Kwixesha apho imiboniso yamanani ifana namazwi athethwayo, uxinzeleleko phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente kunye namalungelo obuqu luye lwayimbambano echaza ixesha lethu. Oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke baye bawandisa ngokuthe ngcembe amandla abo okuhlola, ngokufuthi becaphula iimfuno zokhuseleko lwesizwe, ngoxa abemi nabameli benkululeko yoluntu beye baphembelela ekungeneni kwiimeko zobuqu bobuqu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imida engokwasemthethweni, ezobugcisa, kunye nezobuntlalo-ntle ekuchongweni kukarhulumente, ukukhuselwa okukhoyo kwamalungelo ayimfihlo abami, kunye neendawo ezilawula iingxoxo eziza kudala impikiswano.

Imeko engokwembali Yokwanda Korhulumente

Ukhuphiswano aluyonto iveliswayo yangoku; iingcambu zayo zibuyela emva kwiinkulungwane. Oorhulumente bamandulo basebenzisa abalathisi, ukunqandwa kweposi, kunye nojongo lomzimba ukuqwalasela ukungavumelani. Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yazisa ukuthunga-thunga kunye nezixhobo zokuphatha, kodwa iinguqulelo zamanani zaguqula ukhangelo lwaba lukhulu, ishishini elizenzekelayo. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kubalulekile ekuqondeni umlinganiselo wanamhlanje ontsonkothileyo phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko.

Isuka kwi-Manetap ukuya kwi-metadata

EUnited States, amadabi asemthethweni akwimeko yoma 1928 Olstead v. United States, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba ukuphambanisa akuzange kuqulunqe phantsi koMphetho-wesine. Eso sigqibo sapheliswa ngo1967 katz v. United States[, eyathi yamisela ukuba uHlaziso lweSine sokuHlaziya lukhusela abantu, hayi iindawo, kwaye yadala “ukulindela okulula kwendawo yobuqu”. Lo mgaqo uhlala usemzinzini wokuhlola umthetho namhlanje.

Emva kwexesha elingu9/11 laphawula ukushintshwa kwemida. Umthetho we-USA PATRIOT, wadlula ngo-2001 wandisa ngamandla amandla karhulumente okuqokelela iingxelo zeshishini, ihambo yokuhamba ngeentambo zentsimbi, nokufumana imvume zokunxibelelana okugciniweyo. Iinkqubo ezifana nengqokelela yemida emininzi yemida yemida ye-NSA, etyhilwe nguEdward Snowden ngo-2013, wabonisa isikali sokhangelo lwale mihla: izigidi zeengxelo zemfono-imeyili, kunye ne-intanethi zonxibelelwano zatshayekwa ngaphandle kokukrokreqwa. Oku kutyhilwa kwabangela impikiswano yomhlaba wonke malunga nemida ye-ophatho kunye nokukhukuliseka kwemfihlo.

Imisebenzi yeeFrames ezingokwasemthethweni

Imithetho edityanisiweyo, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo zizama ukumiswa kwakhona ekuhloleni urhulumente ngoxa zilondoloza izixhobo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukusebenza kwezi zixhobo kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokwelizwe yaye kusoloko kuvavanywa lutshintsho lobugcisa.

EUnited States: UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komthetho

UHlaziyo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukwalela ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni kwaye lufuna imvume exhaswa yizizathu ezilindelekileyo. Noko ke, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yayila iimfuno ezikhethekileyo, ezifana “neemfuno ezikhethekileyo” imfundiso (umz., iindawo zokuhlola ukungalingani) kunye nemfundiso yesithathu, equlethe loo nkcazelo ngokuzithandela neqela lesithathu (njengenkampani yefowuni) ayilindelenga kukhange kubekwe cala. Le nkunye ithenjiwe kakhulu ngexesha lonyaka, njengokuba iinkcubeko zobuqu zigcinwa zikho kwimibutho.

