indima ehlala ihleli, amaqela ezobupolitika ajamelana neenkcubeko ezinkulu kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Ukwenza ukukhanya kunye nokuvala i-Grid

Kulawulo-melo oluninzi, amaqela aye afikelela kwiimeko ezigabadeleyo zengqondo, enciphisa isithuba sokuyekelela. EUnited States, imilinganiselo yokudityaniswa kwemimandla engaphandle komhlaba iye yafikelela kwimbali ephakamileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvalweni koorhulumente, ukungasebenzi kolawulo, nokuncitshiswa kokuthemba uluntu. Iinkqubo ezininzi zecandelo loluntu azinakuthintelwa; ukudityaniswa kwemimandla engaphandle kunokuqhekeza iminqonqoxubeko kuze kuveze oorhulumente abangazinzi.

IPopulism kunye nokuthunyelwa kweqela elichaseneyo

Imibutho yepopulist idla ngokuzichaza ngokuchasene namaqela amiselweyo, ityhola ngobuqhetseba okanye ubugxwayiba. Iinkokeli zePopulist zisenokudlula kwimibutho yeqela, zisebenzisa unxibelelwano olungqalileyo nabalandeli ngezixhobo zokunxibelelana. Oku kuyenza buthathaka indlela yokusebenzisa amaqela kwaye kusenokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingekho mthethweni. Ukuvela kwamaqela afana ne-Astate for Germany (AfD) kunye ne-Five Star Movement e-Italian kubonisa le ntsingiselo.

Ukungakhathali Kwamalungu Adilikayo

Amalungu eqela aye ancipha nakuwo wonke ulawulo-melo olumisiweyo. Abami abazimisele kakhulu ukudibana namaqela, ukuya kwiintlanganiso, okanye ukufanisa ngokunamandla negama leqela. Oku kuphelisa amandla engca akwindawo yamaqela kwaye kuwenza axhomekeke ngakumbi kwizibonelelo ezizizityebi okanye kwinkxaso yemali karhulumente. Ukujika phakathi kwabavoti abaselula kwenza buthathaka ngakumbi unxulumano phakathi kwamaqela kunye nabavoti.

Imali Kwezobupolitika Nempembelelo Yeqela Elifuna Inzuzo

Indleko yamaphulo iye yanyuka kakhulu, yenza amaqela athembele kwiminikelo emikhulu evela kwimibutho, amaqumrhu, nabantu abazizityebi. E-U.S., iNkundla ePhakamileyo iSizibasen [ isigqibo esikhutshwe ngokungenamda ngemali echithwe zi-PACs. Oku kungabeka phambili kwimibutho ephezulu kubanikeli kunokuba banikeleyo, iphembele ukugxeka kunye nokonakala.

Ukungasetyenziswa kwamanani kunye nokwahlulwa-hlulwa konxibelelwano

Izixhobo zonxibelelwano lwentlalo ziguqule indlela amaqela anxibelelana ngayo, kodwa akwadiliza ingqungquthela kawonke-wonke. Ii-algorics zenza amagumbi eentlokoma, okwenza kube nzima ngamaqela ukuba afikelele abaphulaphuli ababanzi. Amaphulo okukhupha isandi angasebenzisa unyulo. Kwangaxeshanye, izixhobo zemichiza zivumela amaqela amatsha ukuba ahlanganise ngokukhawuleza, acelw'ucelo. Iipartum kufuneka ziqhelane nendawo apho ingqwalasela inqaphelo isezantsi kwaye kuthenjiswe ukuthemba.

Iimpembelelo Zangaphandle Nomahluko Wamanye Amazwe

Imikhosi yezonyuko iye yajamelana namagunya angaphandle okuphembelela unyulo, ngokufuthi ngokuxhasa okanye ngokuhlasela amaqela athile. Ukungenelela kweRashiya kunyulo lwase-U.S. kunye nokungenelela kwayo kunyulo lwaseYurophu kugxininisa ukuchanabeka kokhuphiswano olusekelwe kwiqela. Imali yamazwe angaphandle, iingxelo zenkohliso, kunye nee-imeyili ezishwankathelweyo zingagqwetha iinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ikamva Lemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Abaphengululi abaninzi bangathi amaqela ayaqhubeka efuneka, kodwa kufuneka aguqule. Iindawo eziquka ukuthoba imiqobo yokungena kumaqela amatsha, ukulawula inkxaso-mali ngokungqongqo, ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi yangaphakathi (umz., amagumbi okuvota kunye namavoti amalungu enkqubo), nokusebenzisa amaqonga amanani ukwenzela ukwenza isigqibo sokuzidibanisela. Amanye amazwe aye azama ukuvula amasuntswana [[FLT: 0] (ukuvumela abavoti abazimeleyo abavoti beqela) kunye [FT:] neendibano ezizentengiso ezidityaniswe kwisivumelwano.

Enye intsingiselo kunyuko lwamaqela alungelelanisa i-intanethi, njengeqela lePirate okanye iPodemos eSpeyin. La maqela asebenzisa izixhobo zokwabela kwinkqubo yezandla kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba, ejolise ekugqitheni kwizithethe zobucukubhede. Noko ke, ajongene neengxaki zawo nge-trolls, ukuganana okusezantsi, kunye nokwenza imiqobo.

Ekugqibeleni, impilo yamaqela edemokhrasi ixhomekeke kwimpilo yedemokhrasi ngokwayo. Ukuba amaqela awamelanga abemi, anciphisa ukuhla kwemimandla, kwaye agcina ukuphenduliswa, yonke inkqubo iyaphela. Kodwa ezo ziguqukayo/ukuvelisa ukukhanya, ukutshintsha unxibelelwano, kunye nokwakha kwakhona ukuthembana ngengca, ziya kuqhubeka zisenza indima ebalulekileyo anayo kangangeenkulungwane.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika awafezekanga, kodwa abalulekile. Ayamkelela ngokuthanda, ngokuququzelela, ngokuyila inkqubo, kwaye agcina oorhulumente benoxanduva lokuphendula. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yabo, iintlobo, kunye neengxaki ezinika abemi izixhobo zokuvavanya inkqubo yabo yezobupolitika ngokungqongqo. Njengokuba idemokhrasi ijongene neengcinezelo ezintsha . Ukusuka ekuhlaleni ukuya kuphazamiseka kwamanani.

ngokuphindaphindeneyo ufunde: ukuntywilisela okunzulu kwinkqubo zeqela, bona ungeno lwamaqela ezobupolitika. Kumthetho we-Duverger, jonga [ i-STANFD [[FLT:]]. Kwimingeni yangoku, i- i-OECD's Trust kuRhulumente iingxelo zento ezixabisekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, [[FLT:][FLT]][5][FLT]][FLT]]