Imigaqo engundoqo karhulumente iquka:

  • Umthetho wobuNcutshe obuPhakamileyo woMgaqo-phantsi wobuNcutshe oHlaku-uMngeni (FYT:1) [FYT] – omiselwe ngo 1978, iFISA yayila inkundla yasemfihlekweni (iNkundla yeFAS) ukugunyazisa ukujoliswa kwamagunya okanye abameli bamanye amazwe. Ulwandiso emva ko-9/11 lwandisa ububanzi bayo, kuquka iCandelo lweCandelo le-Phondo kunye neCandelo lama-702 (iintengiso engeyo-U.S.). Imigudu yotshintsho, enjengeUSA INFUXUS SA Act yoMTHEtho wonyaka ka-2015, yaphelisa ingqokelela yeminxeba yemicimbi kodwa yashiya intene yemidanga enkulu epheleleyo yabaphathi-miculo ingekho simbini.
  • USA PATRIOT Act – uphando olwandisiweyo phantsi kweFISA kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka isiqinisekiso sokufuna nolibaziseko lwesaziso kwilizwe lonke (“i-sneak kunye nokukhangela”) isiqinisekiso. Amanye amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga ngo-2020, kodwa amanye ayaqhubeka esebenza.
  • [[NTL:0] Umthetho woNxibelelwano oluNxibelelwano oluNgasese (ECPA) – uLawulo loqhagamshelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki kunye nogcino-lwazi olugciniweyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi iphelelwe lixesha, ingakumbi malunga ne-imeyile egcinwe iintsuku ezingaphezu kwe-180 (ngoku ihlaziyiwe nguMthetho we-CLOUD).

Ubuchule bokulawula buquka iBhodi yePCLOB ekwisiCwangciso sobuGcisa neSikhundla seLibhaka-bhaka esiPhezulu (PCLOB), abahloli jikelele, neekomiti zombutho. Kodwa ukubonakala okusemngciphekweni kuhlala kusikelwe umda: iimbono ezininzi zeNkundla yeFISA ziyahlulwa, yaye urhulumente usoloko ephikisa ukufihla imfihlo kwimisebenzi yokuhlola.

Umanyano LwaseYurophu: IGDPR neSicatshulwa Samalungelo Asisiseko

I-EU ithatha indlela esekelwe kumalungelo. Ukhuthazo lwe-DC luyilo oluKhuseleko loMntu jikelele (GDPR), olusebenzayo ngo-2018, lumisela imithetho engqongqo ekuqhubekekisweni kogcino-lwazi, kuquka nokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye namaqumrhu obuchule (nangona amalungu angamalungu aneemfuno zokhuseleko lohlanga). I-EU Charter of Fundamental Rights iyawuqonda ubuqu (Article) kunye nokhuseleko lwe-data (iQuento 8) njengamalungelo asisiseko. Inkundla yeLungu le-Europeantwariote ithel idele imiyalelo yokuzinzisa imiyalelo kunye nokhuseleko lwe-EU-US ikhusela kwiimfuno zokhuseleko, inika uphawu lokuvelela okunamandla.

Amazwe ngamanye anemithetho yawo. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko eManyano yaseJamani iye yawabetha amanyathelo okuhlola agqugqisileyo, afuna ulungelelwaniso kunye nogunyaziso lwezogwebo.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: UMthetho Wamandla Okuphanda

I-UK’Spinigation Powers Powers 2016 (IPA) ngomnye weyona mithetho yokujonga ingakumbi kwihlabathi ledemokhrasi. Ifuna abanikezeli benkonzo ye-intanethi ukugcina imbali ekhangela iinyanga ezili-12, ivumela ukuthintelwa kwezambuku kunye nezixhobo (ukuxhobisa), kwaye yenza “isitshixo esibini” ukwenzela iimvume: imvume yomphathiswa karhulumente kunye nommeli wekomiti elawulayo. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa i-IPA inika amandla agqithisileyo kwaye iswele izikhuseli ezaneleyo. Umthetho uye wajongana neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni emaqeleni e-Pistigatial Pribunal.

Ezinye Izityholo: Umsebenzi Owenziwa Ehlabathini Lonke

  • Canada – Itshati Yokhuseleko lwamalungelo nenkululeko; iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifuna imvume yokufikelela kulwazi lomnikezi kunye ne-metadata ye-Intanethi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Australia – Umthetho we Tetransfernex (Uncedo nonikezelo) kunye noMthetho woncedo noMgaqo wobuChwephesha unyanzelisa iinkampani ukuba zinikezele kwaye zityhafe ukukhuphela kombhalo ofihlakeleyo.
  • IChina – iNational Intriver Law and Social Credit System yenza ukuba uphando olunzulu, olunemigaqo encinane esemthethweni yokukhusela abemi. Amalungelo obuqu awagqalwa njengasisiseko.
  • Iindia – Inkqubo ye-Aadhaar biometric system kunye neBhili yoKhuselo logcino-lwazi (ehleli ngoku) iphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokujongwa kwentlola nokungahoywa kokuzimele.

Olu mahluko ubonisa ukuba ngoxa amazwe athile efuna ukukhusela imicimbi yawo, amanye abeka izinto eziza kuqala ekujongweni ngaphandle kokuzibamba.

Ucelomngeni Lwamalungelo Okufihla Icala Ngexesha Lamanani

Phezu kwazo nje izicwangciso zomthetho, iingxaki ezinzulu ziyaqhubekeka. Ubugcisa budlula umthetho, kwaye amandla okuhlola aye abiza imali encinane, anwenwa kakhulu, kwaye kunzima ukuwabona.

Ukuqhubela phambili kobugcisa

Izixhobo zokuhlola ngoku ziquka:

  • Ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo -uphawu lobucala obukhoyo, ulawulo lwamapolisa olungaphambili, kunye nohlalutyo oluzenzekelayo lwento engaphakathi lungavavanya izigidi zezigidi zobuso okanye imiyalezo ngexesha lokwenene. Iinkqubo ezifana neenethwekhi zobuso baseTshayina okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-US lwe-II kujongo lwenkqubo yezentlalo-ndaba ziphakamisa imicimbi efunekayo.
  • I-Data Brokerage- Amasebe kaRhulumente athenga ugcino-lwazi lwendawo, iirekhodi, kunye nolunye ulwazi lobuqu olusuka kubathengisi bogcino-lwazi, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Oku kuphepha ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, njengoko kubonwa kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka ka2018 Carbate . United States, efuna isiqinisekiso se-data yendawo yeseli yembali.
  • Ukubethwa kwemida yecala --umthetho wokunyanzelisa uqhubeko lwe-"ngendlela yokufumana i-"ekhowuding speed internet, kodwa iingcali zokhuseleko zilumkisa ukuba ukuthoba ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo kubeka engozini wonke umntu. I-Apple vs. FBI imisa i-iPhofu's ye-San Bernardo iPhone ngumzekelo wokuqala.
  • Ingeniso yezinto (IOT) - Amacebo asekhaya achuliweyo, abathumeli abaqeqeshi bobuchule, kunye nezithuthi zivelisa imisinga eqhubekayo yogcino-lwazi enokufumaneka okanye ithintelwe ngurhulumente.

IMida yezeMithetho yezeMithetho

Iinkundla zisoloko zitsala nzima ukusebenzisa iimfundiso ezindala kubugcisa obutsha. Imfundiso yesithathu, umzekelo, ithetha ukuba ugcino-lwazi olubanjwe ngamaqela esithathu (njenge-ISP okanye abanikezeli bamafu) alunako ukufumana ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lwesine lokuLandliselwa. Okwangoku, iinkundla zasemfihlekweni njengeFISA inkundla esebenza ngenkqubo elinganiselweyo esetyenziswayo; urhulumente kuphela kweqela elikhoyo ngexesha lezohlolo, kwaye imithetho inqabile ukupapashwa. Ulawulo lwengqungquthela lungalingani, kunye neenkqubo ezithile zokuhlola (njengecandelo 702) zivunywa ngengxoxo encinane.

Ukwazisa Uluntu Nezenzo zoluntu

Izityhilelo ze-Snowden yayilixesha elichithwayo lokuphaphela uluntu. Ukususela ngoko, imibutho enjenge Edectronic Foundation (EFF), i-American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU), kunye ne-Amficy International ikhokele amaphulo, i-ligation, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke quka:

  • Ukumangalelwa okunempumelelo kucel ’ umngeni iNSA ukujonga (umz., [[FLT: 0] I-Capper v. Amnesty International[[FLT: 1] ekumeni; ACLU v. i-Clapper[[FLT]] kwimida yemida yemida]).
  • Imithetho yezobucala yephondo, enjengeConsumer Ancy Act yaseKhalifoniya (CCPA).
  • Ubuchule bokwenzakalisa amazwe ngamazwe bamalungelo amanani, kuquka iNcesary kunye neProportionete Principles[[FLT: 1]

Uhlolisiso olwenziwa ngoPew Research lwafumanisa ukuba inkoliso yabantu baseMerika ikholelwa ukuba ayinako ukulawula inkcazelo yabo, kodwa bambalwa abathabatha amanyathelo okuzikhusela.

Uqheliselo Oluhle Lokukhusela Amalungelo Akho Obuqu

Abantu banokuthabatha amanyathelo okunciphisa indlela abajongwa ngayo.

Ucoceko lwamanani kunye nezixhobo

  • Uthungelwano olukhowudwe – Sebenzisa isiphelo- ukuya ekupheleni kolu luhlu loshicilelo olubhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo njenge Signal okanye WhatsApp (ngemimiselo yabucala). Yenza ufihlo lwediski kwizixhobo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inethwekhi zabucala ezibucala (VPN) – Awenawe header Janyuwari igquma idilesi yakho ye IP kwaye iguqule itrafiki, nangona ingakwenzi ungaziwa. Khetha abanikezeli abangayiyo idata yokungena.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imfihlo yokhangelo – Sebenzisa izikhangeli ezineempawu ezinamandla zobumfiliba (Firefox, Brave) kunye nezongezelelo ezifana no uqalo, Umfihlo Mbijini, ne HTTPS Kuphela. Qwalasela umkhangeli weTor kwimisebenzi ekhawulezayo.
  • Abalawuli begama eligqithisiweyo - Ngokuphindaphinda kwaye ugcine ii-password ezomeleleyo; sebenzisa uqinisekiso lwezimbini-fakta (ngokunokwenzeka i-hardware okanye i-app, hayi i-SMS).
  • [[NTL: 0] Ugcino-lwazi olunemingeni Ekwabelana [[FLT: 1] - Imvume ze-App yempinda, nqanda ukulandelela indawo ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye khetha ngaphandle koluhlu lwe data (umz., ukugqitha kwiinkonzo ezifana no Cima Ime).

Wazi Amalungelo Akho Asemthethweni

Ukuqonda xa ukunyanzelisa umthetho kunyanzelisa ugcino-lwazi lwakho kukunceda uphendule ngokufanelekileyo. E-US, unelungelo lokuhlala uthule, uyala ukuvuma ukuphendla (ngaphandle kokuba banalo isiqinisekiso), kwaye ucele igqwetha. Xa uqhagamshelana nabameli bakarhulumente, kusoloko kububulumko ukuthi qha uthethe nantoni na ngaphandle kokunikezela nokuqhagamshelana negqwetha. ACLU’s Know Aulwazi amalungelo Amalungelo akho iphepha[

Ukuzibandakanya Nobuchule

Imibutho efuna ulawulo elwela amalungelo obuqu, njenge-EFF kunye ne ACLU. I-CPURS amagosa anyuliweyo ukuchaza amaxhala ngomthetho wokhangelo. Abavote kubaqhubi abafuna ukubeka inkululeko yabemi. kwiintlanganiso zikawonke wonke [ kwimimiselo yabangasese.

Ikamva Lokufumana Izinto Ezininzi Nezinto Ezingathethekiyo

Icebo lokuhlola urhulumente liza kuxonxwa ngobugcisa, umthetho kunye nengcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Inkqubela-phambili ezininzi ezinokwenzeka zingakujolisa ukulungelelanisa kukungabikho komntu wedwa okanye ukuphazamisa okunzulu.

Imilinganiselo yokuxhathisa kobugcisa

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ulwazi lweZero lubonisa [[FLT: 1] – Vumela uqinisekiso lolwazi ngaphandle kokwambula ugcino-lwazi ngokwalo, lunceda ukugcina ukhangelo lwemfihlo-bucala kunye nothengiso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uguqulelo lwe Homerphic – yenza ukuba kubekho ukubala kugcino-lwazi olubhalwe ngekhowudi, ngoko oorhulumente banga hlela ugcino-lwazi ngaphandle kokufikelela kwimveliso ekrwada.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iinethwekhi ezidityanisiweyo – Blockchain kunye neenkqubo zoontanga-ku- pheyi-ontanga zinokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwiiseva ezisembindini ezingamaxhoba alula okuqwalasela.

Utshintsho Olusemthethweni Lusemnyango

  • Kwi-US, imigudu yokuguqula icandelo 702 (ukuhlola kwaphesheya) ijongene nengxoxo yokuba ingafuna imvume yokuphengulula kumaMelika. Inkululeko yokwandiswa koMthetho [2023-2024]) ibandakanya ukubonakala nokuphuculwa kobuveleli kodwa inqanda ukufinyela iimfuno zesiqinisekiso.
  • KwiEU, i-ePrivacy Regation (ebesele ilindele) iya kuthatha indawo ye-ePrivcy Directive kwaye idityaniswe ne-GDPR yonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki.
  • Ngezizwe ngezizwe, iNdibano yeNyanga yeNyanga yeSixeko yeNtshona Koloni kunye ikhonkci yaseYurophu[ ityhalela ukubotshwa kwemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe ekujongweni.

Indima Ekhulayo Yoluntu Lwasekuhlaleni

Ulawulo lwezakhono luye lwakhula lwaba namandla amakhulu. Ukurhwaphiliza, ukungenelela kwemithetho, namaphulo okwazisa abantu ngokubanzi aphumelele umvuzo onenjongo, njengokuwa komqokelelo wemida yemida emininzi kunye nokunika ingxelo ecace ngakumbi evela kwiinkampani zobugcisa. Ummiselo olandelayo uquka ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kolwazi oluthengwa ngomthetho, nokukhusela ukubuyiselwa komthetho kwimithetho-algorithm.

Umngcipheko Wogqatso Lwezixhobo Ezininzi

Njengokuba ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo kunye nezixhobo zobuqu zifumaneka ngokulula, abanye oorhulumente bangafuna amandla angakumbi angenayo, afana nezindlu zangasemva ezinyanzelekileyo okanye uvavanyo lomxhasi. IUK’s Online Safety Bill, umzekelo, iquka amalungiselelo anokuthi anyanzele amaqonga ukuvavanya imiyalezo efihliweyo yokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, asongela ukuvulwa kwesiphelo kubo bonke abasebenzisi. Ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nemfihlo kuya kuhlala kukho ingxabano.

Ikamva alimiselwanga kwangaphambili. Ingxubusho yoluntu, ingxubusho kawonke wonke enolwazi, neengxaki ezingqongqo zomthetho ziya kugqiba enoba ukujongwa kweenqanawa akulawulwa okanye kulawulwa yimigaqo yedemokhrasi nangamalungelo abantu.

Isiphelo

Imida yokuhlola kukarhulumente ayimiselwa; isoloko iphikiswa kwiinkundla, kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, nakwisikwere sikawonke-wonke. Ngoxa imigaqo yomthetho efana noMphetho wesine kunye neGDPR inikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo, bajamelana nengcinezelo eqhubekayo kubugcisa bobugcisa kunye nobuchule bokhuseleko. Iintsebenzi zinelungelo kunye noxanduva lokuqonda le miba kunye nembopheleleko yokuxhasa imida enxulumene nemfihlo. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi, zisebenzisa izixhobo zokukhusela, kwaye zibandakanye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi, abantu bayakwazi ukubumba ikamva apho ukhuseleko lungafikeleli ngexabiso lenkululeko engundoqo. Umlinganiselo wokhuseleko uyachaphaza, kodwa ufanele ulwe.